Poly Sci

Front 1

head of state

Back 1

-serves as a symbol for the hopes of the people

-responsible for enchancing national unity

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head of government

Back 2

-runs the govt. & serves as head of the political party

-defines the nation's policy agenda

-brokers deals,lines up votes and works to pass legislation

-appoints the chair of the party's national committee

-veto powers

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qualifications for presidency

Back 3

-has to be chosen by the electoral college

-natural born citizen

-at least 35 yrs old

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chief administrator

Back 4

-the person responsible for agencies of the national govt. and the implementation of national govt

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cabinet

Back 5

- the president appoints heads of departments to oversee the work being done

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commander in chief

Back 6

-head of the command structure for the entire military establihment

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EOP

Back 7

collection of 9 organizations that help the president with policy and political objectives

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chief of staff

Back 8

the person who oversees the operations of all white house staff and controls access to the president

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presidential style

Back 9

image projectory the president that represents how he would like to be percieved at home and abroad

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civil law tradition

Back 10

a legal system based on the accumulated rulings of judges over time and applied informly

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adversial system

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trial procedures designed to resolve conflict through the clsh of opposing sides, moderated by a neutral, positive judge who applies the law

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inquistorial system

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trial procedure designed to determine the outcome through the intervention of an active judge who seeks evidence and questions witnesses

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subsantive laws

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laws whose content or substance, define what we can or cannot do

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procedural laws

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laws that establish how laws are applied and enforced how legal proceedings take place

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criminal law

Back 15

laws prohibiting behavior the govt. has determined to be harmful to society

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civil law

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laws regulating interactions between indviduals

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constitutional law

Back 17

laws stated in the constitution

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statutory law

Back 18

laws passed by a state or the federal legislature

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administrative laws

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laws established by the burecracy on behalf of congress

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executive orders

Back 20

clarifications of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law

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judicial review

Back 21

the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws

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writ of cretiorari

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formal request by the us supreme court to call up the lower court case if it decides to hear an appeal

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rule of 4

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the unwritten requirement that 4 supreme court justices must agree to grant a case certitorari in order for the case to be heard

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solicitor general

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justice department officer who argues the government's cases before the supreme court

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amicus curia briefs

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"friend of the court" documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant orderly certiorari or to urge it to decide a case in a particular way

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judicial restraint

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view that the courts hould reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to judicial interpertations of the past

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concurring opinions

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documents written by the justices expressing agreement with the majority ruling but describing additional reasons for the ruling

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dissenting opnions

Back 28

documents written by justices expressing disagreement with the majority ruling

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public opinions

Back 29

the collective attitudes and beliefs of indivduals on 1 or more issues

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public opinion polls

Back 30

scientific efforts to estimate what an entire group thinks about an issue by asking a smaller sample of the group for its opinion

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sample

Back 31

the portion of the pop. that is selected to participate in a poll

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sample bias

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the effect of having a sample that doesnt represent all segments of the pop.

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straw polls

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polls that attempt to determine who is ahead in a poltical race

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sampling error

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a # that indicates within what range the results of a poll are accurate

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random samples

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samples chosen in such a way that any member of the pop. being polled has an equal chance of being selected

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benchmark poll

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initial poll on a canidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared

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tracking polls

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ongoing series of surveys that follow changes in public opinions overtime

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exit polls

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election related questions asked of voters right after they vote

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push polls

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polls that ask for reactions to hypothetical, often false, info in order to manipulate public opinion

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political socialization

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the process by which we learn our political orinetations and allegiances

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spiral of silence

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the process by which a majority opinion becomes exaggerated b/c minorities dont feel comfortable speaking out in opposition

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political generations

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groups of citizens whose political views have been shaped by the common events of their youth

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gender gap

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the tendency of men and women to differ in their political views

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marriage gap

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the tendency for married people to hold different political views than those who arent married

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rational ignorance

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the state of being informed about politics b/c of the cost n fine and energy

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on-line processing

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the ability to recieve and evaluate info as events happen, allowing us to remember our evalutaion even if we have forgotten the specific events that caused it

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opinion leaders

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people who know more about certain topics

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political gridlock

Back 48

the slatemate that occurs when political rivals refuse to budge from thier positions to achieve a compromise in the public interest

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political party

Back 49

a group united by ideology and seeking control of govt. in order to promote thier ideas and policies

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partisanship

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loyalty to a politcal party or cause

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party organization

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the offical structure that conducts the poltical business of parties

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party in govt.

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members of the party wh have been elected to serve in govt.

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party in electorate

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ordinary citizens who identify with a party

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party base

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members of a party who consistently vote for that party's canidadtes

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party platform

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list of policies a party endorses and pledges its elected officals to enact

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party machines

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mas-based party systems in which parties provided service and resources to voters in exchange for votes

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patronage

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system in which successful party canidates reward supporters with jobs and favors

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party primary

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nomination of party canidates by registered party members

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party eras

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extended periods of related poltical stability in which 1 party tends to control both the presidency and congress

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critical election

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an election signaling a significant change in popular alligence from 1 party to another

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dealignment

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a trend among voters to identify themselves as independents rather than as members of a major party

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electioneering

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the process of getting a person elected to public office

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party discipline

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ability of party leaders to bring party members in the legislature into line with the party program