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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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doctrine that a person's experience is primary
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existentialism
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doctrine that the needs and values of human beings take precedence over material things and, further, that people cannot be studied simply as part of the material world
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humanism
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radical change in a scientific field
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paradigm shift
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description of a person's conscious experience in terms meaningful for that individual
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phenomenology
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scientific study of what goes right in life (experiences, traits, relationships, institutions)
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positive psychology
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inherent tendency of people to make the most of their potential
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self-actualization
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after repeated exposure to the same emotion-producing stimulus, the tendency to experience less of the emotion
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adaptation
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theory that positive emotions broaden psychological and behavioral repertoires and build psychological resources
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broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson)
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positive subjective experience more conspicuous in its absence than its presence
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comfort
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tendency of people in thinking about an emotional event to overlook how long it lasts
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duration neglect
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psychological state defined by subjective feelings but also characteristic patterns of physiological arousal, thoughts, and behaviors
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emotion
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tendency to like objects given to us, even if we did not especially want or value them in the first place
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endowment effect
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psychological state that accompanies highly engaging activities
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flow
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ability to experience positive feelings
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hedonic capacity
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continual adaptation to emotional circumstances, resulting in an ongoing return to a point of relative neutrality
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hedonic treadmill
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proportion of variation in a characteristic due to genetic factors; roughly, "influenced by genetics" as opposed to "inherited"
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heritability
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undertaking of activities because of their own appeal and not because of external rewards or punishments
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intrinsic motivation
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tendency to like objects to which we are frequently exposed, even if this exposure takes place subliminally
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mere exposure effect
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general emotional state of an individual
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mood
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theory of how emotional experiences are remembered, as a joint function of their greatest intensity and how they end
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peak-end theory
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positive subjective experience (guilt often attached)
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pleasure
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extent to which an individual habitually experiences positive moods like joy, interest, and alertness
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positive affectivity
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awareness of pleasure and deliberate attempts to make it last
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savoring
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quantitative index of the degree to which two variables, if graphed, fall along a straight line
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correlation coefficient (r)
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theory proposing that depressed people see the world more accurately
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depressive realism
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theory that happiness is a matter of getting what one wants, whether or not it involves pleasure
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desire theory
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involvement in activities that produce flow
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engagement
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idea that true happiness entails identifying one's inner self (demon), cultivating one's strengths and virtues, and living in accordance with them
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eudaimonia
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research method that uses an electronic beeper to signal research participants at random intervals, indicating that they should stop whatever they are doing, describe it, and respond to questions
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experience sampling method (ESM)
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everyday synonym for subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and the like
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happiness
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foolproof measure, like for a disease
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hard diagnostic test
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doctrine emphasizing the maximizing of pleasure and the minimizing of pain
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hedonism
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degree to which different measures of the same notion yield answers that agree
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internal consistency (reliability)
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overall cognitive appraisal that one's life is a good one
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life satisfaction
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theory that happiness entails achieving objectively good things in the world, e.g., freedom from disease, material, material comfort, a career, friendships, children, education, knowledge, and so on
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objective list theory
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overarching term for the emotions, experiences, appraisals, expectations, and accomplishments that figure into the good life
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quality of life
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genetically determined level of happiness, to which one returns after positive or negative emotional experiences
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set-point (for happiness)
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degree to which a measure administered at different points in time yields answers that agree
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stability (test-retest reliability)
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relatively high levels of positive affect, relatively low levels of negative affect, and the overall judgment that one's life is a good one
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subjective well-being
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unmeasured factors that produce apparent but spurious associations between two variables
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third variables
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degree to which a measure actually ascertains what it purports to measure
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validity
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winning at whatever matters most
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victory
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expectations about highly general--even vague--positive outcomes
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big optimism
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thoughts of which we are aware at any moment as well as all of the processes that underlie our thoughts
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cognition
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field that studies how people acquire, retain, transform, and use knowledge
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cognitive psychology
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1960s return to prominence within psychology of cognition
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cognitive revolution
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awareness of one's current environment and mental life; particular sensations, perceptions, needs, emotions, and thoughts
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consciousness
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global expectation that good things will be plentiful in the future and bad things scarce
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dispositional optimism
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tendency to believe that different events have the same sorts of causes
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explanatory style
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determination that goals can be achieved coupled with beliefs that successful plans can be generated to reach goals
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hope
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expectations about specific positive outcomes
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little optimism
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mood or attitude associated with the expectation of a desirable, advantageous, or pleasurable future
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optimism
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pervasive positive selectivity in thought
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Pollyanna Principle
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positive traits; individual differences such as curiosity, kindness, and gratitude
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character strengths
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depiction of concepts around a circle according to their relative similarity or dissimilarity
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circumplex model
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positive traits entailing the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal
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strengths of courage
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positive traits manifest in caring relationships with others
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strengths of humanity
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broadly social positive traits relevant to the optimal interaction between the individual and the group or the community
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strengths of justice
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positive traits that a person owns, celebrates, and frequently exercises
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signature strengths
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technique for identifying the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification from spoken or written text
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strengths content analysis
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positive traits that protect us from excess
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strengths of temperance
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positive traits that allow individuals to forge connections to the larger universe and thereby provide meaning to their lives
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strengths of transcendence
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classification of 24 positive traits
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VIA Classification of Character Strengths
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self-report survey for adults that measures the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification
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VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS)
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self-report survey for youth that measures the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification
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VIA Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth)
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interview for determining which of the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification qualify as individual signature strengths
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VIA Structured Interview
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positive traits related to the acquisition and use of information in the service of the good life
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strengths of wisdom and knowledge
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favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a specific object or issue
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attitude
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bunching up of scores at the upper end of a rating scale
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ceiling effect
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sample of research participants chosen for a study because they are readily available
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convenience sample
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changes in a society over time as young people come of age under different circumstances than did their parents or grandparents
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generational replacement
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arrangement of human motives into a hierarchy reflecting the order in which people typically attend to them
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hierarchy of needs
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belief about ideal modes of conduct that presumably aid and abet terminal values
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instrumental value
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measurement in which comparisons are made only with respect to the same individual
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ipsative scores
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individual who typically chooses the "best" option in order to optimize an outcome
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maximizer
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values minimally necessary for a viable society
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minimalist values
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emulation of what powerful or respected others say, do, and believe
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modeling
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biological motive that moves us to behave in ways to satisfy it, e.g., hunger, thirst
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need
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shared belief that one should act in a certain way in a certain circumstance
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norm
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sample of research participants that resembles the larger population to which a researcher wishes to generalize
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representative sample
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individual who typically chooses a good-enough or merely satisfactory option
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satisficer
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values corresponding to one's need to express talents, capacities, and potentialities
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self-expressive values
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values corresponding to one's pressing biological needs
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survival values
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belief about an ideal state of existence
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terminal value
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disposition to think, feel, and act in a consistent way
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trait
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goal about what is morally desirable
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value
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deliberate strategy of changing one's values by exposing them to contradiction among one's value priorities
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value self-confrontation
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self-help techniques for helping people to identify values they hold
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values clarification
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ongoing research project that periodically ascertains the values of people in dozens of countries around the world
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World Values Survey
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routes to happiness
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pleasure (hedonism), engagement (flow), meaning (eudaimonia), good social relationships
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subjective well-being
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high positive affect, low negative affect, high life satisfaction
(Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale) |
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valid measures of social science
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internally consistent, stable across time, hard measures, construct validity
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positive emotions lead to
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creativity, productivity, tolerance (broaden)
less physiological effect of stress, achieving more in life (build) |
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measures of optimism
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Life Orientation Test (LOT), Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE)
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positive consequences of optimism
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less depression and anxiety and PTSD, happiness and life satisfaction, problem-focused coping, academic success, vocational success, morbidity and mortality, athletic success, political success, stock market performance, US Gross National Product
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negative consequences of optimism
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risk perception, defensive pessimism
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