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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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frequency of an allele =
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f(homozygotes) + 1/2 f(heterozygotes)
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polymorphism
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genetic variation
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anagenesis
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phyletic evolution
speciation (new ones from an old) |
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cladogenesis
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diversification
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microevolution
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evolution w/in a population
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macroevolution
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evolution in a large scale, ie mass extinction
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population genetics
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study of allele freq change in a population
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phylogenetics / systematics
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study of evolutionary changes b/w species
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evolution
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the replacement of alleles by others
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genetic properties of populations
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1) allele frequencies
2) genotypic frequencies 3) heterozygosity |
3 points
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frequency of an allele (method 2)
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2(# homozygous obs.) + (#heterozygous obs.)
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HWE - Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
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expected frequencies:
p^2 AA 2pq Aa q^2 aa total = 1.0 p+q = 1 |
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Chi-Square Test of HWE
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(O-E)^2 / E
if 95 % certain, then X^2 = 3.84 |
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Assumptions of HWE
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-for autosomal loci in sexual, monoecious (hermaphroditic) diploids
-assumes random mating, no natural selection, no migration, no genetic drift, no mutation -if yes, --> deviation |
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nonrandom mating
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-indivs choose mates on basis of any heritable character
-most common cause of deviation -interacts w/ natural selection & genetic drift |
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endogamy
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indivs tend to mate in own subgroup (ie race),
-mating not random w/ respect to species as whole -mating random w/ respect to subgroup |
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inbreeding
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mating b/w relatives more common than by chance
-inbreeding depression of heterozygotes |
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ecological factors promoting local inbreeding:
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-social behavior
-poor dispersal - ie acorns to tree -patchy resources |
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enforced outbreeding / negative inbreeding
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-mating b/w relatives less common than by chance
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positive assortative mating
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like x like
ie height, skin color |
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negative assortative mating
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like x unlike
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inbreeding vs assortative mating
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-inbreeding applies to whole genome
-asst. mating applies to a particular phenotype |
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inbreeding coefficient F
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more homozygosity by descent
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systematic inbreeding
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leads to complete homozygosity
ie 2 alleles --> 1 lost (f=0) 1 fixed (f=1) |
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Population genetic mechanisms:
(1-5) |
1) Natural selection
2) Migration 3) Nonrandom mating 4) Finite N / genetic drift 5) Mutation |
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