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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inputs to population change
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Births and Immigrants
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Processes & Stores
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Natural change and Migrational change
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Outputs
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Deaths and Out-migrants
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Reasons for population group
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Free health care (NHS)
Better hygiene in hospitals/ sanitation in general Improved medical care and medicine resources Better education Control of disease Improved diet, clean water supply Lack of contraception High infant mortality rate Improved food supply- preservation eg tins, machinery Improved standard of living Religion/cultural reasons More children needed for jobs |
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Reasons for decreased birth rates (MEDCS)
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Less infant mortalities so not as many children needed
Educated about contraceptions Girls interested in having a career People stay in education longer so don't have children as young Change in law, eg China People get married later Faily planning Less forced marriages Improved status of women in society |
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Social implications of population growth
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Overcrowding
Higher crime rates due to pressure on resources Housing problems Pressure on services- school, hospitals etc Ageing population More homeless people- expensive land |
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Economic implications of population growth
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Expensive land
More inflation- possible recession High unemployment Bigger welfare problem |
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Environmental implications of population growth
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Deforestation=degradation and less productive land
More pollution+waste More animals go extinct Higher sea levels Increase in urbanisation Lose greenland More power needed Fresh water needed Stress on resources |
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Political implications of population growth
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Wars over resources
More policies needed (fighting crime, utilising greenhouse gases) |
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What should the fertility rate be to replace itself?
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2.1
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Population problems in MEDCs
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MEDCs' population growth has been slow for many decades and over 50 nations are below the 2.1 fertility rate
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Population problems in LEDCs
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Have fastest rates of population growth. HOWEVER consequently the greatest falls in fertility are expected to take place in these countries
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What policies have been set into place in MEDCs to stop falls in fertility
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In Japan £50m has been set towards stopping fall in fertility
Many European countries are giving financial benefits for 3rd child- eg in Italy |
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What happens in Stage 1 of the Demographic transition model
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Death rate fluctuates, high birth rates
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Stage 2
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High birth rates and lower death rates
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Stage 3
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Lower birth rates, death rates stays constant. But still higher birth rates than death rates so overall population increases
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Stage 4
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Fluctuating birth rate, low death rate
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Stage 5
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Birth rate continues to fall below replacement level, death rate increases (lifestyle diseases, low exercise, fatty and salty foods)
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Why is the DTM useful
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Is a universal concept- can be applied to all countries
Provides starting point for study of demographic change over time Time scales are flexible Easy to understand Enables comparisons to be made between countries |
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Limitations of the DTM
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Original model didn't include Stage 5
Eurocentric- assumes all countries will follow the European sequence of socioeconomic change Doesn't includde role of governments Doesn't include impact of migration |
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Reasons for high mortality in LEDCs
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Poor sanitation and medical care
Malnutrition Lack of clean water- leads to diseases Poor living conditions Poor educational facilities War High child mortality rates |
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What policies have been put into place in LEDCs to slow down population growth
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One Child Policy- China
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Dependency ratio
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Relationship between economically active population and non-economically acitve population (under 19 and over 60 in the EU)
Dependency ratio=under 19+over60/population 20-59 |
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Support ratio
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Those who rely on economically active (19-60)
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Juvenility ratio
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Ratio of young people to rest of population
Juvenility index= Population 0-19/population 20 and over (higher index, greater proportion of young people) |
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Old age index
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Old age index= population 60 and over/ population 20-59
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Benefits of an ageing population
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Retired people still do part-time work and do more flexible hours
'Grey pound'- more disposible income Child minding system Firms providing private healthcare insurance or companies like Boots are good in business Pension funds invest in companies, eg lots invest in BP Voluntary work |
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Problems associated with an ageing population
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Lots of elderly only have basic state to live off- poverty is challenge for government
Expensive for NHS- increased heart diseases, cancer etc Need for new housing and sheltered accomodation for those who need carers on site Life expectancy is increasing, so people claim pensions for longer- more expensive for State Ratio of people over 56 working is falling so less tax for government Young people move away from the area Need for more public transport Nationally pensions will increase Can't live independently Average retirement age increases |
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Case study for ageing population and how they meet the needs
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East Devon- has second highest concentration of OAPs in the country.
More retirement flats are especially desgined for over 50s Ring and ride schemes subsidised for OAPs (but expensive to run |
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Positives of a youthful population
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Readily available workforce
Educated youth could drive future |
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Negatives of a youthful population
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Pressure on schooling systems
Greater dependency ratio Crime rates increase Need more leisure activites, facilities When they get to reproductive age they may create baby boom High unemployment when they grow up |
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Case study about youthful population
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The Gambia
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Main problems in The Gambia
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High dependency ratio of 92%
Lots of pressure on resources No money for basic living facilities High unemployment Families depend on children for work Deforestion and degraded land- for firewood, means that in 50 years nearly all forests will disappear |
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Solutions for The Gambia in terms of decreasing high BR
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Family planning
Awareness campaigns about using contraceptions NGO promotes campaign to deliver contraceptions at a subsidised price Free vaccinations for children, medical facilities, etc so less infant mortalities Encourage spacing Councilling for women to change attitudes Children go to school- less likely to have lots of children in future |
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Solutions for The Gambia's environmental problems
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Forest anagement plan to teach them to have better use of resources
Areas regenerated In some areas overgrazing is illegal |
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Malthus' theory
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PESSIMISTIC
As population increases, food supply and fertile land would run out- wouldn't sustain population |
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Evaluation of Malthus' theory
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Not a universal theory as rich can move or buy food
He didn't know food production would change |
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Boserup's theory
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OPTIMISTIC :)
Believed that people would have resources of knowledge and technology to increase food suppy- more intense farm systems and shorter fallow periods |
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Evaluation of Boserup's theory
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Eventually natural resources will run our because resources aren't infinite
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Birth Rate and Death Rate
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Number of children born in a year for every 1000 people in a population
The number of people who die in a year for every 1000 people in population |
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Fertility rate
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The number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-49 in a year
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Infant Mortality rate
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Number of deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births per year
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What is Longevity
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The increase in life expectancy over a length of time
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Natural Change
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The difference between BRs and DRs; growth when BR exceeds DR, decline when opposite
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What is an Optimum population?
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The theoretical population which, working will all the available resources, will provide the highest standard of living
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What different types of migration are there?
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Forced migration- genocide, war
Voluntary migration- family, incentives Seasonal migration- tourism Commuting Internal regional migration- for jobs |
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Why people migrate
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Unemployment
Civil war Lack of resources Natural hazard High cost of living High crime rates Poor infastructure and services Family Disease |
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What are refugees?
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People that are unable or unwilling to return to homeland due to race, ethnicity, religion, etc, or being displaced forcibly for other reasons
Refugees aim to return to country |
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What are Asylum seekers?
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The same as refugees, so they are displaced forcibly, but they plan to STAY and live in the country
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Positive impacts on migration for origin country
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Less people
Population diversity reduced Money sent back to improve standard of living Less pressure on resources On return, migrants bring back new skills Lower unemployment rates |
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Negative impacts on migration for origin country
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Ageing population
Gender unbalance- Marriage rates fall and BRs fall Brain drain Farming declines and land is abandoned Less people to pay tax |
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Positive impacts of migration on destination country
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More diverse culture
Mariage rates increase Do low paid jobs Larbour surplus- those will skills and education help economy More tax payers Eventually the children of immigrants pay more to the state in taxes than they take from it |
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Negative impacts of migration on destination country
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Strain on facilities- schools, hospitals
Overcrowding Social tension Takes jobs away from british workers- increase competition Increase in house prices (supply and demand) Money send back to origin- economic loss May need immigration laws Pressure on resources Discrimination against ethic groups |
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Policies to reduce migration
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Limiting migrant workers at source
Insist on return tickets More strict on illegal crossing Returning asylum seekers immediately Bases in 3rd world countries to check visas Charging people who have foreign visitors with a deposit |
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Reasons for migration to certain countries
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Families
Services particularly aimed to that culture or religion High employment Close proximity |
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Why people move from rural areas
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Lack of services- doctors, education
Too remote Unemployment Tourists Increase in property prices Lack of recreation |
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Why people move to rural areas
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Quieter
Less pollution Scenic Community life City break Retirement Bigger houses- more land for the price you pay Simpler life Moving back home |
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Consequences of decline in rural areas
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Elderly are left behind with limited means
Houses are bought as second homes, so ghost-town effect for most of year Lots of the people left can't move away and lead restricted lives Isolationism |
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Consequences of Expansion in Rural areas
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Creation of housing estates that are too expensive for locals
Many families have two or more cars- traffic congestion Villages are often used as dormitory villages Conflicts between locals and newcomers- no respect Hard to maintain rural identity |
