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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John Locke (1632 - 1704)
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(Britain)
-Developed theory of "natural rights" as opposed to "divine rights" as source of a state's legitamacy -Second Treatise on Gov't - 1690 |
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through British Imperialism
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-"natural rights"
and -legitamacy of democratic institutions spread throughout the world as in India and the US |
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How did British transmit the idea of "fair trade"?
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through sports
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Britain is the model of what form of govt?
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Parliamentary, one of the most common forms of democratic gov't in the world = Europe, India , Japan
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Advanced Industrial
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Britains economy, while manufacturing is important, most productive are service sector such as banking, insurance and investment
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British source of legitimacy
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Patrimonial
-no single source of legitimacy such as one constitution |
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Patrimonial
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Based on long standing existence of
-British Monarchy and -Traditional Customs + Practices (as evolved over time, the dominant role played by the prime minister in the British State) |
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European Covenant of human rights (2001)
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Until Britain signed this, citizens had no written specification or guarantee of rights
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Patrimonial Legitimacy underlies existence of
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(Britain)
modern political institutions -such as mass political parties and interest groups |
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Walter Bagehot
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writer that stated
-Britian is/was very different from America -American seperation of Powers and 3 govt branches have no meaning. -Britian is divided into 1) Efficient function and 2) Dignified Function |
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Efficient function
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(Britain)
Fusion of legislative and executive to allow govt to act quickly and efficiently -stated by Walter Bagehot |
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Dignified Function
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(Britain)
- stated by Walter Bagehot - Projects the awe and majesty of the authority of the state as if God given to the people of the nation - protects the legitimacy of the state that might be corroded by the squabbles that may occur in democratic parts of the state (usually occurring within the efficient function of the state) |
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Unitary state
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(Britian) a state in which the power and authority of state institutions centralized into a single set of national institutions
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local govt's under a unitary state
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(Britain)
-are weak, -officials are appointed by the authorities of the Nat gov't |
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Unitary state example (Minister of Education)
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(Britain)
"The minister of education knows precisely at any particular time and day what all the students in the nation are learning" |
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Federal State
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(Britain)
-States monopoly of authority is broken up and shared between a national government and local jurisdictions -Example: in the US each state and even local jurisdiction decides school curriculum |
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Federal state example (National secretary of Education)
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National secretary of education may promote certain policies through federal system but cant enforce
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Devolution
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handing over the powers and institutions of the state to regional Units instituted in Britain in 2000
- State powers such as making educational, welfare and justice matters (to a limited degree) to the regions of Scotland and Wales - Creation of Parliaments in Scotland and Wales parallel to the organization of the nat parliament |
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Devolved Parliaments can't legislate in the areas of
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1) Constitutional matters
2) General Taxation 3) Overseas Trade 4) Employment Policy 5) Social Security 6) Broadcasting |
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Devolution is not federalism
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Parliament may legislate in areas it is asked to do so and can override legislation, policies and enforcement enacted by the regional governments
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British Concentration of Power
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1) Legislative and Executive functions are fused
2) Prime minister and Cabinet 3) Strong Party Discipline 4) Terms of Commons are indefinite 5) Parliamentary Supremacy 6) Single member districts 7) Safe seats |
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Legislative and Executive functions
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(Britain)
-are fused in offices of prime minister and his/her cabinet |
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Prime minister and cabinet
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(Britain)
-are elected from the majority party in the House of Commons |
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Strong party discipline
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(Britain)
-insures that all legislation submitted by the PM or cabinet will pass (almost automatically) |
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Terms of Commons are Indefinite
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(Britain)
limited only by a five year life for each House of Commons Session |
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Parliamentary Supremacy
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(Britain)
no other state authority may overrule a decision of the House of Commons |
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Single member districts
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(Britain)
First past the post elections favor a two party system |
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Safe seats
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(Britain)
Insure the continuity of party leadership |
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House of Lords
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(Britain)
are not elected, until most recently these were given by hereditary. |
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Britain Power of states
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fused between executive and legislative branches
-In US power of state is divided among 3 branches of gov't |
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Britain Power
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concentrated in Prime Minister and their cabinet
(Karl Marx described as "executive committee of the bourgeoisie") |
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Britain Democratic Stress
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Lies in direct accountability of the Executive to the legislature and public opinion
-In US accountability is indirect (elections are the major instrument of accountability) |
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Britain Legitimacy is vested
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in head of state (the queen) rather than the head of gov't (ours is in constitution)
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Britain democratic evolution
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Relativly Peaceful compared to other nations whos becoming democratic were bred from revolutionary violence or one party dictatorship
- Parliamentary Supremacy in the Glorious Revolution Accomplished through Parliamentary Enactment Itself (Bill of Rights) - Evolutionary Process allowed for peaceful management of class conflict (Marx in London) - Evolutionary Process required preservation of Anachronistic Instituitons - monarchy of House of Lords, that is, Institutions originating in the initial struggle between King and Aristocracy in 1215 |
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French diplomatic development
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Discontinous - democratic development isnt always evolutionary as in britain but a matter of ABRUPT CHANGE IN REGIME and the CONSEQUENCE OF REVOLUTIONARY INSURGENCY
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French political development
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classic pattern of regime change
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French system
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Presidential Parliamentary System, or semi presidential system
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French/US collaboration American Revolution
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aid of French officers Lafayette and Rochambeau, Washington was able to manuever army bc French Navy Blockaded British forcing the surrender of the British Army at Yorktown in 1781
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French/US collaboration in WW2
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US supported French retaking of Paris in 1944 under leadership of Charles de Gaulle
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Trump Cards
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(French)
Pres holds trump cards over the national assembly |
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French Legislature (National Assembly)
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Functions as a parliament ,gives legitimacy to prime minister
-Purpose is to support or legitimize the proposals submitted to it by the Executives -The prime minister is accountable to the legislature but NOT THE PRES |
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French President
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-Pres is seperate from the legislature
-Pres serves for a fixed 5yr term and cant be removed from office |
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Frech Constitutional Council
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acts on bills submitted to it for a decision on its constitutionality before it is enacted into a law
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French elections
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President is elected through direct vote
-President appoints a Prime Minister -Prime Minister appoints a cabinet |
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Prime Minister election
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Prime Minister is appointed from the majority party in the National Assembly
-Prime Minister can be part of Presidents opposition party if the majority of the party in the Parliament is in the opposition -If this occurs the two executives govern in a situation called COHABITATION |
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During Cohabitation
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Prime Ministers and Cabinet members must resign their seats in the National Assembly (thus creating a separation of office between executive and parliament.
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French Prime minister and Cabinet accountability
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accountable to both the President and National Assembly
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French Prime Ministers resignation
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National Assembly can force a PM's resignation through a vote of "no confidence"
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French Legislation
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-Either the Pres or the Prime Minister or Deputies in the National Assembly initiate legislation.
-Parliament may exercise the function of veto over the legislation initiated by the executive **-Parliament cannot make amendments to executive budgets and if it refuses to pass a budget within 70 days the budget automatically becomes law. |
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French Pres override the decisions of the Nat Assembly
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by submitting measure to a direct vote or REFERENDUM
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French state of emergency
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President can declare a state of emergency and rule by decree
- Parliament can revoke the state of emergency after 6 months |
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French dissolving the National Assembly
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President can dissolve the Nat Assembly at the Presidents discretion and call new Parliamentary elections at any time within his 5 year tenure.
-Parliament normally sits for a fixed term of 5 years |
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French national assembly legislation
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Nat Assembly may initiate legislation and pass it into law the Pres may not veto legislation
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French Presidents ability to submit a law
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-Pres may submit a proposed law to the constitutional council
- Pres may refer a proposed law to a referendum - Pres through the prime minister sets the legislative agenda. |
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French Prime Minister / cabinet
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Prime minister choses his or her own cabinet without the formal consent of NA or Pres
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PM and cabinet minister assuming office
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-PM and Cabinet Ministers must resign their seats in the National Assembly before assuming office
**-The NA may censure and oust a cabinet minister or PM - a PM may expand or contract members of his/her cabinet as it fits his policy |
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George Pompidou
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PM (French) Gaullist 1962-1968,
Pompidou secured support for Pres Charles De Gaulle in the parliamentary elections despite student and labor protests, went on to be elected Pres himself |
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Michael Rocard
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PM (French) Socialist 1986-1988
Assumed a large role in legislative + administrative, his own popularity eclipsed that of Pres Francois Mitterend. -Mitterand forced Rocard's resignation suspecting that Rocard had Pres ambitions |
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Francois Fillon
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PM (French) UMP 2007-present
-Fillon was named by pres nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy is noted for his take charge style of leadership. His chosen PM is one who is more pliant and who follows the President's explicit directives. Prestige of the office of Prime Minister will probably decline in Fallons tenure |
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power and prestige of the prime minister (French)
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varies according to the style of the President
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French Parliament division
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two houses
1) National Assembly 2) Senate |
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National Assembly goal
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to provide legitimacy for the Prime minister
*to provide constituency service -Example: The majority party generally supports the Prime Ministers legislative initiatives |
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Nat assembly checking the PM
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***by invoking a vote of censure or a vote of no confidence
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Nat assembly initiating legislation
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(French)
-Can initiate legislation on its own but must obtain the concurrence of the other house, the senate, to become law: the Pres may reject an initiative by invoking a referendum on it. |
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Nat Assembly leadership recruitment
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(French)
responsibility to act as an institution of leadership recruitment it is the place where elected officials aspire to be in to further their political careers |
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Nat assembly review
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(French)
responsibility to invoke review of the constitutional Council on bills of disputed constitutionality |
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French Senate's responsibilities**
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1) to review the legislative initiatives of the PM or the Nat Assembly
2) Senate cannot invoke a vote of censure --to initiate legislation on its own but must obtain the concurrence of the other house the NA to become a law (Pres may reject initiative by invoking a referendum on it) 3) missed notes |
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Only differences between US and French senates??
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Pres cant close senate
Senators can run for 6 year terms |
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Two periods of French Empire
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Napoleon 1st then Napoleon 3rd
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2 themes constant in France
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1) Revolutionary Insurgency
2) Grandeur + Defeat |
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The First Empire (1804 - 1815)
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Under Napoleon 1st
-Achieved military dominance over Europe (Precursor to the EU) -Created unified legal code based on the principle of equality before the law (Napoleonic Code) -Created the first of the Grandes-Ecoles whose admission would be based on merit |
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Second Empire (1852 - 1870)
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Under Napoleon 3rd
-Napoleon 3rd elected by emperor by Pebiscite -Napoleon 3rd restored order after the chaotic period of the revolution of 1848 -Presided over the building of the Suez Canal -Projected French Power in Indochina -Oversaw the beautification of Paris |
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French Defeat
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-Waterloo 1814
-The Franco Prussian War 1871 -WW2 1940 -The colonial Wars Vietnam 1954 Algeria 1956-1962 |
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What happened after the Fall of Vichy
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French wanted to move as far away as they could from Vichy regime and formed the Fourth Republic
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Fourth Republic (1956 - 1958) problems
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-deep divisions in french society between catholics, socialists, communists and those part of Charles de Gaulles resistance
- 2 colonial wars (vietnam and Algeria) **chronic instability |
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French Colonial wars (Vietnam and Algeria)
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French Army defeated by Vietnamese in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu
- French Army ultimately resulted to open torture to quell urban war of terror in Algeria |
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Result of Fourth Republic's problems
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Leadership was unable to resolve problems
-20 PM's came and went in months -Brink of civil war |
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Charles de Gaulle 1890 -1970
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-Decorated Hero in WW1
-Staff officer who wanted tanks instead of fixed fortification (Maginot Line) -Founder of 5th republic that fixed problems -People thought he would keep in Algeria but in 1962 he argued for Algerias independence |
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US Presidential System
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based on seperation of powers
-limited government as a guarantee of individual freedom and protection against the tyranny of the majority |
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British Parliamentary System
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Based of Fusion of Executive and Legislative Powers
-Intended for the efficient functioning of gov't - Democratic Dimension:Accountability |
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French semi-Presidential System
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-Based on the Presidential dominance of Parliament
-Pres and Prime minister have overlapping powers -Pres has ultimate Powers -Democratic Dimension : Stability |
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King John forced to sign the Magna Carta 1215
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(British)
The king must accept the consultation of the feudal barons to levy taxes -Barons must be tried by their peers when accused of crimes (trial by jury) |
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Henry the 8th (1536)
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(British)
Uses parliament to justify confiscation of church properties |
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The Glorious Revolution 1688
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(British)
-Parliament declares THE BILL OF RIGHTS -Parliament determines the line of succession to the throne -The king cannot levy taxes without parliament's consent -The king cannot overturn an act of parliament |
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Margaret Thatcher 1979
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(British)
Prime minister who begins the rollback of Labour's nationalizations and cuts back on public services -Does not abolish the National Health Service |
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The Monarchy
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Largely ceremonial institution with little effective power
-major source of legitimacy -Queen is also the head of the Church of England |
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The Parliament
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-Deliberative and law making institution
1) The House of Lords 2) House of Commons |
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House of Lords
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One of 2 houses in Parliament (other is House of Commons)
-its function is to acknowledge the recognition of their achievements -People are appointed to it, Normally business people -The body which deliberates and debates proposed laws, Highest court of appeals |
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House of Commons
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One of 2 houses in Parliament (other is House of Lords)
- a institution which makes laws - Also elects the Prime Minister (who is chief legesilator AND a member of the House of Commons) -Members of parliament are chosen by direct election of citizens from electoral districts called constituencies -Commons elects the Prime Minister and also force the Prime Minister to call new elections putting his mandate in question -Institution of democratic accountability -question period =twice a week -collective responsibility -ministerial resignation -vote of (no) Confidence |
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British Prime Minister
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-chief legislator and executive of the british state
-submits legislation for passage in the Commons and oversees the running of the govt through govt ministries. - head of the majority political party in the commons |
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British Ministries
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1) Chancellor of the Exchequer
2) Ministry of Defense 3) Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
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British Cabinet
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-Chosen by the Prime Minister from members of the house of commons
-those chosen are generally highly placed party officials or proven vote getters -members also represent the constituencies from which they were elected -Cabinet members theoretically preside over the various ministries |
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British Political Parties
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1) Labour Party
2)Conservative Party 3)Liberal Democratic Party (not one of the 2 majors but with significant influence in the House of commons -one major divides is the extent of british participation in the EU -The party with the most seats in the House of Commons customarily elects the Prime Minister by strict party vote. -Based on class. Conservative = our republican and the rick |
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Seating Arrangement on Commons
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corresponds to the Basic Functions of the House
1. To serve as support for the prime minister 2. To hold the Prime Minister and the cabinet accountable 3. To hear the grievances from the public about the government |
