Positive Psychology Exam 2

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10-year and 10000 hour rules; 12-7 rule

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idea that people who make important contributions to a particular field have usually devoted a full decade to the mastery of necessary knowledge and skills; devoted 10000+ hours; 12 hour days, 7 days a week, for a year

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ability

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skill underlying differential performance of some task for which there is an objective standard

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accomplishment portfolio

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conglomeration of all of your accomplishments

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active-constructive responding

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responding enthusiastically to a friend's good/bad news

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affiliation

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relationship resulting from desire to be associated with some other person whose specific identity is unimportant

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appreciative inquiry

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focus on assets

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aristotelian principle

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proposition that people enjoy doing what they do well

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attachment theory (John Bowlby)

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theory proposing that close relationships persist because of the feelings that both people have for one another

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authoritarian parenting

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childrearing styling that is firm, punitive, and emotionally cold, giving children little independence or voice

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authoritative parenting

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childrearing style that involves negotiating with children, setting limits but explaining why

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behavioral medicine

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field that expands traditional medicine approaches to include the psychological context of health and illness

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but-free days

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go for an entire day without saying the word but

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companionate love

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relationship marked by unshakable affection shared by those whose lives have become intertwined

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competence

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motive to do things well

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defense mechanisms

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unconscious strategy that people use to protect themselves against threat

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difficult people

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personal insults, invading one's personal territory, uninvited physical contact, threats, sarcasm, flames, humiliation, shaming, interruption, two-faced, dirty looks, snubbing

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domain denigration

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ignoring the important domains of behavior as a way to organize the field

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emotionally focused couples therapy

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approach for troubled couples based on attachment theory that directly teaches a more-flexible approach to the expression and satisfaction of needs

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emotion focused coping

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reaction to stress that entails changing ones emotional reaction

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entity theory of intelligence

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fixed

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incremental theory of intelligence

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changing

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equity theory

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theory proposing that close relationships persist to the degree that both people involved believe that what they are getting out of the relationship is proportional to what they are putting into it

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exchange versus attachment

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exchange: economic approach, close relationships persist because rewards are proportional to investments, equitable relationships last, inequitable break up vs. attachment: emotional approach, close relationships persist because of feelings you have for one another, people have different attachment styles, close emotional ties with our caretakers carry into other relationships as adults

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familiar stranger

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project, an individual who is recognized from regular activities but with whom one does not interact

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"formula" for accomplishment

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=instigators+opportunity+interest+ability+instruction+practice sustained over years (with purpose and efficacy)

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friendship: male vs female

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relationship marked by liking, a mutual perception of similarity, and expectations of reciprocity and parity

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functional autonomy of motives (Allport)

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self-sustaining

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future directions for positive psychology

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up to us!

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general intelligence (g)

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presumably, general factor common to all instances of skilled performance

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generational replacement

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changes in a society over time as young people come of age under different circumstances than did their parents or grandparents

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genius

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person whose actual accomplishments exert a profound influence on contemporary and subsequent generations

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gross national happiness

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measures quality of life or social progress in more holistic or psychological terms

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group well-being

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morale: (1) multifaceted, (2) multidimensional, (3) multilevel

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growth science

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helps businesses grow through predictive business model simulation. Using data science, organizations can better build enduring businesses, prioritize innovation efforts and deliver transformational growth.

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happy worker hypothesis

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enabled+energized=engagement; engagement=happy+productive

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hardiness

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ability to find meaning and challenge in the demands of life

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health asset

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an individual factor that produces longer life, lower morbidity, lower health care expenditure, better prognosis when illness does strike, and/or higher quality of physical health..over and above the usual suspect risk factors

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health psychology

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field that applies psychological theories and research to physical well-being

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heart rate variability

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health asset, high = good

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hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow)

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arrangement of human motives into a hierarchy reflecting the order in which people typically attend to them

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ikigai

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japanese "a reason for being"

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immune system

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cells throughout the body that fight off infection by recognizing foreign material and combating it

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instigator

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those who show what is possible for similar others in an accomplishment domain

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institution

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set of like organizations with especially sustained and pervasive influences within a society

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institutional-level virtues

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moral characteristics of the group as a whole: purpose, safety, fairness, humanity, dignity

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instrumental value

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belief about ideal modes of conduct that presumably aid and abet terminal values

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interest

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topic or activity pursued with passion

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leisure world

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culture that develops around a shared leisure activity

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liking

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relationship in which people have positive attitudes toward one another

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love

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relationship marked by reciprocated exclusiveness, absorption, predisposition to help, and interdependence

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management: theory X vs theory Y

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Theory x: people dislike working, people must be bribed, people would rather be directed, people are motivated mainly by money, people have little creativity
Theory y: people need to work, people will direct themselves, people will seek and accept responsibility, people are motivated under the right conditions, creativity and ingenuity are widely distributed

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meaning

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what is intended to be or actually expressed or indicated; the end, purpose, or significance of something

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mind-body dualism (Rene Descartes)

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philosophical stance that minds and bodies are altogether separate

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multiple intelligences (Howard Gardner)

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theory that there are a number of basic and distinct forms of intelligence; people smart, self smart, word smart, logic smart, picture smart, body smart, music smart

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natural homes for positive psychology

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settings where doing well is recognized, celebrated, and encouraged

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need

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biological motive that moves us to behave in ways to satisfy it, e.g. hunger, thirst

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norm

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shared belief that one should act in a certain way in a certain circumstance

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objective list theory

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theory that happiness entails achieving objectively good things in the world

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organization

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enduring and structured group

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organizational virtues (psychologically healthy workplace)

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employee involvement, health and safety, employee growth and development, work life balance, employee recognition

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"other people matter"

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positive relationships, happiness, longevity

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oxytocin

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hormone-like substance released in the brain in response to social contact, especially skin-to-skin touch

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passion: harmonious versus obsessive

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autonomous (good) vs. controlled (bad) internalization

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passionate love

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relationship marked by extreme absorption and dramatic mood swings, from ecstasy to anguish

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permissive parenting

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childrearing style that is loving but lax, giving children freedom but little guidance

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polymath

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individual eminent in more than one field, which require arguably different skills

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positive health: modest form vs bold form

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the study of health assets; modest form: are there factors that predict good health above and beyond the usual risk factors for poor health: happiness/life satisfaction, hope/optimism, meaning/purpose, social support/engagement; bold: is there such thing as super health: rising above an illness, reduced sensitivity to pain, perseverance, longevity

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positive organizational scholarship

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1. study of what cultivate human flourishing and strengths at work
2. study of what creates and sustains positively deviant teams/groups
3. study of what creates and sustains virtuous and/or positively deviant organizations

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problem-focused coping

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reaction to stress that entails meeting the stressful event head on and removing its effects

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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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field that studies the relationships among psychological, neurological, and immunological factors

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psychosocial stages

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periods of life characterized by specific social milestones to be achieved

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resiliency

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quality that enables people to thrive in the face of adversity

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"safety" science

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research in the science and technology of human safety

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self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence

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values: hedonism, power, achievement vs. universalism, benevolence

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self-expressive values

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values corresponding to one's need to express talents, capacities and potentialities

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social support

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how others help us to cope with stressful events

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specific intelligence(s)

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presumably, specific factor that influences skilled performance at one task but not necessarily others

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super health

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less frequent and briefer ailments, rapid wound healing, recuperative ability, chronic but benign diseases, DALY's and HALY's, one's real biological age, health assets

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survival values

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values corresponding to one's pressing biological needs

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talent

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innate ability that people practice to improve upon

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telomere length

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health asset - biological candidate, greater __________ _______

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terminal value

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belief about an ideal state of existence

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third places

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besides work and home, where you go for a happy break

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traits

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disposition to think, feel, and act in a consistent way

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translational research

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scientific research that facilitates the translation of findings from basic science to practical applications that enhance human health and well-being

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values

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goal about what is morally desirable

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value-congruence (alignment) hypothesis

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institutional level virtues contribute to the goals or the group and the fulfillment of the individuals in the group

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values clarification

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self-help techniques for helping people to identify values they hold

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well-developed individual interest

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attraction to a field marked by a deep intellectual and emotional involvement

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wellness

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broad state of health, including physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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wellness promotion

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deliberate interventions to promote health

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World Values Survey (Ronald Inglehart)

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ongoing research project that periodically ascertains the values of people in dozens of countries around the world

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Value self-confrontation (Milton Rokeach)

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deliberate strategy of changing one's strategy of changing one's values by exposing them to contradiction among one's value priorities

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Strange Situation Test

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laboratory procedures for assessing the attachment style of a child by briefly separating the child from the mother

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implicit theories of intelligence (Carol Dweck)

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entity vs. incremental intelligence

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Vivien Thomas in partners of the heart

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black tech worked for white doctor, never got to go to school

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Values Survey (Shalom Schwartz)

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57 items, validated across 87 countries, same across cultures, 10 value types have similar meanings, similar structure, important varies across culture

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Job types (John Holland)

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job: correlates negatively with achievement
career: correlates negatively with benevolence, positively with achievement
calling: correlates positively with benevolence