Pols 001 Key Terms And Concepts Test One

Front 1

19th Amendment

Back 1

Females can vote; vote cannot be denied based on sex

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24th Amendment

Back 2

No poll taxes to vote for any national political positions voted by the general public.

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26th Amendment

Back 3

Voting age is 18.

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Article I of the US Constitution

Back 4

Longest section of the Constitution; CONGRESS

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Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution

Back 5

Defines Congressional powers

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Article II of the US Constitution

Back 6

Deals with the EXECUTIVE Branch

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Article III of the US Constitution

Back 7

Deals with the JUDICIAL Branch

Front 8

Agency loss

Back 8

The difference between what citizens would like their agents to do and what the agents actually do.

Front 9

Authority

Back 9

The right to make and implement a decision

Front 10

Bicameralism

Back 10

A two-house legislature (i.e. - US Congress House and Senate)

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Bill of Rights

Back 11

The first 10 Amendments to the US Constitution

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Block grants

Back 12

A sum of nat'l money given to a state gov't for a general area that is to be devided up as the state chooses.

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Cabinet

Back 13

Formal group of presidential advisers who head major depts of gov't. President chooses them.

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Candidate

Back 14

A person running for an elected office.

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Carrots and Sticks

Back 15

Gov't provides incentives or impose penalties to get states to do what the nat'l gov't wanted

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Checks and Balances

Back 16

Constitutional mechanism giving each branch some weight of other branches (i.e. - presidential veto)

Front 17

Coalition

Back 17

An alliance of un-likeminded ppl/grps to achieve some common purpose like lobbying, campaigning, etc.

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Collective Action

Back 18

An action taken by a group of likeminded individuals to achieve a common goal

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Collective goods

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Goods that everyone can use

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Commerce clause

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Art I, Sec 8: gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce with other nations and among the states.

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Confederation

Back 21

Political system where states retain ultimate authority except for powers solely for a central gov't

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Conformity costs

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Difference bwtn what a person would prefer and what the group collectively decides to do.

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Constitution

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Document outlining the formal rules and institutions of gov't and the limits placed on its powers.

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Coordination

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Act of organizing a group to achieve a common goal. Prerequisite for effective collective action.

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Credibility gap

Back 25

The widespread suspicion among reporters that presidents will lie to the media when it's in their best interests and they think they can get away with it.

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Declaration of Independence

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Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the 2nd Constitutional Congress on July 4, 1776, declaring the 13 colonies' independence from Gr. Britain

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Direct democracy

Back 27

System of gov't in which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation themselves, not by delegates.

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Divided government

Back 28

When one political party controls the executive branch and the other party or both legislative houses

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Dual federalism

Back 29

System of gov't in which the federal gov't and state gov't each have exclusive spheres of action

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Elastic clause

Back 30

AKA "Necessary and Proper Clause"

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Electoral College

Back 31

Electors from each state cote for the US pres and vp; # electors/state = # of state congressppl

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Enumerated powers

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(Article I, Section 8) Congress can tax, coin $, regulate commerce, and provide for the common defense

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Externalities

Back 33

Public goods or bads that are by-products of private activity (i.e. - air pollution from car driving)

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Faction

Back 34

Group of ppl sharing common interests who are opposed to other groups with competing interests

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Federalism

Back 35

System of gov't where power is divided btwn a central gov't and several regional gov'ts (nat'l and states)

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Framing

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Providing a context that affects the criteria citizens use to evaluate candidates, campaigns, and political issues

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Franking privilege

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Legal right of each member of Congress to send official mail postage-free under his or her signature

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Free-rider problem

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Where individuals can receive the benefits from a collective activity whether or not they helped pay for it, leaving them with no incentive to contribute.

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Fusion tickets

Back 39

Slates of candidates that "fused" the nominees of minor and major parties. (Eventually banned)

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Government

Back 40

The institutions and procedures through which people are ruled.

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Grants-in-aid

Back 41

Funds given by Congress to state or local gov'ts for a specific purpose

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Great Compromise

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Agreement between large and small states at the 1787 Constitutional Convention that decided the selection and composition of Congress.

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Home rule

Back 43

Power given by a state to a locality to enact legislation and manage its own affairs locally.

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Infotainment

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Increasingly popular, nontraditional source of political info that combines news and entertainment (i.e. - talk shows, MTV)

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Institution

Back 45

An organization that manages potential conflicts btwn political rivals, helps them to find mutually acceptable solutions, and makes and enforces society's collective agreements.

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Interest group

Back 46

An organized group of people seeking to influence public policy.

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Issue voting

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Voting for candidates based on their positions on specific issues, as opposed to their party or personal characteristics

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Judicial review

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The authority of a court to declare leglislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid.

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Lobbying

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Activities through which individuals, interest groups, and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading gov't officials to support their grp's position

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Logroll

Back 50

The result of legislative vote trading.

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Majority rule

Back 51

The principle that decisions should reflect the preferences of more than 1/2 of those voting.

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National party conventions

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A gathering of delegates to select a party's presidential and vice-presidential ticket and to adopt its nat'l platform

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Nationalists

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Constitutional reformers led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who sought to replace the Articles of Confederation

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Nationalization

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Shifting to the national gov't responsibilities traditionally exercized by the states

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Necessary and proper clause

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(Art I, Sec 8) Grants Congress the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to execute those laws

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Negative campaigning

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The act of attacking an opposing candidate's platform, past political performance, or personal characteristics

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New Deal coalition

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An electoral alliance that was the basis of Democratic dominance from the 1930s to the early 1970s. Includeed lots of social groups.

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New Jersey Plan

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Proposal to reform the Articles of Confederation, introduced at the 1787 Convention, favored by those who supported states' rights

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Open seats

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Seats in states or districts being contested by candidates whom none currently hold the office.

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Pack journalism

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A method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the same story in the same way bc they read each others' copy for validation of their own.

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Parliamentary government

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A form of gov't in which the chief executive is chosen by the majority party or by a coalition of parties in the legislature.

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Party identification

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An individual's enduring affective or instrumental attachment to one of the political parties; the single most accurate predictor of the vote

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Party label

Back 63

A label carrying the party's "brand name", incorporating th policy positions and past performance voters attribute to it

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Party machines

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State/local party organizations based on patronage to elect candidates

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Performance voting

Back 65

Basing votes for a candidate or party on how successfully the candidate or party performed while in office

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Pluralism

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Theory describing a political system in which all significant social interests freely compete with one another for influence over the gov't's policy decisions.

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Plurality

Back 67

A vote in which the winning candidate receives the greatest # of votes (not necessarily a majority)

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Political Action Committee (PACs)

Back 68

A federally registered fund-raising group that pools $ from individuals to give to political candidates/parties.

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Political party

Back 69

Coalition of ppl who seek to control the machinery of gov't by winning elections

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Political socialization

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The process by which citizens acquire their political beliefs and values

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Politician

Back 71

Elected professional who specializes in providing compelling reasons for ppl with different values and interests to join in a common action

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Politics

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The process by which individuals and grps reach agreement on a common course of action even as they continue to disagree on the goals that action is intended to achieve

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Preemption legislation

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Laws passed by Congress that override or preempt state or local policies. (derives from the supremacy clause)

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Primary elections

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Election held before the general election in which voters decide which of a party's candidates will be the party's nominee for the general election

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Prisoner's dilemma

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Situation in which two or more actors can't agree to cooperate for fear that the other will find its interest best served by reneging on an agreement

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Private goods

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Benefits and services over which the owner has full control of their use

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Privatize

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Prevent a common resource from being over-exploited by tying the benefit of its consumption to its cost

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Progressive Era

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Period from 1880-1920 and associated with the reform of gov't and electoral institutions in an attempt to reduce corruption and weaken parties

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Proportional representation

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An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded to candidates or parties in proportion to the %age of votes received

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Public goods

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Goods that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone's consumption

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Public interest lobby

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A group that promotes some conception of the public interest rather than the narrowly defined economic or other special interests of its members

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Representative government

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Political system where citizens select gov't officials who, acting as agents, deliberate and commit the citizenry to a course of collective action

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Republic

Back 83

Form of gov't where power is vested in elected representatives

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Revenue sharing

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Nonspecific grants of $ made by the federal gov't to the states and based on size and population

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Selective incentives

Back 85

Private goods or benefits that induce rational actors to participate in a collective effort to provide a collective good

Front 86

Separation of powers

Back 86

The distribution of gov't powers among several political institutions (Congress, Pres, Sup Ct)

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Shared federalism

Back 87

System in which the nat'l and state govt's share in providing citizens with a set of goods

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Shay's Rebellion

Back 88

Angry farmers bc equipment and land were taken from them when banks demanded full payment or there would be repossession (1500 farmers went to courthouse to physically stop the foreclosures)

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Simple majority

Back 89

50% plus one

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Single-issue voting

Back 90

Basing votes on candidates'/parties' positions on one particular issue, regardless of their positions on other issues

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Soft money

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Money used by political parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization. Outlawed by Congress in 2002.

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Sound bite

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A catchy phrase or slogan that encapsulates a politician's message, broadcast especially on TV news programs

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Split-ticket voting

Back 93

Act of voting for candidates from different political parties for different offices

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Spoils system

Back 94

System where newly elected office-holders award gov't jobs to political supporters and members of the same political party.

Front 95

States' rights

Back 95

Safeguards against a too-powerful nat'l gov't that were favored by one group of delegates to the Constitutional Convention; supported retaining Articles of Confederation's state rights

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Supremacy clause

Back 96

Nat'l laws are the "supreme" law of the land and take precedence over any law adopted by states/localities

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Tragedy of the commons

Back 97

Situation in which group members overexploit a common resource, causing its destruction

Front 98

Transaction costs

Back 98

Costs of doing political business reflected in the time and effort required to compare preferences and negotiate compromises in making collective decisions

Front 99

Two-party system

Back 99

A political system in which only two major parties compete for all the elective offices. 3rd party candidates usually have little to no chance of success

Front 100

Tyranny

Back 100

Form of gov't in which the ruling power exploits its authority and permits little popular control

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Unitary government

Back 101

A system of gov't in which a single gov't unit holds the power to govern the nation

Front 102

Veto

Back 102

Formal power of president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress. Can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in each house

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Virginia Plan

Back 103

Whole new gov't, no revision, representation based on population, bicameral, exec and judicial chosen by legislature, pres = exec branch person

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Yellow journalism

Back 104

style of journalism with sensational stories

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3/5 Compromise

Back 105

At Constitutional Congress, representation measures were based on the # of free people and 3/5 of all other persons.

Front 106

Absentee voting

Back 106

Voting while not in the area at the time of elections.

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Advantages of federalism

Back 107

*Allows access to decision making
*Aids in times when states cannot help themselves
*Creates a system of shared cooperation
*States serve as laboratories for democracy

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Amendment proposal

Back 108

2/3 vote of both houses or a constitutional convention called by Congress on 2/3 petition of the 50 states

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Amendment ratification

Back 109

3/4 ok by 50 state legislatures or 3/4 ok by special constitutional conferences called by the states

Front 110

American Voter model

Back 110

1=spatial voting model
2=psychological
3=sociological

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Anti-federalists

Back 111

Opposed ratification of the Articles of Confederation and were more protective of states

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Appellate jurisdiction

Back 112

The jurisdiction which a superior court has to hear appeals of cases which have been tried in inferior courts.

Front 113

Articles of Confederation

Back 113

1st American gov't, where states had power w/o a central gov't; nat'l gov't only helped in state v. state pblms

Front 114

Attack journalism

Back 114

Journalism reporting falsehoods as if they were facts

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Austrailian ballot

Back 115

Secret voting

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Ballot access laws

Back 116

Regulate the conditions under which a candidate or political party is entitled to appear on voters' ballots

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Boston Massacre

Back 117

The shooting of five civilians by British troops on March 5, 1770, which became a riot among pro-independence groups and helped to eventually spark the American Revolutionary War

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Boston Tea Party

Back 118

324 tea chests dumped to protest the Townshend Acts

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Buckley v. Valeo

Back 119

Upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns

Front 120

Candidate-centered election

Back 120

An election in which the majority of the voting decisions rally around the candidates rather than the parties or issues

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Categorical grants

Back 121

Nat'l grants- gov't determines the purposes, or categories, for which the $ should be used. May be spent only for narrowly defined purposes and recipients often must match a portion of the federal funds

Front 122

Causus v. Primary

Back 122

Caucus is a group of elites deciding a party's delegate, primaries are public votes for the candidate

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Census

Back 123

Process of obtaining information about every member of a population every 10 years

Front 124

Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts)

Back 124

British blockaded entire harbor until tea was paid for after Boston Tea Party

Front 125

Commission on Presidential Debates

Back 125

Moderates the nationally televised U.S. presidential election debates, with criteria on who can debate and where the debate will be held

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Committees of Correspondence

Back 126

A body organized by the local governments of the American colonies for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony

Front 127

Concurrent powers

Back 127

Powers held by both the states and the federal government (tax, make roads, protect the environment, create lower courts and borrow money)

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Congressional caucus

Back 128

Group of members of the United States Congress which meets to pursue common legislative objectives

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Conneticut Compromise

Back 129

Madison - each state sent 1 person - made bicameral leg.(1 based on pop., 1 as rep), consensus ev.10 yrs, electoral college, checks and balances, 1 exec

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Conflict among the founders

Back 130

The degrees of government (state, nat'l)

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Consensus among the founders

Back 131

Change needed to happen

Front 132

Consent of the governed

Back 132

A government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is derived from the people or society over which that power is exercised

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Cooperative federalism

Back 133

National, state and local governments work together to solve ordinary and everyday problems (MARBLE CAKE)

Front 134

Cross-cutting requirements

Back 134

Form of unfunded mandate in which federal decision makers prescribe a condition or requirement and make it applicable to a variety of programs

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Crossover sanction

Back 135

A form of unfunded mandate in which federal decision makers impose a penalty in one area of policy unless state and local officials comply with federal requirements in another

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Cutthroat competition

Back 136

The temporary reduction of prices, often to unreasonable levels, such as below costs, for the purpose of eliminating competitors

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Declining strength of parties

Back 137

The tendency for parties to come to more of the middle ground to attract voters (becoming more moderate)

Front 138

Delegation

Back 138

A group of people chosen to represent or act on behalf of others

Front 139

1968 Democratic National Convention

Back 139

The Democrats eventually settled on Hubert H. Humphrey, but would lose the election to Richard M. Nixon: McCarthy (after loss of JFK)

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Disadvantages for 3rd parties

Back 140

Duverger's law
Ballot access laws
Campaign finance law by FEC

Front 141

Disadvantages of federalism

Back 141

*Confusion as to who takes care of what when powers overlap
*Coordination & communication btwn govt's
*Confusion btwn states and their dif. policies
*Encourages states to not provide programs
*Race to the bottom

Front 142

Dissensus distribution of voters

Back 142

Most people favor one party or another, with little people in the middle

Front 143

Disturbance theory

Back 143

Interest groups form primarily in opposition to other interest groups to counteract influence in their respective political domains

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Downsian model of voting

Back 144

(Spatial) Puts voter on scale and aligns with whichever candidate is closest to them on that scale

Front 145

Duverger's Law

Back 145

Any system that uses a winner-takes-all, single member district electoral system will have 2 political parties

Front 146

Equal-time provision

Back 146

Requires a broadcasting station to give any political candidate as much time as it gives any other

Front 147

Exit Poll

Back 147

A survey of selected voters taken soon after they leave their voting place

Front 148

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Back 148

Sets contribution limits, created PACs, set up FEC, set spending limits

Front 149

Federal funding of campaigns

Back 149

If willing to accept spending limits, matching federal support will come after 20 states get at least $5000/state in <$250 increments

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Federalist #10

Back 150

Addresses the question of how to guard against groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Madison argued that a strong, large republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states

Front 151

Federalists

Back 151

Wanted Constitutional ratification

Front 152

1st Continental Congress

Back 152

56 delegates came to Philly and came up with plans against the Coercive Acts - drew up Declaration of Rights and Resolves and decided if king didnt give in (didnt), theyd meet again in a yr

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Focus group

Back 153

A group of people are asked about their attitude towards something

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Formula grants

Back 154

Grants from the Feds or state to a lower level of government where a specific dollar amount is attached to some socioeconomic standard

Front 155

Gender gap

Back 155

The difference between male and female voting

Front 156

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Back 156

Ruled the power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the Constitution

Front 157

Horse race coverage

Back 157

Any news story whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, trying to predict the outcome

Front 158

Impeachment

Back 158

The first of two stages for a legislative body to remove a government official without that official's agreement

Front 159

Implied powers

Back 159

Powers not given specifically but interpreted to be so

Front 160

Independent expenditures

Back 160

Political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge

Front 161

Indirect democracy

Back 161

Governing of the people through elected representatives

Front 162

Interpretive journalism

Back 162

News analysis, editorials, and critical reviews of campaigns and other electoral issues

Front 163

Intolerable Acts

Back 163

Aka Coercive Acts

Front 164

Issue-centered election

Back 164

Election with a basis on the issues (ie - abortion) rather than the candidates or parties

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John Locke

Back 165

At heart, we are good, not animals and naturally seek to connect with others and be endowed with a set of rights, but the state of nature can't guarantee this

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Laboratories of democracy

Back 166

States constantly experiment with new programs to set goods and bads for nat'l implementations, allow innovations for states to aid their own environment

Front 167

Layer cake federalism

Back 167

Dual-federalism: very clearly defined roles btwn fed and state govt's, but with some concurrent powers

Front 168

Majoritarianism

Back 168

a majority of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society

Front 169

Majority v. Plurality

Back 169

Majority believes that the main group makes the decisions; plurality asserts that the competing interests will have the most say

Front 170

Marble cake federalism

Back 170

Cooperative federalism (no longer dual federalism) Mix of nat'l and state powers

Front 171

Marbury v. Madison (1819)

Back 171

Let the Sup. Ct. determine the constitutionality of the actions of coequal branches of government

Front 172

Material incentives

Back 172

Includes gov't jobs awarded to party members or their relatives or friends in return for services to the party

Front 173

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Back 173

Maryland taxed a non-state-owned bank (nat'l bank) - Necessary and proper clause said they can't tax bank since its ok for nat'l gov't to have a bank.

Front 174

McGovern-Fraser Commission

Back 174

*Caucuses must be local if no primary
*Quotas - women, minorities, young in caucus
*Proportional representation (%win=%delegates brought to national level)

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Media bias

Back 175

The tendency of a medium to lean towards one side of a politcal spectrum

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Motor-Voter Law

Back 176

Law that enables prospective voters to register when they obtain or renew a driver's license

Front 177

Name recognition

Back 177

Describes number of people who are aware of a politician

Front 178

Polarization

Back 178

The theory that the political spectrum is getting further and further separated

Front 179

New federalism

Back 179

Nat'l holds it all together, but all the main issues are left to the states(less power -pinapple cake)

Front 180

Nonsensus distribution of voters

Back 180

Equal amount of people on all sides of the political spectrum or all moderate (produces 100s of parties)

Front 181

Nullification

Back 181

Legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional

Front 182

Original jurisdiction

Back 182

Matters on which the court rules in the first instance, not appellate

Front 183

Outsider lobbying

Back 183

Getting popular support from constituents in order to exert pressure upon lawmakers

Front 184

Partial preemption

Back 184

States design and implement their own laws, as long as these laws are consistent with nat'l goals and meet federal guidelines

Front 185

Party platforms

Back 185

Basic ideas of a party

Front 186

Party realignment

Back 186

Changes in the political agenda of a party

Front 187

Party-centered elections

Back 187

Elections based on the political parties rather than the candidates or issues

Front 188

Patronage

Back 188

Someone who supports or favors some individual, family, group or institution

Front 189

Penny Press

Back 189

Cheap papers that sensationalized and also talked of gov'tal issues

Front 190

Pineapple-upside-down-cake federalism

Back 190

New federalism

Front 191

Polling

Back 191

Good polls include diversity, random sampling, margin of error, answer of don't know/care, covers large span of time

Front 192

527 organizations

Back 192

Type of tax-exempt organization created to influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office, not under same restrictions as PACs

Front 193

Presidential debates

Back 193

Often televised debates between pres. candidates on issues that concern the votes

Front 194

Project grants

Back 194

State has a project in mind and applies to the nat'l gov't for funding

Front 195

Psychological model of voting

Back 195

Vote is based on the party; we are socialized into a party, then it becomes part of our psyche

Front 196

Purposive incentives

Back 196

Intellectual agreement with the overall government philosophy of the party or support of one or more particular issues that the party advocates

Front 197

Race to the bottom

Back 197

Giving as few benefits as possible to rid of those they don't want or lower regulations to attract those they do want

Front 198

Ratification

Back 198

A vote to approve something

Front 199

Rational voting

Back 199

Voting for a social or monetary gain (semi-selfish)

Front 200

Same-day registration

Back 200

Registering for a party to vote that same day as the election

Front 201

SMD, WTA

Back 201

Will result in a 2 party election

Front 202

2nd Continental Congress

Back 202

During Revolutionary War, decided to sanction war, voted to make G. Washington Comm-in-Chief but avg. citizen was still loyal to the king

Front 203

Social contract theory

Back 203

All members in a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract; such a violation would signify a problematic attempt to return to the state of nature

Front 204

Sociological model of voting

Back 204

Currently most accepted model of voting; social connections help waiver vote, may change as circumstances change (ie- black=dem, whitecollar=rep)

Front 205

Soft news

Back 205

Does not deal with formal or serious topics and events.

Front 206

Stamp Act

Back 206

Followed the Sugar Act; taxed letters, newspapers, wills, etc. (1765)

Front 207

State of nature

Back 207

The condition before the rule of positive law comes into being, thus being a synonym of anarchy

Front 208

Suffrage

Back 208

The civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right

Front 209

Sugar Act

Back 209

British taxed sugar, wine, tea, and coffee (1764)

Front 210

Super Tuesday

Back 210

The day when the most states hold their primary elections in early March

Front 211

Superdelegates

Back 211

Delegates to a presidential nominating convention who aren't bound by the decisions of party primaries or caucuses

Front 212

Supermajority

Back 212

A requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which exceeds a simple majority in order to have effect

Front 213

Tea Act

Back 213

Brits gave a monopoly to the East India Tea Co., prices went way up and led directly to the Boston Tea Party

Front 214

Thomas Hobbes

Back 214

State of nature - life is nasty, brutish, & short. At core, ppl are greedy, not naturally collaborative, and to be secure, we must all give up some of our rights

Front 215

Thomas Paine

Back 215

Wrote "Common Sense" as propaganda, making an argument for independence, equating Britain with original sin

Front 216

Townshend Acts

Back 216

Brits passed, giving quarters to Brit soldiers, had a heavy tax on tea and other products (1767)

Front 217

Tyranny of the Majority

Back 217

There is little toleration of difference of opinion in democratic societies; majority rules

Front 218

Unicameralism

Back 218

One legislative or parliamentary chamber

Front 219

Unfunded mandates

Back 219

Statute that requires government or private parties to carry out specific actions, but does not appropriate any funds for that purpose

Front 220

Voter mobilization

Back 220

The process of getting people to vote

Front 221

Watergate

Back 221

Burglaries of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Hotel complex in Washington, D.C.. President Nixon had endured two years of mounting political embarrassments and eventually resigned

Front 222

Yates and Lansing

Back 222

Appointed by NY to go to the Constitutional Convention as delegates w/ Hamilton but left when they knew they were in the minority