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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Morphological Species Concept
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Based on differences in morphological features/ phenotypes
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Ecological Species Concept
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Says that a species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche
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Niche
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Set of resources & conditions that an organism is adapted to
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Phylogenetic Species Concept
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A species is the smallest monophyletic group on a phylogeny; each tip on a phylogeny is a species
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Biological Species Concept
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Species are groups of actually/ potentially interbreeding populations that can produce viable, fertile offspring
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We define species for these two reasons:
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1. To make sense of the world; 2. To communicate with other biologists, government officials, and non-scientists (everyone)
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What are the pre-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms?
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Habitat isolation, Temporal isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical isolation, & Gametic isolation
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Habitat isolation
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When two organisms live in different habitats or different parts of the same habitat
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Temporal isolation
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When two organisms are active at different parts of the day or season
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Behavioral isolation
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When two organisms attract mates in different ways
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Mechanical isolation
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When two organisms cannot mate because of physical differences in their bodies
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Gametic isolation
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When the gametes of two organisms do not recognize each other or they destroy each other
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What are the post-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms?
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Reduced Hybrid viability, Reduced Hybrid fertility, Hybrid Breakdown
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Reduced hybrid viability
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When a developing hybrid organism has harmful genes and dies before it is born
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Reduced hybrid fertility
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When a hybrid is sterile and gene flow is inhibited
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Hybrid breakdown
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When a hybrid organism is unhealthy and usually becomes ill, dying early
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___ is a focal point of evolutionary theory
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Speciation
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Speciation can occur in ___ ways
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Two
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Allopatric speciation
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Gene flow is interrupted or reduced as a population is divided into geographically isolated populations
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Sympatric speciation
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Gene flow is interrupted between two overlapping populations
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Allopatric speciation can occur through ___ or ___.
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Dispersal or variance
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Autopolyploid
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An individual with multiple sets of chromosomes, derived from a different species
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Hybrids
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The result of mating between species with incomplete reproductive barriers, usually comes at a cost to the individual
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Hybrid Zone
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A region in which members of two different species mate and often produce hybrids
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Stability
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Can occur when hybrids survive &/ or reproduce not as well as parent species; or when hybrids are selected against
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Fusion
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Occurs when reproductive barriers are not strong, gene flow happens often and population homogenizes
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Reinforcement
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Occurs when hybrids are less fit than members of parent species, selection for stronger & additional reproductive barriers
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Speciation rates ___ quite a bit
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Vary
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Speciation may require a change in a single ___
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gene
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Ecology
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The study of relationships of living organisms with one another and their environment
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What is the main question that ecology seeks to answer?
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What lives where & why?
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Ecosystem
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Community of organisms and the physical factors with which they interact in an area
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Ecosystem dynamics involve two processes
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Energy flow & chemical cycling
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Energy flows ___ an ecosystem
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Through
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Matter ___ within an ecosystem
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Cycles
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Both ___ ___ & ___ ___ limit species distributions
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Ecological interactions & abiotic factors
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___ ___ govern energy flow & chemical cycling in ecosystems
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Physical Laws
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___ connects all tropic levels
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Decomposition
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Detritivores
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Break detritus into smaller pieces, accelerating decomposition
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Detritus
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Non-living organic matter
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Decomposers
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Convert non-living organic matter into inorganic forms
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Autotroph
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An organism that produces its own food via photosynthesis
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Heterotroph
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An organism that cannot produce its own food via photosynthesis & must eat other organisms to live
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Facultative
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Has options to switch
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Obligate
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They've got to do it
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Primary Production
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The amount of light energy that can be converted to chemical bonds in carbohydrates by autotrophs
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Usually ___ is the most common limiting element
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Nitrogen
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Gross Primary production
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Total energy assimilated by primary producers
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Net Primary production
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Energy accumulated as biomass that can be consumed by primary producers
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Standing crop
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When plants are harvested, dried, and weighed to determine the amount of biomass
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Gas exchange techniques
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Determine net uptake of CO2 in light (net production), production of CO2 in dark (respiration), & gross production and their sum
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Production efficiency
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How "good" one is at turning plant matter into biomass
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Trophic efficiency
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How much of the plant material is actually edible
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What is the most common way that trophic relationships are shown?
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Through a pyramid
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Biogeochemical cycle
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Path an element takes from abiotic systems to organisms & back
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The global water cycle
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Evaporation & transpiration of this molecule by plants; Condensation of this molecule into clouds & precipitation; surface and underground flow to the oceans
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The global phosphorous cycle
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Involves the weathering of rocks, this element is essential to nucleic acids and ATP
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The global nitrogen cycle
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Plants assimilate most of this element with help from fixing bacteria, it is mainly found in the atmosphere
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The global carbon cycle
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Reservoirs of this element include: fossil fuels, soils, plant & animal biomass; photosynthetic organisms take in this element (in the form of a molecule) & make it available to heterotrophs
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Positive feedback
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Changes due to global warming result in release of more greenhouse gases being released
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Global warming is ___ NPP on land and ___ NPP in the oceans
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increasing, decreasing
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Biological community
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Assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interation
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Interations ___ to community structure
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contribute
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Competition
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Use or defense of a resource by an individual that reduces availability to other individuals
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Interspecific competition
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Occurs when multiple species compete for a resource
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Gause's competitive exclusion principle
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Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same place
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Fundamental niche
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The niche potentially occupied by a species
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Realized niche
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The niche that the organism actually occupies
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Predation
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An interaction in which one species kills and eats the other
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What are prey adaptations for?
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Defense against predators
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Aposematic coloring
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Animals with effective chemical defense often having bright colors to warn predators
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Cryptic coloration
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Animals with camouflaging coloring so as to not be spotted
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Batesian mimicry
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Harmless species mimics a harmful one
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Mullerian mimicry
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Two harmful species mimic each other (Yellow jackets)
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Mimicry can also be used to ___ prey.
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Approach or catch
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Herbivory
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An herbivore eats part of a plant of alga
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Herbivory has led to ___ ___ by plants (like chemical or mechanical).
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Defense mechanisms
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Symbiosis
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A relationship where two or more species live in direct & intimate contact with one another
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Parasitism
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One organism derives nourishment from another organism which is harmed in the process
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Many parasites have ___ life cycles
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Complex
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Mutualism
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A relationship that benefits both organisms
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Commensalism
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Once species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
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Facilitation
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One species has positive effects on another species without direct or intimate contact
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Species richness
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Number of different species in the community
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Relative abundance
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Proportion each species represents of all the individuals in the community
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Dominant species
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Most abundant or has the most biomass
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Keystone species
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One that exerts strong force upon a community but is not necessarily abundant
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Ecosystem engineers
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They cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure
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