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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electoral College
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The body of electors whos compostition determined by the results of the general election that chooses president and vice president. to win electoral college, canidates must secure the majority of the electoral vote.
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Legitimacy
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a self imposed willingness of citizens to respect and obey the decisions of their goverment.
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Structural Rules
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Rules that estbalish the organizations, procedures & powers of goverment.
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Material Scarcity
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The inablity of society to provide its citizens with all the good and services they may want or need.
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Coercive force
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The ability of the Goverment to compel its citizens to obey decisions.
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Policy Rule
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A decision the goverment institution reaches on a specific political question with in its jurisdiction.
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Articles of confederation
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Document written by U.S following thier declaration of independence from England and adopted in 1781. it establised a system of strong states and a weak national goverment with a legistlative branch but no sperate executive or judicial branches and few powers beyond the sphere of foriegn relations.
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Shays rebellion
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a protest staged by farmers from western massachusets and lead by Daniel Shays, an officer in the American revolutionary war, against state taxes and policy of foreclosing on debator farmers.
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Virgina plan
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a plan for a new national goverment that the virgina delegation purposed at the constitutional convention in 1787. It called for a strong, essentially, unitary national goverment with seperate executive and judicial branches and a two house legistlative branch wiht reprensation based on each states population.
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New Jersey plan
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a plan for a new national goverment that the new jersey delegation purposed at the constitutional convention in 1787. Its key feature consisted in giving each state equal representation in the national legistlature regardless of its population.
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Connecticut Compromise
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A plan that the conneticut delegation proposed at the constitutional covention sought out to manage the dispute between large and small population states by creating two house legistlature with representation in one house based on population and representation in second house set at two seats per state.
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Federalists
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The label describing those who supported adoption of the constitution. They believed in the need for a national goverment stronger than the one provided under the articles of confederation.
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Anti- Federalists
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Label describing those who opposed adoption of the consitution. While opponents gave a variety of reasons for rejecting the constitution their main concern was the national goverment would jepordize individual rights.
BASICALLY: Original document that set up rules for the goverement. |
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Bill of Rights
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Name given to the first ten amendments of constitution. They outline a large number of important individual rights.
ex: freedom of speech/religion |
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Goverment
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Rules that govern conflict. The goverments job is to set up rules.
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Self-Interest
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Things that an indivdual cares about. (Related to interest groups: Individuals formulate groupsand take action)
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Federalism
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National vs State Goverment
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Dual & Fiscal
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Dual: We have both system, but one does not have more power (beginning nation)
Fiscal: We have grants, money from feds-->State. State and National goverment share more power (current system) |
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Civil Rights
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Makes sure groups are treated equally under the law.
It represents EQUALITY. |
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Politics
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Conflict over Resources
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Electoral College
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The body of electors whos compostition determined by the results of the general election that chooses president and vice president. to win electoral college, canidates must secure the majority of the electoral vote.
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Legitimacy
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a self imposed willingness of citizens to respect and obey the decisions of their goverment.
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Structural Rules
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Rules that estbalish the organizations, procedures & powers of goverment.
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Material Scarcity
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The inablity of society to provide its citizens with all the good and services they may want or need.
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Coercive force
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The ability of the Goverment to compel its citizens to obey decisions.
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Policy Rule
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A decision the goverment institution reaches on a specific political question with in its jurisdiction.
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Articles of confederation
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Document written by U.S following thier declaration of independence from England and adopted in 1781. it establised a system of strong states and a weak national goverment with a legistlative branch but no sperate executive or judicial branches and few powers beyond the sphere of foriegn relations.
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Shays rebellion
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a protest staged by farmers from western massachusets and lead by Daniel Shays, an officer in the American revolutionary war, against state taxes and policy of foreclosing on debator farmers.
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Virgina plan
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a plan for a new national goverment that the virgina delegation purposed at the constitutional convention in 1787. It called for a strong, essentially, unitary national goverment with seperate executive and judicial branches and a two house legistlative branch wiht reprensation based on each states population.
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New Jersey plan
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a plan for a new national goverment that the new jersey delegation purposed at the constitutional convention in 1787. Its key feature consisted in giving each state equal representation in the national legistlature regardless of its population.
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bicameral legistlature
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a legistlature with two houses-such as the House and the Senate
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checks and balances
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The powers each branch of goverment can use to block the actions of other branches
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classical liberalism
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A political philosophy particularly strong in the eighteenth centruy, that claims that the rights of the indivdual predate teh existence of goverment adn take priority over goverment policy. This philosophy advocates the protection of individual freedoms from teh goverment.
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democracy
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A form of of goverment in which teh people (defined boradly to include all adults or narrowly to exclude women or slaves, for example) are teh ultimate political authority.
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Duel federalism
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An interpetation of federalism that held taht the national goverment was supreme within those areas specifically assigned to it in the constitution and the states were supreme in all other areas of public policy.
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establishment clause
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The provision in the first amendment of the constitution that "Congress shall amke no law respecting an establishment of religion"
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federalism
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A two-tiered from of goverment in whihc goverments on both levels are sovereign adn share authority over teh same geographic jurisdiction.
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fiscal federalism
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The principle that the federal goverment should play a major role in finacing some of the activities of state and local goverments.
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Great depression
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The worst economic crisis in US history with unemployment rates reaching 25 percent. It began in 1929 and lasted until the start of World War 2
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Great society
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The economic and social programs congress enacted during Lyndon Johnson's presidency from 1963 to 1969
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Interstate commerce clause
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the provision in Article I of the constitution granting congress teh power to "regulate commerce... among the several states."
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Majority tyranny
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A situation in which the majority uses its advantage in numbers to suppress the rights of teh minority.
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National supremacy
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An interpretation of federalism that holds that the national goverments laws should should take precedence over state law. This idea is based on the provision in Article VI of the constitution that the national goverments laws are the "supreme law of the land"
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Necessary and proper clause
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The provision in Article I of the constitution that states that congress possesses whatever additional and unspecified powers it needs to fulfill its responsibilities.
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New Deal
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The economic and soical programs congress enacted during Franklin Roosevelts presidency before WWII
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Republicanism
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a system of goverment in whihc teh peoples selected representatives run the goverment
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Seperation of Powers
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The principle that each of the three powers of goverment -- legistlative, executive, adn judicial should be held by a seperate branch of goverment.
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States Rights
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An interpretation of federalism which claimed that states possessed the right to accept or reject federal laws
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Bad tendency doctrine
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The Doctrine that speech need only be likely to lead to negative consequences in Congress's judgment for it to be illegal
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Civil liberties
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The freedoms guaranteed to all americans in teh Bill of Rights (although some are in teh body of the Constitutional) These liberties include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the righ tot assemnble peacebly.
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Clear and present danger standard
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the doctrine that congress may limit speech if it causes a clear and present danger to the interests of the country
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Establishment clause
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The provision in the First Amendment of teh Constitution taht "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion'
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Exclusionary rule
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The doctrine, stemming from the Fourth Amendment that the goverment cannot use illegally obtained evidence in court
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Free exercise clause
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The provision in the Frist Amendment of the constitution that "Congress shall make no law.. prohibitingthe free excersise" of religion.
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Incitement standard
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The doctrine taht speech must cause listeners to be likely to commit immediate illegal acts for the speech itself to be illegal.
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libel law
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Laws governing written or visual publications that unjustly injure a persons reputation.
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Miranda rights
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The rights against self-incrimination that the fifth amendment guarantees. Miranda rights include the right to remain silent durring questioning the right to know that any statements suspects make may be used as evidence against them, and the right to speak to an attorney before questioning
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Obscenity law
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Laws governing materials whose predominant appeal is to a prurient interest in nudity, sex, or excretion.
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Original intent
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The theory that judges should interpret the constitution by determining what the founders intended when they wrote it.
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Pentagon Papers
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A set of of secret goverment documents-- leaked to the press in 1971 -- showing the presidents Kennedy and Johnson misled teh public about U.S. involvment in Vietnam.
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Prior Restraint
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An act of goverment preventing publication or broadcast of a sotry or document
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Roe V. Wade
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A 1973 supreme court decision taht a womans right to privacy prevents states from barring her form having an abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. States can impose reasonable regualtions on abortions during the second trimester and can prohibit abortions under most circumstances in the third trimester.
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Civil Rights
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The equality of rights for all peopel regardless of race, sex, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. Civil Rights are rooted in teh courts interpretation of the 14th Amendment and in laws that congress adn the state legistlatures pass.
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Jim Crow laws
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Laws that discriminated against african americans, usually by enforcing segregation
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De jure segregation
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Goverment imposed laws that required African Americans to live and work sperately from white Americans
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seperate-but-equal standard
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The now-rejected Supreme Court doctrine that seperation of teh races was acceptable as long as each race was treated equally.
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lynching
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The unlawful killing usually by hanging of a person by a mob.
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Brown V. Board of Education
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The landmark 1954 supreme court decision holding that seperate was not equal and public schools must be desegregated.
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Brow V. Board of Education II
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The 1955 Supreme Court decision which stated taht the nations entenched system of segregated schools should desegregate with "all deliberate speed"
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Massive resistance
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The Policy many southern states followed in the wake of the first Brown decision of fiercely resisting desegregation.
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Civil rights movement
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The mobilization of people to push for racial equality
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Civil disobediance
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The nonviolent refusal to obey what one percieves to be unjust laws
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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An act of congress that outlaws racial segregation in public accommodations employment and prevents tax dollars from going to organizations that discriminate on teh basis of race, color, or national origin.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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An act of congress that bars states from creating voting and registration practices that discriminate against African Americans and other minorities.
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de facto segregation
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Segregation taht results from teh actions of individuals rather than the goverment
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Womens movement
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The mobilization of people to push for equality between the sexes
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Suffrage
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The right to vote
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Equal Pay Act of 1963
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An act Congress that banned wage discrimination based on sex, race, religion, and national orgin.
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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An act of congress that seeks to minimize job discrimination, maximize access to goverment programs, adn ensure access to public accommodations for people with disabilities.
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Rational scrutiny
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A legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Rational scrutiny requires the goverment only to show that a law is reasonable and not arbitrary.
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Strict scrutiny
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A legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Strict scruntiny requires the goverment to show a compelling reason for discriminatory law.
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Intermediate scrutiny
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A legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Intermediate scrutiny lies somewhere between the rational adn strict scruntiny standards. It requires the goverment to show that a discriminatory law serves important govermental interests adn is substantially related to teh achievement of those obejectives, or a group to show that the law does not meet these two standards.
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Affirmative action
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Programs designed to take positive action sto increase teh number of women adn minorities in jobs and educational programs
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Reverse discrimination
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Laws adn policies that discriminate against whites, especially white males.
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