Poly Sci Test 2

Front 1

constituency

Back 1

Members of the district from which the official is elected

Front 2

delegate

Back 2

A representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency

Front 3

trustee

Back 3

A representative who votes based on what she thinks is best for his or her constituency

Front 4

agency representation

Back 4

The type of representation by which representatives are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly

Front 5

bicameralism

Back 5

division of a legislative body into two houses, chambers or branches

Front 6

incumbency

Back 6

Holding a political office for which one is running

Front 7

Casework

Back 7

Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service

Front 8

Patronage

Back 8

The resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favor supporters

Front 9

pork-barrel legislation

Back 9

Appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win reelection in their home districts

Front 10

gerrymandering

Back 10

Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give an unfair advantage to one political party

Front 11

incumbency

Back 11

Holding a political office for which one is running

Front 12

Casework

Back 12

Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service

Front 13

pork-barrel legislation

Back 13

Appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win reelection in their home districts

Front 14

gerrymandering

Back 14

Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give an unfair advantage to one political party

Front 15

incumbency

Back 15

Holding a political office for which one is running

Front 16

Casework

Back 16

Congress tries to gain the trust of constituents by providing them with personal service

Front 17

Party caucus, party conference

Back 17

A normally closed meeting of a political legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

Front 18

Speaker of the House

Back 18

The chief presiding officer of the House of reps. elected at the beginning of every congress on straight party vote

Front 19

Majority leader

Back 19

The elected leader of the party holding a majority of the seats in the house of representatives or in the senate. In the house the this person subordinate to the speaker

Front 20

Minority leader

Back 20

the elected leader of the party holding less than a majority seat

Front 21

Standing committee

Back 21

A permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or appropriations

Front 22

Seniority

Back 22

Priority or status ranking granted to an individual on basis of the length of continuous service in a committee congress

Front 23

closed rule

Back 23

Provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate

Front 24

open rule

Back 24

Provision by the house rules committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill

Front 25

Filibuster

Back 25

A tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. Once given the floor senators have unlimited time to speak and require a 60 percent vote to end this

Front 26

cloture

Back 26

Rule allowing a supermajority of the members in a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill

Front 27

conference committee

Back 27

A joint committee created to work out a compromise on house and senate versions of a piece of legislation

Front 28

veto

Back 28

the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of congress. This may be overridden by a 2/3rds vote of each house of congress

Front 29

Pocket veto

Back 29

legislation wherein a president takes no formal action on a bill if congress adjourns within ten days of passing a bill and the president does not sign it this happens

Front 30

party vote

Back 30

A roll-call vote in which at least 50 % of the members of one party take a position and are opposed by at least 50% of the members of the other party. these are rare today

Front 31

roll-call vote

Back 31

A vote in which each legislators yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically

Front 32

Whip system

Back 32

primarily a communications network in each house of congress, take polls of the membership in order to learn their intentions on specific legislative issues and to assist the majority and minority leaders in various tasks

Front 33

Logrolling

Back 33

A legislative practice whereby reciprocal agreements are made between legislatures, usually in voting for or against a bill. in contrast to bargaining, parties to do that do this have nothing in common but their desire to exchange support

Front 34

oversight

Back 34

The effort by congress through hearings, investigations, and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies

Front 35

Appropriations

Back 35

In statutes (bills), the amounts of money approved by congress that each unit or agency of government can spend

Front 36

executive agreement

Back 36

Agreement between the president and another country which has the force of a treaty but does not require the senates "advice and consent"

Front 37

impeachment

Back 37

The charging of a government official with "treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors" and bring him before congress to determine guilt

Front 38

distributive tendency

Back 38

The tendency of congress to spread the benefits of a bill over a wide range of members districts

Front 39

Expressed power of the president

Back 39

Specific powers granted to the president under article II sections 2 and 3 of the constitution

Front 40

delegated powers

Back 40

Constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are not exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first

Front 41

inherent powers

Back 41

powers claimed by the president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it

Front 42

commander in chief

Back 42

The position of the president as commander of the military and the state national guard units (when they are called to service)

Front 43

War powers resolution 1973

Back 43

A resolution of congress that the president can send troops into action only by authorization of congress or if american troops are already under attack or serious threat

Front 44

executive privilege

Back 44

The claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president

Front 45

line-item veto

Back 45

power that allows a governor (or president) to strike out specific provisions of bills that the legislature passes. Without this they must accept/reject the entire bill

Front 46

legislative initiative

Back 46

the presidents inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress

Front 47

legislative initiative

Back 47

The president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress

Front 48

executive order

Back 48

A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation

Front 49

cabinet

Back 49

The secretaries, or chief administrators of the major departments of the federal government. Appointed by the president with the consent of the senate

Front 50

National Security Council (NSC)

Back 50

A presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president; the vice president; the secretaries of state, defense and treasury; the attorney general; and other officials invited by the president. The has a staff of foreign policy specialists

Front 51

Permanent campaign

Back 51

Description of presidential politics in which all presidential actions are taken with re-election in mind

Front 52

signing statement

Back 52

An announcement made by the president when signing a bill into law, often presenting the president's interpretation of the law

Front 53

bureaucracy

Back 53

the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel

Front 54

implementation

Back 54

the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic routines

Front 55

clientele agency

Back 55

Department or bureau of government whose mission is to promote, serve, or represent a particular interest

Front 56

Regulatory agency

Back 56

A department, bureau or independent agency whose primary mission is to impose limits, restrictions. or other obligations on the conduct of individuals or companies in the private sector

Front 57

Administrative legislation

Back 57

Rules made by regulatory agencies and commissions

Front 58

Federal Reserve System (The fed)

Back 58

Consisting of twelve federal reserve banks, an agency that facilitates exchanges of cash, and credit; it regulates member banks, and it uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation

Front 59

bureaucratic drift

Back 59

the oft-observed phenomenon of bureaucratic implementation that produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than to the original intention of the legislation that created it, but without triggering a political reaction from elected officials

Front 60

oversight

Back 60

the effort by congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies

Front 61

deregulation

Back 61

A policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints in the conduct of individuals or private institutions

Front 62

devolution

Back 62

A policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government such as national to state

Front 63

privatization

Back 63

Removing all or part of a program from the public sector to the private sector

Front 64

criminal law

Back 64

The branch of law that deals with disputes or actions involving criminal penalties. Regulates conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and provides punishment

Front 65

Plaintiff

Back 65

the individual or organization that brings a complaint into a court

Front 66

defendant

Back 66

The individual or organization against which a complaint is brought in criminal or civil cases

Front 67

civil law

Back 67

A system or jurisprudence, including private law and government actions, to settle disputes that do not involve criminal penalties

Front 68

precedent

Back 68

A prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decisions in a present case

Front 69

Stare decisis

Back 69

Literally "let the decision stand" A previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled

Front 70

public law

Back 70

Cases in private law, civil law, or criminal law in which one party to the dispute argues that a license is unfair, law is inequitable , or or unconstitutional, or an agency has acted unfairly, violated procedure or gone beyond its jurisdiction

Front 71

trial court

Back 71

The first court to hear a criminal or civil case

Front 72

Court of appeals

Back 72

A court that hears the appeals of trial court decisions

Front 73

supreme court

Back 73

the highest court in a particular state or in the United States. This court primarily serves an appellate function

Front 74

Jurisdiction

Back 74

the authority of a court to consider a case initially. Distinguished from an appellate jurisdiction which is the authority to hear appeals from lower court's decision

Front 75

due process

Back 75

to proceed according to law and with adequate protection for individual rights

Front 76

habeas corpus

Back 76

A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. this is guaranteed by the Constitution and can only be suspended in case of rebellion or invasion

Front 77

chief justice

Back 77

justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions

Front 78

senatorial courtesy

Back 78

The practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, will seek approval of the nomination from the senator who represents the candidates state

Front 79

judicial review

Back 79

Power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional

Front 80

supremacy clause

Back 80

Article VI of the constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme laws of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision

Front 81

standing

Back 81

the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case

Front 82

mootness

Back 82

A criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution

Front 83

writ of centiorari

Back 83

A decision of at least four of the nine judges to review a decision of the lower court; from Latin "to make more certain."

Front 84

solicitor general

Back 84

The top government lawyer in all cases before the appellate courts to which the government is a party

Front 85

amicus curiae

Back 85

Literally "friend of the court"; individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the court in reaching a decision and presenting additional briefs

Front 86

brief

Back 86

A written document in which attorneys explain why a court should rule in favor of their client

Front 87

oral argument

Back 87

oral presentations to a court made by attorneys for both sides in a dispute

Front 88

opinion

Back 88

The written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case

Front 89

Judicial restraint

Back 89

Judicial deference to the views of legislatures and adherences to strict jurisdictional standards

Front 90

Judicial activism

Back 90

Proclivity of a court to select cases because of their importance to society rather than adhering to legal standards of jurisdiction

Front 91

class action suit

Back 91

A lawsuit in which large numbers of persons with common interests join together under a representative party to bring or defend a lawsuit, such as hundreds of workers together suing a company

Front 92

free riding

Back 92

enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the cost

Front 93

public good

Back 93

A good that 1) may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided 2) may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided

Front 94

politics

Back 94

The conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of a government

Front 95

institutions

Back 95

The rules and procedures that guide political behavior

Front 96

nation-state

Back 96

A political entity consisting of a people with some common cultural experience (nation), who also share a common political authority (state), recognized by other sovereignties

Front 97

representative democracy

Back 97

A system of government that provides the populace with the opportunity to make the government responsive to its views through selection of representatives who, in turn , play a significant role in governmental decision making

Front 98

principal-agent relationship

Back 98

The relationship between a principal and his or her agent; this relationship may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by self-interest

Front 99

autocracy

Back 99

a form of government in which a single ruler-- monarch or dictator-- rules

Front 100

oligarchy

Back 100

A form of government in which a small group--landowners, military officers, or wealthy merchants-- control most governing decisions

Front 101

democracy

Back 101

a system of rule that permits citizens to plat a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials

Front 102

constitutional government

Back 102

A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government

Front 103

authoritarian government

Back 103

A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may, nevertheless, be restrained by the power of other social institutions

Front 104

totalitarian government

Back 104

a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limit on power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it

Front 105

coercion

Back 105

Forcing a person to do something by threats or pressure

Front 106

Singer (Bureaucracy)

Back 106

Bush was "MBA" president

a lot of appointees to the bureaucracy

streamlined bureaucracy

Front 107

Lewis

Back 107

In early system you didnt remove previous presidents appointees

Jackson creates "spoils system"
- positions are removed
from previous presidents

Pendelton act- exams make sure you're qualified for job
- if party changes wont lose job

If bureaucracy ran with public administration principles it would run well but t doesnt because of politicization

Front 108

Hamilton (judiciary)

Back 108

-least dangerous branch
- indirect appointment
-people have no say
- elected for life no influenced by whims of the time
- precedence will make them not make arbitrary decisions

Front 109

Scalia

Back 109

- don't want to be too reliant on precedence or common law
- not textualist but believes that laws should not be interpreted further than what the text says not "what the legislature intended"

does not believe in a "living constitution"

Front 110

Breyer

Back 110

Living interpretation of the constitution

evolving times call for liberal interpretation of constitution

Front 111

Binder & Maltzman

Back 111

Judicial nomination time
Process takes much longer because of politicization

Advice & consent
Senate is doing less advising because president knows the way congress will feel

Front 112

Carp et. al. (judiciary)

Back 112

Differences in presidential appointments

- Presidential support for ideologically based appointments
Some presidents do not use ideology to make appointments, Bush does

Number of vacancies to be filled
The more judges a president can elect the greater impact he can have on the judiciary

New judges must respect the climate of the current judiciary or they risk being overturned by a higher court

traditional vs non-traditional
white male vs minority/women

Front 113

Smith ( Congress)

Back 113

polarization
70's decline in intermediate/independent voting
roe v wade awoke dormant christian group leading to polarization

parties more polarized= leaders more partisan

polarization in house
streamlined sped up legislation
committee on rules can adopt resolutions to limit amendments
speaker can choose which legislation is important and then call for closed rule so that the minority party has no chance

in senate it causes stalemate as minority party filibusters until majority backs down

Front 114

Judiciary act of 1789

Back 114

federalist wanted stronger court anti federalist wanted weaker court

set up court system

Supreme court
3 circuit courts
district courts

Federal marshalls
US attorneys
US attorney general

problem of circuit courts
judges had to "ride circuit" literally ride around the country to hear appeals
remoteness

Front 115

contemporary court structure

Back 115

Trial level: original jurisdiction
1) district courts
91 courts
3 territorial
632 judges
2) Appellate courts
courts of appeal
179 judges
11 districts & dc
3) Supreme court
1 chief justice
8 associate justices

Front 116

Judicial appointment

Back 116

candidates
white house
attorney general
members of congress
interest groups

screening
formal qualifications
informal qualifications

Front 117

judicial nominations

Back 117

presidential choice

trail balloons
so and so is rumored to be the nomination

submission
Pulling nomination

Front 118

Advice and Consent

Back 118

hearings
can be nasty if other party is in charge

confirmation

Front 119

removal

Back 119

judges stay based on "good behavior"

impeachment/conviction (18/6)

judicial conduct & disability 1980--> formal complaints

Front 120

original jurisdiction of supreme court

Back 120

a conflict between two states

Front 121

appeals as a right

Back 121

mandated by law that you get to appeal to the supreme court

Front 122

appeals for writ of centiorari

Back 122

supreme court decides to hear your case

paid cases

informa pauperis --> no $

Front 123

routes to supreme court

Back 123

federal, state

Front 124

decision to hear a case

Back 124

4 justices must decide
"rule of four"

Front 125

interpretations of constitution

Back 125

intention of framers
meaning of words
logical reasoning
experiential approach
-living constitution

Front 126

Supreme court decision process

Back 126

submission of briefs and amicus curiae briefs

oral argument

conference, discuss & vote

assign majority opinion

drafting and circulating opinions

Front 127

cases the court does not do

Back 127

advisory opinions
"friendly" suits
test cases

Front 128

writs

Back 128

injunctions--> dont do this
orders--> do this

Front 129

contempt

Back 129

civil/coercive: refusal to obey court

criminal/punitive: completed act
-something youve done to piss off the court

Front 130

cases & controversies

Back 130

1) adverse parties
2) substantial legal interest
3) real sets of facts
4) enforceable specific relief

Front 131

subject matter by which to rule

Back 131

1) constitution
2) US law
3) admiralty & maritime
4) treaties

Front 132

National security act of 1947

Back 132

Department of Defense
Created CIA
Independent of executive office

Front 133

US can use force to ensure security

Back 133

Formosa Resolution 1955
Middle East Resolution 1957
Tonkin Gulf resolution 1964

Front 134

Trade Expansion act 1962

Back 134

50% GATT reductions
president could reduce any tariff by half

multilateral trading and security regulations

Front 135

chief budget officer 1921

Back 135

president becomes this and must present a budget every year

Front 136

chief trade officer

Back 136

president becomes this 1934

Front 137

chief administration officer 1939

Back 137

cainsian economics government using taxing & spending to manage economy

Front 138

Chief fiscal officer 1946

Back 138

President is in charge of managing fiscal policy

Front 139

War powers resolution 1973

Back 139

limited the time a president could be in war

Front 140

Budget and impoundment control act 1974

Back 140

Nixon was impounding money and not spending it where it was supposed to be

congress would propose its own budget

they would then take the best of both budgets

Front 141

The Liberal imperative

Back 141

You'll get no military funding with a liberal president as if the president has that power

Front 142

cowboy diplomacy

Back 142

Bush's tactic of oversimplification

does not mean that he can easily implement any legislation

Front 143

Budget and accounting act of 1921

Back 143

Annual budget message

establishes bureau of the budget (treasury)

The president must send a budget message to congress each year

before this congress had no specific budget

Front 144

Charles Dawes: Central clearance

Back 144

Any department that wanted money or a new program they would propose it to the bureau of the budget and it would be approved by the president

Front 145

Speaker Cannon

Back 145

1923 republican speaker with lots of power

Front 146

president of senate

Back 146

Vice president

Front 147

president pro tempore

Back 147

vice predsident was replaced by this position given to the most senior member of the majority party in the senate

Front 148

responsibilities of the speaker

Back 148

scheduling--> when and how a bill comes in

vote counting

parties leader within the organization

controls rules committee

Front 149

Floor leaders

Back 149

responsible for scheduling

emerged in 1899H/1911 S

Front 150

chair

Back 150

person you have to go through in the house and senate to address anyone

Front 151

informal party

Back 151

chowder and marching society

Front 152

formal parties

Back 152

black member caucus

caucus for womens issues

Front 153

informal coalitions

Back 153

conservative coalition, gypsy moths, boll weevils

Front 154

formal coalitions

Back 154

Northeast-midwest coalition
democratic study group
blue dogs

Front 155

universalistic voting

Back 155

republicans and democrats vote alike

Front 156

ideological voting

Back 156

vote based on values of area i.e. southern congressmen vote alike

Front 157

partisan voting

Back 157

republicans vote with republicans and democrats w/ democrats

Front 158

ad hoc panels

Back 158

temporary panels

Front 159

second reading

Back 159

bills die in committee with absence of this

Front 160

committee jurisdiction

Back 160

was never established initially, committee just kept adding this more this meant more money

Front 161

guaranteed referral

Back 161

House rule 10
senate rule 25
anything within a committees jurisdiction had to be referred to them

house "shall report", senate "leave to report"

Front 162

property right norm

Back 162

you wanna stay on the same committee because it deals with your constituents

unwritten rule that if you're on a committee and you get reelected you get to stay on that committee

Front 163

seniority norm

Back 163

unwritten rule that once assigned to a committee you are listed by your seniority

Front 164

seniority norm

Back 164

unwritten rule that once assigned to a committee you are listed by your seniority

Front 165

armed services committee

Back 165

largest house committee with 62 members

Front 166

armed services committee

Back 166

largest house committee with 62 members

Front 167

non-legislative committee, joint or select committee

Back 167

committee without jurisdiction

Front 168

select committee

Back 168

committee without jurisdiction

Front 169

permanent committees

Back 169

standing committees and subcommittees

Front 170

permanent committees

Back 170

standing committees and subcommittees

Front 171

joint committees

Back 171

permanent but without jurisdiction

Front 172

joint committees

Back 172

permanent but without jurisdiction

Front 173

select committees

Back 173

are not permanent but sometimes have legislative authority

Front 174

special committees

Back 174

have no jurisdiction and are not permanent

Front 175

informal issue leaders

Back 175

People who are 'known' to be experts in certain areas

Front 176

informal coalition leader

Back 176

if they are the head of a given coalition

Front 177

formal committee leaders

Back 177

committee chairs/ranking minority members

subcomittee chairs/ranking minority members

Front 178

joint select committee on deficit reduction

Back 178

called the "supercommittee"

house sits on right senate on left and it goes democrat, republican, democrat

Front 179

joint committee

Back 179

permanent committees composed of both the house and senate

Front 180

budget control act 2011

Back 180

must complete its work no later than Nov 23rd

cannot be filibustered, or amended

grab bag of things which congress has previously passed

created "joint select committee on deficit reduction"

need to come up with 1.5 trillion in savings over the next 10 years

if not budget will be cut across the board

Front 181

institutions

Back 181

The rules and procedures that guide political behavior

Front 182

institutions

Back 182

structures and procedures adopted by groups of individuals to achieve collective action goals or solve collective action problems

Front 183

formal institutions

Back 183

an example would be the joint committee because it is written into the constitution

Front 184

structures or procedures of institution

Back 184

must be sticky, functional and rational

Front 185

sticky

Back 185

once you adopt rules it is hard to get rid of them

Front 186

functional

Back 186

produce some organization or collective good

Front 187

sources

Back 187

speaker, president pro tempore, president

Front 188

statutory institutions

Back 188

Departments and department secretaries

Front 189

Administrative institutions

Back 189

White house staff and office

congressional officers

Front 190

Moe (bureaucracy)

Back 190

structure of bureaucracy
highly politicized
- because political actors in system want to use this to their ends

presidency like heirarchy of presidency

congress wants particularized control

supportive intrest groups want the bureaucracy to be objective and politically immune

Front 191

Lewis (bureaucracy)

Back 191

1787-1829
"local Gentlemen"

1829- reconstruction
- to the victor goes the spoils

1880's
- civil service
-Pendelton act begins progressive era
merit and qualifications required

Ways president tries to control bureaucrats
- replacement-- move to another job
- politically appoint
- transfer not demote them
- reorganize

Front 192

Singer (bureaucracy)

Back 192

Bush whitehouse
- took control of agency regulation
- centrally clear regulation
-centralized rule making

Front 193

Hamilton, Federalist #78

Back 193

judiciary branch is the "least dangerous branch"

- no legitimate force
- no tax or spending
- must cooperate in order to ensure force
- judicial review

Front 194

Binder & Maltzman

Back 194

forces behind appointment politics

presidential forces
-popularity
-political capitol

temporal forces
- cyclical (harder in election years)

institutional forces
- judiciary committee
- filibuster

Front 195

Smith (congress)

Back 195

polarized
-partisanship in the polity
- parties more unified and less like each other
- most liberal republican is to the right of the most conservative democrat
- gridlock/observation

Senate
-filibustering
-minority law obstruct business of majority

house
- house majority shits on minority

Front 196

filibuster

Back 196

explanation of procedures to block vote

to break you must break cloture (60 votes)

Front 197

Aldrich & Rohde (congress)

Back 197

Conditional party government
- party control of congress, party leaders dominate house policy
- unified when they are cohesive/distinct
-strong party leaders

important of majority in white house
- committee assignments
-chair of committee
- rules in house for bills
rules committee is puppet of leadership

Front 198

Neustadt (presidency)

Back 198

Presidential weakness
- authority is less then his expectations
- formal powers of president are not that great
-presidential standing plays a role and the power in the title allows him to bargain
-bargaining and negotiating
- president cannot fire congress must deal with them
- bargains with cabinet (exec)

Front 199

Kernell (presidency)

Back 199

"going public"
appealing for public support
- not bargaining instead use pressure from the public to coerce
- "on the record"
easier transportation
TV media easier to access

Front 200

Kernell & Baum

Back 200

Presidents try to go public but because there are too many choices on cable people who they could reach out to are watching something else

Front 201

Macur Olson (Collective action)

Back 201

self interested individuals will NOT work to adhere to group goals

Everyone benefits from public good (clean air, national security)

-regardless if you contribute you get the benefit (free-rider problem)

-little incentive to participate
public good benefits large group

Free rider problem
- how to get people to participate?
non-collective/selective good (i.e. AAA for drivers)

-coercion/ force (takes, punishment)

Front 202

Hardin (collective action)

Back 202

-consumption of public goods
- exploitation "tragedy of the commons"
multiple individuals acting independently deplete a limited resource even though that is not in the long term of interest for this to happen

Adam Smith's "invisible hand" he opposes

population growth leads to scarcity of resources
-population is in no way limited people are not punished for reproducing

solution
-mutual coercion mutually agreed upon

Prisoners dilemma is why responsibility will not work

Front 203

prisoners dilemma

Back 203

Two men are arrested, but the police do not possess enough information for a conviction. Following the separation of the two men, the police offer both a similar deal- if one testifies against his partner (defects / betrays), and the other remains silent (cooperates / assists), the betrayer goes free and the cooperator receives the full one-year sentence. If both remain silent, both are sentenced to only one month in jail for a minor charge. If each 'rats out' the other, each receives a three-month sentence. Each prisoner must choose to either betray or remain silent; the decision of each is kept quiet. What should they do?

The interesting symmetry of this problem is that the logical decision leads both to betray the other, even though their individual ‘prize’ would be greater if they cooperated.

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tragedy of the commons

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multiple individuals acting independently deplete a limited resource even though that is not in the long term of interest for this to happen

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Putnam (collective action)

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mutual Trust

solution is capital
-relationships
-networking ( important form of human organization)
more informal relationships outside of govt/market

building trust-
- build relationships through repeated contact
-interact enough/behave responsible

example
- built moral women's groups

example
-civil rights movement
-ministers going to church

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GAO

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government accountability office

has the power to audit the budget

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primary election

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the type of election that allows a party's voters to nominate candidates

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3 things the president is required to deliver to congress

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State of the union address
state of economy message
national budget message

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26th amendment

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changes voting age to 18

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take care clause

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constitution say that the president ought to take care that all laws are being executed properly