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Establishment – Part of the 1st Amendmentstating that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment ofreligion”.Free exercise – 1st Amendment provisionthat prohibits government from interfering with practice of religionIncorporation doctrine – Legal concept under which theSC has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicableto the states through the 14th AmendmentPolitical Ideology – A coherent set of beliefs aboutpolitics, public policy, and public purpose, which helps give meaning topolitical eventsPolitical socialization – Process through whichindividuals in a society acquire political attitudes, views, and knowledge,based on inputs from family, schools, the media, and others.Civil Rights Act 1964 – Law making racialdiscrimination in public accommodations illegal. It forbade many forms of jobdiscrimination. It also strengthened voting rights.Symbolic speech – Nonverbal communication, such asburning a flag or wearing an armband. SC has accorded some symbolic speechprotection under the 1st.Techniques for conducting a poll – Interviewers, random-digitdialing, Internet, mail.Plessy v Ferguson – 1986 SC decision that provided aconstitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana lawrequiring equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races wasconstitutional.Schenck v US – 1919 SC upheld conviction of asocialist who encouraged young men to resist draft during WWI. Justice Holmesdeclared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a clear andpresent danger of substantive evils.Mapp v Ohio – 1961 SC decision ruling that the 4thAmendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures must beextended to the states.Regents of University of CA v Bakke – 1978 SC decisionholding that a state university may weigh race or ethnic background as oneelement in admissions but may not set aside places for members of particularracial groups.

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Dred Scott v Sanford – 1857 SC decision ruling that aslave who escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and thatCongress had no authority to ban slavery in the territoriesGitlow v NY – 1925 SC decision holding that freedom ofpress and speech are fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the14th Amendment from impairment by the states as well as by thefederal government.Barron v Baltimore – 1833 SC decision holding that thebill of rights restrained only the national government, not the states orcities.Korematsu v US – 1944 SC upheld as constitutional theinterment of more than 100k Americans of Japanese descent in encampments duringWWIIDC v Heller – 2008 SC held that 2ndAmendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm for lawfulpurposes, self-defense within the home.Near v MN – 1931 held that the 1st protectsnewspapers from prior restraint.Brown v Board of Education – 1954 SC held that school segregationis unconstitutional because violates the 14th guarantee of equalprotection. Case marked the end of legal segregation in the US.Miranda v AZ – 1966 SC decision that set guidelinesfor police questioning of accused persons to protect them againstself-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.Gideon v Wainwright – 1963 SC held that everyoneaccused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed has a right to a lawyer.Requires the government to provide a lawyer to anyone so accused who is toopoor to afford one.NY Times v Sullivan – 1964 SC established that, to windamage suits for libel (publication of false and malicious statements that maydamage one’s reputation), public figures must prove that the defamatory statementsabout them were made with actual malice and reckless disregard for the truth.1st – Religion, Speech, the Press,Assembly, Petition.4th – Searches and Seizures5th – Grand Juries, Double Jeopardy,Self-Incrimination, Due Process, Eminent Domain8th – Bails, Fines, and Punishment13th – Abolished slavery14th – Adopted after Civil War, “No stateshall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunitiesof citizens; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, orproperty without due process of law; nor deny to any person within itsjurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.15th – 1870 extend suffrage to AfricanAmericans24th – 1964 that declared poll taxes voidin federal electionsPercentage of African Americans nationwide - 2015 15% - 2060 18%Jim Crow laws – Segregation of public schools, publicplaces, public transportation, restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains.Demography – Science of population changesPublic opinion – Distribution of population’s beliefsabout politics and policy issues.Reapportionment – Process of reallocating seats in thehouse of representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of thecensus.Waves of immigration – 1, early and mid-19thcentury, northwestern Europeans (English, Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians)2 – late 19th century – early 20thcentury, southern and eastern Europeans (Italians, Jews, Poles, Russians, andothers) Ellis Island3 – Since 1960 Hispanics and AsiansComparable worth – Pay when comparable skillsYear women’s suffrage movement began – 1848 SenecaFalls NY Essays· 4th Searches and seizures, 5th Dueprocess, 6th Criminal Court Procedures (Speedy and public trial,impartial jury, confront witness, counsel, 7th Common law, and 8thBails, Fines and Punishment.· Literacy tests before registering,Grandfather clause (exempted persons whose grandfathers were eligible to votein 1860 from taking tests. Unconstitutional (Guinn v US 1915).Poll Taxes – Small taxes levied onthe right to vote.White primary – Primary electionsfrom which African Americans were excluded, declared unconstitutional by SC in1944.· Reapportionment, TX and FLrTcY\~

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