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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Gene Pool |
All genes in all members of a population |
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Evolution |
Gradual change in gene frequency |
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Population sampling |
Small sample of a pop. to get gene frequencies of whole pop. |
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Conditions for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium |
1. Large population 2. Random mating 3. No migration 4. No genetic drift 5. No selective advantage 6. No mutations |
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Genetic drift |
Change in gene frequency due to decrease in pop. size (founder effect/bottleneck effect) |
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Founder effect |
Few members of the pop. leave and start their own pop. |
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Bottleneck effect |
A few members of the pop. survive widespread elimination |
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Natural selection |
Primary reason for evolution |
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Non random mating |
Particular genes are selected for, so it contributes to evolution |
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3 types of adaptations |
Physical Behavioural (courtship, migration, hibernation) Physiological (enzymes) |
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Ecology |
Interactions between organisms and their environment |
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Geographic range |
Location of animal on a map |
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Habitat |
Where an organism lives |
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Niche |
The role of an organism |
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Clumped population distribution |
Due to environmental factors and social interactions |
Most common |
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Random population distribution |
No interaction among members |
Least common |
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Uniform poulation distribution |
Competition among territorial organisms |
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Dynamic equilibrium |
Same as homeostasis. (K-selected species reach this) |
Present in mature ecosystems |
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Open population |
Have migration. S-shaped growth curve |
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Closed population |
No migration. J-shaped growth curve |
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J-shaped growth curve |
Exponential growth (r-selected species) |
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S-shaped growth curve |
Logistical growth (K-selected species) |
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Phases of growth curves |
1. Lag - slow 2. Growth - exponential 3. Stationary - natality = mortality 4. Death - decline |
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Carrying capacity |
Max number of individuals an environment can support |
Affected by environmental resistance and biotic potential |
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Biotic potential |
Max number offspring produced in ideal conditions. Regulated by 4 factors: 1. Offspring 2. Survival capacity 3. Procreation 4. Maturity |
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Environmental resistance |
All factors (biotic/abiotic) that limit pop. growth |
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Limiting factors |
Environmental resistance density dependent (biotic) or independent (abiotic) |
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K-selected |
1. Long life span 2. Care for young 3. Few offspring 4. Late reproductive age 5. Large 6. Near carrying capacity (K) |
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r-selected |
1. Short life span 2. Little or no care for young 3. Many offspring 4. Early reproductive age 5. Small size |
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Predator-prey cycle |
More prey than predators. Prey increase before predators do. |
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Intraspecific competition |
Between members of the same species |
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Interspecific competition |
Between members of different species |
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Gause's principle |
If two species occupy the same niche, one will be eliminated |
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Symbiotic relationship |
Relationships between species 1. Mutualism 2. Parasitism 3. Commensalism |
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Mutualism |
Both benefit |
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Parasitism |
One benefits, other is harmed |
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Commensalism |
One benefits, other is unaffected |
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Ecological succession |
Gradual change over time |
(Lichens ➡ seral stages ➡ climax community) |
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Secondary succession |
Begins with SOIL |
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Pioneer community |
Lichens - digest bare rock, making soil |
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Seral stages |
Grasses, shrubs, small tees |
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Climax community |
Established forest. Most stable. Dynamic equilibrium |
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Primary succession |
Begins with BARE ROCK. |
After a glacier recedes, or volcano erupts. (Lichens ➡ seral stages ➡ climax community) |
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Stability |
No chance in gene frequency |
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