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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Truman Doctrine
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-Truman: Came in shortly after FDR's death
- No experience in IR, strong domestic policies, new deal democrat -No knowledge of Yalta and Nuclear Weapons -DOctrine would provide economic assistance to Greece and Turkey -The world is facing 2 alternative choices of life: liberal democracy vs. communist totalitarianism. -Seeds of totalitarianism nurtured by misery and want -US's economic aid can help countries facing communist subversion |
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Marshall Plan
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-European Recovery Plan proposed by US in 1947
--Most West Europeans welcomed --Even some East European regimes interested at first June 5 1947- Secretar of State George C. Marshall announced America would offer economic assistance for reconstruction of Western Europe (any state with Communist Subversion) -Object of communist hostility --Soviet veto of East European participation --Communist Party of France --Communist Party of Italy |
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NSC 68
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1- To rising powers, US and SOviet Union
2- US's policy of containment can only succeed with strong military backing 3- "Deter Soviet Expansion and to defeat aggressive Soviet or Soviet-led actions of limited and total character" 4- Basically, put containment of communism into official action. Expanding means to gain more ends Asymmetrical |
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Containment Pre-NSC-68:
Limited Means Dictate Pursuit of Limited Ends |
-Strongpoint defense: Concentrations on key areas of world
-Asymmetrical response to threat: concentrate on American strengths -Reliance American atomic monopoly: Desire keep defense budget low -Criticisms: Many areas neglected. Over reliance nuclear weapons for deterrence (credibility, little flexibility) |
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NEW LOOK: Background
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-Debate about the costs of containment and implementation of NSC-68 during Korean War.
-Agony over indecisiveness: Remote area, limited means -Domestic Debate over whether or not to expand the war: Bitter. Removal of General of the Army MacArthur |
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NEW LOOK: Eisenhower Administration Policy
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-Many ways a continuation of Truman
-Shared some assumptions with NSC-68 -Examples: need to curb further communist gains, even in peripheral areas -In other words, still perimeter defense of "Free World" -However; asymmetrical approach: Wanted to regain initiative |
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NEW LOOK: Eisenhower Impact
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-Committed to internationalist foreign policy
-Accepted 1952 Republican nomination in part to block isolationist and/or unilateralist candidates like Ohio Senator Robert Taft -Concerned over means-end relationship --Disliked parts of NSC-68: Large budgets. Social Regimentation --Burden of containment had to be one the American people could/would bear over time --THought military spending unproductive in peacetime. -Product of a military background -DId not want to undermine traditional values US wanted to preserve |
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NEW LOOK: John Foster Dulles
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-Symbols commitment to bipartisanship in foreign policy: member delegation to Japanese peace
-However, felt Korea showed need for new approach to containment: regain initiative, disliked budget deficits. -Differed from authors NSC-68 regarding Soviet willingness to risk war: though unlikely. |
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NEW LOOK: aspects
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-Threat of "Massive retaliation"
- Alliances -Psychological warfare -Covert Operations |
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NEW LOOK: "Massive Retaliation"
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-Implied an open willingness to threaten use of nuclear weapons. However, a convincing threat would eliminate the need to do so
-Tactical nuclear weapons were deployed in Europe beginning in 1953 |
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NEW LOOK: Alliances
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-Considerable number already conclude under Truman: EMphasis on war fighting
-Several more concluded: EMphasis on deterrence. Lesson of Korea. -Need for US based in wartime: manned bombers of Strategic Air Command -Allies could provide manpower to deal with local conflicts |
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"Massive Retaliation"
Credibility Problem |
-Soviet Actions: Sputnik (1957), ICBM testing, Krushchev's boasts, etc.
-Doubts about American willingness to risk retaliation on behalf of allies -Credibility of "extended deterrence" in doubt -Cases where "Massive retaliation" seemed inappropriate: Indochina, Taiwan Straits, Berlin. |
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"Flexible Response"
New approach to Containment |
CONTINUITIES
-Containment od communism still priority -Necessary to avoid appearance of weakness CHANGES -Increase efficiency of use of resources (Secretary of defense Robert S. McNamara) -Symmetrical: Threat met by comparable response -Means-end relationship -JFK thought Ike was too lethargic in COld War -Ike was "too inflexible in pursuing possibilities for peace" |
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DETENTE: Factors pushing us towards policy
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INTERNATIONAL
-Soviet achievement of nuclear strategic parity -Need to avoid East-West confrontation -Desire to negotiate end to Vietnam War DOMESTIC -Economic costs of "flexible response" -Erosion od "Cold War consensus" |
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DETENTE: Nixon-Kissinger Approach
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-No concern for reforming Soviet system
-Substantive negotiations with Soviets (Arms Control, trade) -Containment by other means -"Linkage"--Progess in one area of detente relationship tied to others -wanted Soviet assistance in negotiating "honorable"exit from Vietnam |
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DETENTE: Aspects of Nixon-Kissinger Approach
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-Concerns with "credibility" of US commitments. Wanted to avoid appearance of abandoning allies
-"Nixon Doctrine"- Bolster allies to defend selves. "Vietimization." -Exploitation Sino-Soviet tensions |
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Nixon Doctrine
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-Bolster allies to defend themselves
-"Vietnamization" - phasing down American commitments in the world, reducing tensions. - provide a "shield" if nuclear power threatens allies - in case of threats on non-nuclear aggression, US will provide military and economic assistance to allies |
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Carter Doctrine
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-Defense of Persian Gulf when Afghanistan was taken over by communists
-Scrambling for base rights -New relationship with Pakistan (Despite nuclear program and human rights) Use military force if necessary to defend itself in persian gulf region |
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Reagan Doctrine
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- Convincing Gorbachev of that the Soviet Union had become what it sought to overthrow, and evil empire
- Use the forces of nationalism against the gains Soviet Union had made -overt and covert aid to anti-communist forces and resistance movements |
