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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probablity that the response will be repeated
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positive reinforcement
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the termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be reapeated
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negative reinforcement
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a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association eith other reinforcers
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secondary reinforcer
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reinforcerment that is ministered after every sesired or correct response: most effective method
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contiuous reinforcement
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a reinforcer that fulfils a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning
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primary reinforcer
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any event that follows a response and strenghthens or increases the probability that the response will be reapeated
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reinforcement
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an operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior.
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shaping
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a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal sucject
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skinner box
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a series of gradual steps,each of which is more similar to the final sedired response
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successive approximation
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a stimulous that signals whether a certain response or beghavior is likely yo be rewarded ignored or punished
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discriminative stimulous
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a pattern of reinforcement in which some but not all correct responses are reinforced
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partial reinforcement
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a systematic process for administering partial reinforcement that produced a distinct rate and patter of responses and degress od resistance to extinction
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schedule if reinforcement
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the greater resistance to extinction that pccurs when a potion, rather than all of the correct responses are reinforced
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partial reinforcement effect
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the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus therby lowering the probablity of a response
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punishment
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learning to avoid events or conditions associates with aversive consequences or phobias
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avoidance learning
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a passive resignation to aversive conditions that is learned through repeated exposure to inexcapable or unavoidable aversive events
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learned helplessness
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anything that follows a response and strenghthens or increases the probablity that the responce will be repeated
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reinforcer
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the use of sensative equiptment to give people precise feedback about internal physological processes so that they can learn, with practice to exercise control over them
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biofeedback
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a method of changing behavior through a systematic program based on the learning prociples of classical conditioning operant conditioning or observational learning also called behavior therapy
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behavior modificatio
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a behavior modification technique that rewards appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired items or privleges
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token economy
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mental processes such as thinking knowing problem solving remembering and forming mental representations
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cognitive processes
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the sudden realization of the realationship between elements in a problem situations which makes the solution apparent
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insight
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learning by observing the behavior of other and the consequences of that bbehavior learning by imitation.
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observational learning
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the individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated
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model
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another name for observational learning
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modeling
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learning a new behavior from a model through the acuisition of a new responses
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modeling effect
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exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation
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elicitation effect
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displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without recieving punishment
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disinhibitory effect
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suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior
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inhibitory effect
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a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning
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unconditioned stimulus
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a nuetral stimulus that after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response
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conditioned response
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conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimulus are linked together to form a seriers of signals
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higher-order conditioning
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in classical conditioning the weaking and eventual dissapearence of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus in operant conditioning
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extinction
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a relatively perminent changed in behavior, knowledege, capability or attitude that is acquired through expireence and cannot be attributed to illness injury or maturation
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learning
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a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate on stimulus with another
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classical conditioning
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any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds plural is stimuli
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stimulus
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an inborn unlearned automatic response (such as blinking,sucking,and grasping.) to a particular environmental stimulus
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reflex
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a learned involuntary response
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conditioned reflexes
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a response that is elicitated by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
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unconditioned response
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the reappearance of an extingished response ( in a weaker form) when an organism is exposed tot he priginal conditioned stimulus following a rest period
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spontaneous recovery
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in classical conditioning the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
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gemeralization
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in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus
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discrimination
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the intense dislike and or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort
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taste aversion
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an approach to problem solving in which a solution after another is tried in no particular order until an answer is found
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trial and error
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one of thorndikes laws or learning, which states that the consequences or effect of a response will determine whether the tendancy to respond in the same way in the future will be strenghthened or weaking
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law of effect
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a type od learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frquency of an exsisting response or to SHAPE an entirely new response
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operant conditioning
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