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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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republic
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a form of government in which most of government is controlled by the people.
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establishment clause
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separates church and state
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Due process clause
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says that no state should deny basic rights from its people
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free exercise clause
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guarantees religious freedom
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probable cause
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when someone's suspicious that there is crime
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exclusionary rule
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allows police evidence that is gained on behalf of an illegal act. this wouldnt be able to be used in trial
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blanket primary
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voters are given a long ballot with ALL the names of contenders and they can vote however they chose
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jurisdiction
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authority for court to hear the case
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common law
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an unwritten law made by a judge that has developed over centuries
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judicial restraint
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believe that judges should decide cases on the basis of the intent of the framers
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judicial activisism
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people who take a broader view on judicial power
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writ of ceritiori
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higher court demanding lower court to send up record in a case for review
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statutory law
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law passed by legislation
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plurality
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not a majority but its more than the other individual candidates. PIE CHART majority=50% 1. 40% 2, 3, 4:20%
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government
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institution where public policies are informed
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public policies
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what a government decides to do
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legislative power
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power to make laws
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executive power
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power to enforce laws
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judicial power
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determine the meanings of the laws
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constitution
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laws describing principals
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dictatorship
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absolute power
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democracy
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power rest within the people
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state
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a group of people who can change laws without being approved by a higher power
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sovereign
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to rule/control area
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autocrat
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single person holds most power
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oligarchy
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government in which the power is held small select group of people
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unitary government
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central govt tell local ppl what to do
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confederation
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alliance of independent states
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presidential government
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division of powers between executive and legislative branch
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parliamentary government
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exec branch is prime minister and cabinet. they're members of govt
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popular sovereighty
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all political power is held within the peopl
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limited government
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says that no government is all powerful and that it can only do what the people allow
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constitutionalism
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gov. must be held according to constitutional principals
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rule of law
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when gov. officials are always subject to never above the law
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separation of powers
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powers are divided into branches
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monarchy
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a gov ruled by a king or queen
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checks and balances
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the system where congress and the president go through laws
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federalism
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division of powers among central and regional gov.
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what is an amendment
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change/ addition to the constitution
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bill of rights
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first 10 amendments of constitution set out the constitutional guarentees
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categorical grants
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grants in aid maid for one specific person must have a purpose and conditon
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block grants
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type of federal grants in aid for purpose to have more choices on how they want to use the money
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interstate compact
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agreement among states and foreign states
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extradition
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legal process by which a person who leaves from justice can be returned to that state
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full faith and credit clause
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each state recognizing leagal proceedings of another state
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priv. and imun. clause
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states can't draw unreasonable conclusions between its own residents and the residents of another state
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expressed/enumerated powers
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powers that are written in the constitution
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implied powers
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suggest/implied by expressed powers
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inherent powers
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govt has power in the govt because its a govt of a sovereign state
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reserved powers
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powers only state govt has
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concurrent powers
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powers that both the national and states posses
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judicial review
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through this govt can determine something to be unconstitutional
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Locke
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-believed in freedom of speech
-DEMOCRACY |
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Hobbes
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-believed democracy was weak
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Rousseau
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-Believed that you should be free
-live w/ ppl like u in small communities w/ similar people |
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Montesquieu
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Division of powers(checks and Balances)
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Preamble
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Part of constitution that lists the goals
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how many amendments are in the constitution?
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27
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Supremacy Clause
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says that if state and federal law conflict then federal law controls and is enforced
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Arcticle 1
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Legislative branch
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article 2
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executive branch
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article 3
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judicial branch
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article 4
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relations among the states
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article 5
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method of amendment
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article 6
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national supremacy
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article 7
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ratification
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Necessary and proper clause
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lets congress enact laws
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cooperative federalism
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is when states work side by side with federal government
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Dual Federalism
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two separate governments who have equal amount of power
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when was the declaration of independence written?
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July 4
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who was the declaration of independence written to?
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King George
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who wrote the declaration of independence
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Thomas Jefferson
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why was the Declaration of independence written
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explanation of statement of complaints
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Where is the declaration stated?
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Bill of rights
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why did federalism help political compromise?
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way of dividing powers helped avoid cruelty
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what did federalism do for the articles of federation?
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helped to solve problems
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why is central/regional gov. helpful for federalism?
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easier because central could deal with the bigger issues and regional govt could deal with smaller issues in that state
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Rousseau help with federalism?
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Political subcultures
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what creates federalism?
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10th amendment-reserves power to states
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Direct democracy
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-occurs when ideas from ppl translate into public policy
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confederal government
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more power goes to local gov instead of national gov.
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denied powers
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powers denied by both the state and national govt
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commerce clause
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states that congress should be in control to regulate foreign commerce and among states
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political party
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a group of people who try to control government through winning elections
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bipartisan
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when 2 parties support
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electorate
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people eligible to vote
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caucus
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party members debate and then vote to select a nominee
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coalition
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temp alliance where parties agree to control govt in a certain way
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ideology
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parties based on a particular set of beliefs
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closed primary
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when only declared party member can vote
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open primary
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when any qualified voter can vote
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run-off election
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held when no candidate gets a majority
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lobbying
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process in which interest groups attempt to affect the decisions of political officials
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Grass-roots lobbying
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when special interest groups influence policy through a very basic pressure. used to get the word out quickly
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Amicus Curiae Brief
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argument sent to support one side of the case
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What is the purpose of the Electoral College?
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its to make a higher vote to choose the fittest candidate
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How many Electors are there?
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538 member
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How many votes are need to win?
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majority which is 270
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how do you join a political party?
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sign up
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Platform
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declarations
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who decides the date of events?
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the states
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FEC
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makes sure candidates will follow fundraising laws
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general election
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is a type of elections when a voter cast all of their votes for mainly dem. or republican
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primary
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election within each party to pick the final candidate
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delegate
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person who actually chooses the parties final candidate
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Petitions
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candidate must have a certain number of signatures
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Soft Money
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a contribution to a political party
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Hard money
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Contribution to a candidate rather than a political party
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popular vote
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the most voted from the registered voters not electoral college
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democrat symbol
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donkey
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republican symbol
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elephant
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coattail effect
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when candidate is trying to a get voters from his/her party to vote for them
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Political Action Committee (PAC)
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a political committee organized for the purpose of raising and spending money to elect/defeat candidates
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public opinion polls
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used to collect infor by asking people questions
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straw poll
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a way to read the publics mind by asking the same questions to a large number of people
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poll universe
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population that a poll aims to measure
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random sample
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random people who dont live in any specific areas
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Interest Group
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specific group for a specific purpose who everyone has similar views on issues
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radical
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Favors a radical or basic change. Quite impatient and would quickly
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liberal
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Is ready to move forward and accept change
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conservative
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Is quite content with things the way they are.
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reactionary
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Wants change also
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Moderate
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they are neither left wing or right wing. stay in the middle
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Nomination
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process of selecting a candidate in an electoral system
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national convection
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meeting held to pick their presidential and vice presidential cadidates
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Sound bite
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focused report that can be aired for 30 or 45 seconds
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opinion leader
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a person who has am unusually strong influence on the views of others
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Planks
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are issues in the platform
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The "ticket"
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is when you vote in a general election for both the vp and prez together
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Margin of Error
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How accurate a poll is because they arent 100% correct
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Spin
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how a candidate uses information to (mis)represent his/her point
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Third party
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not a democrat or republican
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Republican Characteristics
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-no gay marriage
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Democratic Characteristics
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- All about change
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Reasons for a 2 party system
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-People can usually side with one of the parties
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Problems with polls
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-not always accurate
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how do you get your Political socialization
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family
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problems with polls
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inaccurate
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Changes in media influence
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can change how you view a person
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NRA
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National rifle association:
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Sierra club
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mission:protect planet
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Am Farm Bereau
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increase nuclear power
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ACLU
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American Civil liberties union
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Heritage Foundation
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equal rights
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Christian Coallition
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promoting and strengthening christian family and values
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NEA(national education association)
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Want good eduacation for all.
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interest groups differ from political parties
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-have a direct issue that they are concentrating on
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Bandwagon effect
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when people follow other people for who they think is the best candidate
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GAO: Government accountability office
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Make sure congress spends money appropriatly
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CBO:Congressional Budjet Office
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Know how much money you need to do stuff properly
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Library of Congress
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research branch for congress
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Standing Commitee
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perminant commitee in a legslative body in which all similar bills can be sent to
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Select/Special Commitee
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-Temporary commitee
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Conference Commitee
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Joint body of H&S created to think of the differences in the bill
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Joint commitee
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-composed of members of both houses
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Impeachment
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to bring formal changes against a public official
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pigeonhole
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when a bill died meaning it is put aside and never dealt with
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Quorum
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the majority/number of people who need to be present in order to conduct business
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Census
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the number of people who live in the US
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Cloture
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procedure to limit/end floor debate in a legislative body
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what happends when the president vetos a bill?
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sends back to congress and congress can get 2/3 H&S vote for law
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what happends when the president signs?
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bill becomes a law
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what happends when the president ignores the bill?
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it becomes a law after 10 days
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what happends when the president chooses to pocket veto?
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president ignores the tlhe bill less with less than 10 days less in leg. session
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why 10 days?
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allows the president to figure/reflect on the bill so he can talk to other officials.
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rider
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this is an unpopular that is usually attached to a popular bill. this can kill/help the unpopular one
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House rules commitee
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they schedule floor debate and makes rules governing debate procedures
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Mark up session
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when the bill might be changed or rewritten
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gerrymandering
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the drawing of electoral district district line to advantage of a party group
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Fillibuster
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this is when senators can "talk a bill to death"
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special session
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a session held to deal with an emergency situation
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how does government borrow money?
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selling bonds
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why does gov borrow money
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we dont have enough money from tax payers
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who do we owe?
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china/american citizens & companies.
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Who has power to say if we buy/sell bonds?
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congress
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why is large national debt a potential problem?
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government could shut down
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if president wants to attack another nation can congress stop it?
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yes
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How can congress regulate US relations with foreign nations?
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if prez wants to go to war
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Speaker of the House
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The chief officer of the HOR
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Vice President
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The chief officer of the Senate
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Whip
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a person whose job is to make sure that members of their party vote the wat that the leadership of the party wants them to
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Majority Leader/Minority leader
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They speak for their party and organizes the party
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National debt
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the total value of all of the bonds .
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Franking
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allows members of congress to mail letter with no postage stamp
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Oversight
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What congress oversees
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Committee Hearings
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Bring in Agency experts to see what working
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Budget Reviews
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If they dnt like what an agency id doing they can cut budget
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General Accounting Office Reports
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-team of accountants
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Limits on Oversight
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Time(take a long time)
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Subpoena
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an order for a person to appear and produce documents/requested materials
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Junket
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a nice trip/ a delay where members of committee can study the bill
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Senatorial Courtesy
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a custom where senate will approve only the presidential appointees (federal judge and US marshal)
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interstate commerce
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commercial trade
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Congressional Districting
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Dividing of districts
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Advice and Consent
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Senate giving approval president
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Pork Barrel
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refers to spending intended to benefit constintuent of a politician
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Elastic Clause
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lets congress grants the right to pass laws for carrying out power(necessary and proper)
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Qualifications for being president
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*natural born citizen
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2 official duties of the Vice Preisident
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-To preside over senate
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presidential roles
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Chief of state
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Chief of state
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Means the head of the country
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Chief of executive
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the person who holds in office
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Chief administrator
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president directs an administration that that employs people
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Commander in chief
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leader of the armed forces
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Chief legistature
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head of public policy
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Chief of party
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head of political party
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executive order
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president can issue this in order to carry out policies described in laws
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balance the ticket
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-process of choosing an appropriate running mate
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Amnesty
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a pardon offered to a group of accused people
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executive agreement
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when president avoids diffuculty of having senate approve a formal treaty
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Executive Privilege
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the president can claim this and this is when he/she to refuse/disclose information to congress
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ambassador
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-appointed by prez
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bureaucracy
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all of the different agencies work with the prez.
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independent agency
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an agency made by congress outside of the cabinet dept
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patronage
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a practice of giving jobs to supporters and friends
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Cabinet
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-heads of exec depts
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pardon
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release from the punishment or legal consequences of a crime by the prez
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govt corporation
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corporation within exec branch set out by congress in order to carry out certain business like activities
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OMB(Office of management and budget)
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dnt only deal with bidget and prepare exec orders but they also veto orders
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White house office
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presidents inner circle
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National Security Council
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Deals with all military advisors
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Order of succession
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VP
Speaker of the house president por temp |
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Diplomat
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a person who job is to maintain relationship with other country or countries.
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CHief of staff
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the presidents main advisor
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press secretary
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person who is responsible for press and public relationships under the president
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Cabinet: State
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-conducts foreign affairs
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Cabinet: treasury
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tax policy
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Cabinet: education
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makes sure public schools provide students with proper school supplies
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Cabinet: Interior
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Manages national resources
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Cabinet: Homeland Sercurity
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-protect against terrorist attacks
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Cabinet: Housing and Urban Development
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american families have access to decent
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cabinet: Transportation
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Cars
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Cabinet defense
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deals with anything military related
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Cabinet: Agriculture
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responsible for farming
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Cabinet: Veteran's Affairs
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deals with veterans and their benefits
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Cabinet: Health and Human Services
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-oversees health and well-being of citizens
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Cabinet: Justice
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lead by Attorney General
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Cabinet: Commerce
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-Responsible for everything we sell/buy
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Cabinet: Labor
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-ensures safe working conditions
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Cabinet: Energy
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Steady/consistent/safe supply of energy
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canvass
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going door to door to spread the word
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rule of four
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has to be 4 votes in the supreme court for a case to be heard. NOT MAJORITY
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summons
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the order of seeing a judge
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legal appeals process
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they are what tries to send a case to a higher court
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state court
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in the state
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federal courts
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2 kinds, constitutional courts and special courts, also known as inferior courts
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what article are federal courts under
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3
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precedent
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descicion for settling similar cases
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majority opinion
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opinion of a court, tells you about the case and why they decided why they did
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concurring opinions
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emphasizes the majority. other reasons why the majority decided why they did
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dissenting opinions
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the justices that dnt agree with the vote
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