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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
19th Amendment
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Females can vote; vote cannot be denied based on sex
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24th Amendment
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No poll taxes to vote for any national political positions voted by the general public.
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26th Amendment
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Voting age is 18.
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Article I of the US Constitution
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Longest section of the Constitution; CONGRESS
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Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution
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Defines Congressional powers
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Article II of the US Constitution
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Deals with the EXECUTIVE Branch
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Article III of the US Constitution
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Deals with the JUDICIAL Branch
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Agency loss
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The difference between what citizens would like their agents to do and what the agents actually do.
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Authority
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The right to make and implement a decision
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Bicameralism
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A two-house legislature (i.e. - US Congress House and Senate)
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Bill of Rights
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The first 10 Amendments to the US Constitution
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Block grants
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A sum of nat'l money given to a state gov't for a general area that is to be devided up as the state chooses.
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Cabinet
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Formal group of presidential advisers who head major depts of gov't. President chooses them.
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Candidate
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A person running for an elected office.
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Carrots and Sticks
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Gov't provides incentives or impose penalties to get states to do what the nat'l gov't wanted
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Checks and Balances
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Constitutional mechanism giving each branch some weight of other branches (i.e. - presidential veto)
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Coalition
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An alliance of un-likeminded ppl/grps to achieve some common purpose like lobbying, campaigning, etc.
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Collective Action
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An action taken by a group of likeminded individuals to achieve a common goal
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Collective goods
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Goods that everyone can use
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Commerce clause
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Art I, Sec 8: gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce with other nations and among the states.
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Confederation
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Political system where states retain ultimate authority except for powers solely for a central gov't
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Conformity costs
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Difference bwtn what a person would prefer and what the group collectively decides to do.
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Constitution
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Document outlining the formal rules and institutions of gov't and the limits placed on its powers.
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Coordination
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Act of organizing a group to achieve a common goal. Prerequisite for effective collective action.
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Credibility gap
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The widespread suspicion among reporters that presidents will lie to the media when it's in their best interests and they think they can get away with it.
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Declaration of Independence
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Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the 2nd Constitutional Congress on July 4, 1776, declaring the 13 colonies' independence from Gr. Britain
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Direct democracy
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System of gov't in which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation themselves, not by delegates.
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Divided government
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When one political party controls the executive branch and the other party or both legislative houses
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Dual federalism
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System of gov't in which the federal gov't and state gov't each have exclusive spheres of action
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Elastic clause
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AKA "Necessary and Proper Clause"
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Electoral College
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Electors from each state cote for the US pres and vp; # electors/state = # of state congressppl
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Enumerated powers
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(Article I, Section 8) Congress can tax, coin $, regulate commerce, and provide for the common defense
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Externalities
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Public goods or bads that are by-products of private activity (i.e. - air pollution from car driving)
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Faction
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Group of ppl sharing common interests who are opposed to other groups with competing interests
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Federalism
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System of gov't where power is divided btwn a central gov't and several regional gov'ts (nat'l and states)
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Framing
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Providing a context that affects the criteria citizens use to evaluate candidates, campaigns, and political issues
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Franking privilege
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Legal right of each member of Congress to send official mail postage-free under his or her signature
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Free-rider problem
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Where individuals can receive the benefits from a collective activity whether or not they helped pay for it, leaving them with no incentive to contribute.
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Fusion tickets
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Slates of candidates that "fused" the nominees of minor and major parties. (Eventually banned)
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Government
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The institutions and procedures through which people are ruled.
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Grants-in-aid
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Funds given by Congress to state or local gov'ts for a specific purpose
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Great Compromise
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Agreement between large and small states at the 1787 Constitutional Convention that decided the selection and composition of Congress.
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Home rule
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Power given by a state to a locality to enact legislation and manage its own affairs locally.
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Infotainment
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Increasingly popular, nontraditional source of political info that combines news and entertainment (i.e. - talk shows, MTV)
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Institution
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An organization that manages potential conflicts btwn political rivals, helps them to find mutually acceptable solutions, and makes and enforces society's collective agreements.
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Interest group
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An organized group of people seeking to influence public policy.
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Issue voting
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Voting for candidates based on their positions on specific issues, as opposed to their party or personal characteristics
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Judicial review
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The authority of a court to declare leglislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid.
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Lobbying
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Activities through which individuals, interest groups, and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading gov't officials to support their grp's position
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Logroll
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The result of legislative vote trading.
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Majority rule
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The principle that decisions should reflect the preferences of more than 1/2 of those voting.
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National party conventions
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A gathering of delegates to select a party's presidential and vice-presidential ticket and to adopt its nat'l platform
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Nationalists
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Constitutional reformers led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who sought to replace the Articles of Confederation
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Nationalization
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Shifting to the national gov't responsibilities traditionally exercized by the states
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Necessary and proper clause
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(Art I, Sec 8) Grants Congress the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to execute those laws
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Negative campaigning
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The act of attacking an opposing candidate's platform, past political performance, or personal characteristics
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New Deal coalition
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An electoral alliance that was the basis of Democratic dominance from the 1930s to the early 1970s. Includeed lots of social groups.
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New Jersey Plan
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Proposal to reform the Articles of Confederation, introduced at the 1787 Convention, favored by those who supported states' rights
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Open seats
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Seats in states or districts being contested by candidates whom none currently hold the office.
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Pack journalism
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A method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the same story in the same way bc they read each others' copy for validation of their own.
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Parliamentary government
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A form of gov't in which the chief executive is chosen by the majority party or by a coalition of parties in the legislature.
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Party identification
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An individual's enduring affective or instrumental attachment to one of the political parties; the single most accurate predictor of the vote
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Party label
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A label carrying the party's "brand name", incorporating th policy positions and past performance voters attribute to it
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Party machines
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State/local party organizations based on patronage to elect candidates
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Performance voting
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Basing votes for a candidate or party on how successfully the candidate or party performed while in office
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Pluralism
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Theory describing a political system in which all significant social interests freely compete with one another for influence over the gov't's policy decisions.
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Plurality
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A vote in which the winning candidate receives the greatest # of votes (not necessarily a majority)
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Political Action Committee (PACs)
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A federally registered fund-raising group that pools $ from individuals to give to political candidates/parties.
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Political party
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Coalition of ppl who seek to control the machinery of gov't by winning elections
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Political socialization
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The process by which citizens acquire their political beliefs and values
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Politician
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Elected professional who specializes in providing compelling reasons for ppl with different values and interests to join in a common action
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Politics
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The process by which individuals and grps reach agreement on a common course of action even as they continue to disagree on the goals that action is intended to achieve
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Preemption legislation
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Laws passed by Congress that override or preempt state or local policies. (derives from the supremacy clause)
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Primary elections
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Election held before the general election in which voters decide which of a party's candidates will be the party's nominee for the general election
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Prisoner's dilemma
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Situation in which two or more actors can't agree to cooperate for fear that the other will find its interest best served by reneging on an agreement
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Private goods
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Benefits and services over which the owner has full control of their use
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Privatize
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Prevent a common resource from being over-exploited by tying the benefit of its consumption to its cost
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Progressive Era
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Period from 1880-1920 and associated with the reform of gov't and electoral institutions in an attempt to reduce corruption and weaken parties
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Proportional representation
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An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded to candidates or parties in proportion to the %age of votes received
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Public goods
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Goods that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone's consumption
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Public interest lobby
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A group that promotes some conception of the public interest rather than the narrowly defined economic or other special interests of its members
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Representative government
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Political system where citizens select gov't officials who, acting as agents, deliberate and commit the citizenry to a course of collective action
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Republic
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Form of gov't where power is vested in elected representatives
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Revenue sharing
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Nonspecific grants of $ made by the federal gov't to the states and based on size and population
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Selective incentives
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Private goods or benefits that induce rational actors to participate in a collective effort to provide a collective good
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Separation of powers
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The distribution of gov't powers among several political institutions (Congress, Pres, Sup Ct)
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Shared federalism
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System in which the nat'l and state govt's share in providing citizens with a set of goods
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Shay's Rebellion
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Angry farmers bc equipment and land were taken from them when banks demanded full payment or there would be repossession (1500 farmers went to courthouse to physically stop the foreclosures)
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Simple majority
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50% plus one
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Single-issue voting
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Basing votes on candidates'/parties' positions on one particular issue, regardless of their positions on other issues
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Soft money
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Money used by political parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization. Outlawed by Congress in 2002.
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Sound bite
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A catchy phrase or slogan that encapsulates a politician's message, broadcast especially on TV news programs
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Split-ticket voting
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Act of voting for candidates from different political parties for different offices
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Spoils system
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System where newly elected office-holders award gov't jobs to political supporters and members of the same political party.
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States' rights
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Safeguards against a too-powerful nat'l gov't that were favored by one group of delegates to the Constitutional Convention; supported retaining Articles of Confederation's state rights
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Supremacy clause
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Nat'l laws are the "supreme" law of the land and take precedence over any law adopted by states/localities
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Tragedy of the commons
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Situation in which group members overexploit a common resource, causing its destruction
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Transaction costs
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Costs of doing political business reflected in the time and effort required to compare preferences and negotiate compromises in making collective decisions
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Two-party system
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A political system in which only two major parties compete for all the elective offices. 3rd party candidates usually have little to no chance of success
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Tyranny
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Form of gov't in which the ruling power exploits its authority and permits little popular control
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Unitary government
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A system of gov't in which a single gov't unit holds the power to govern the nation
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Veto
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Formal power of president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress. Can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in each house
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Virginia Plan
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Whole new gov't, no revision, representation based on population, bicameral, exec and judicial chosen by legislature, pres = exec branch person
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Yellow journalism
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style of journalism with sensational stories
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3/5 Compromise
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At Constitutional Congress, representation measures were based on the # of free people and 3/5 of all other persons.
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Absentee voting
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Voting while not in the area at the time of elections.
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Advantages of federalism
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*Allows access to decision making
*Aids in times when states cannot help themselves *Creates a system of shared cooperation *States serve as laboratories for democracy |
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Amendment proposal
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2/3 vote of both houses or a constitutional convention called by Congress on 2/3 petition of the 50 states
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Amendment ratification
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3/4 ok by 50 state legislatures or 3/4 ok by special constitutional conferences called by the states
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American Voter model
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1=spatial voting model
2=psychological 3=sociological |
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Anti-federalists
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Opposed ratification of the Articles of Confederation and were more protective of states
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Appellate jurisdiction
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The jurisdiction which a superior court has to hear appeals of cases which have been tried in inferior courts.
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Articles of Confederation
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1st American gov't, where states had power w/o a central gov't; nat'l gov't only helped in state v. state pblms
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Attack journalism
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Journalism reporting falsehoods as if they were facts
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Austrailian ballot
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Secret voting
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Ballot access laws
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Regulate the conditions under which a candidate or political party is entitled to appear on voters' ballots
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Boston Massacre
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The shooting of five civilians by British troops on March 5, 1770, which became a riot among pro-independence groups and helped to eventually spark the American Revolutionary War
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Boston Tea Party
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324 tea chests dumped to protest the Townshend Acts
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Buckley v. Valeo
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Upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns
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Candidate-centered election
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An election in which the majority of the voting decisions rally around the candidates rather than the parties or issues
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Categorical grants
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Nat'l grants- gov't determines the purposes, or categories, for which the $ should be used. May be spent only for narrowly defined purposes and recipients often must match a portion of the federal funds
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Causus v. Primary
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Caucus is a group of elites deciding a party's delegate, primaries are public votes for the candidate
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Census
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Process of obtaining information about every member of a population every 10 years
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Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts)
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British blockaded entire harbor until tea was paid for after Boston Tea Party
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Commission on Presidential Debates
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Moderates the nationally televised U.S. presidential election debates, with criteria on who can debate and where the debate will be held
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Committees of Correspondence
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A body organized by the local governments of the American colonies for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony
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Concurrent powers
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Powers held by both the states and the federal government (tax, make roads, protect the environment, create lower courts and borrow money)
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Congressional caucus
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Group of members of the United States Congress which meets to pursue common legislative objectives
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Conneticut Compromise
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Madison - each state sent 1 person - made bicameral leg.(1 based on pop., 1 as rep), consensus ev.10 yrs, electoral college, checks and balances, 1 exec
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Conflict among the founders
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The degrees of government (state, nat'l)
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Consensus among the founders
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Change needed to happen
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Consent of the governed
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A government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is derived from the people or society over which that power is exercised
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Cooperative federalism
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National, state and local governments work together to solve ordinary and everyday problems (MARBLE CAKE)
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Cross-cutting requirements
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Form of unfunded mandate in which federal decision makers prescribe a condition or requirement and make it applicable to a variety of programs
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Crossover sanction
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A form of unfunded mandate in which federal decision makers impose a penalty in one area of policy unless state and local officials comply with federal requirements in another
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Cutthroat competition
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The temporary reduction of prices, often to unreasonable levels, such as below costs, for the purpose of eliminating competitors
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Declining strength of parties
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The tendency for parties to come to more of the middle ground to attract voters (becoming more moderate)
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Delegation
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A group of people chosen to represent or act on behalf of others
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1968 Democratic National Convention
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The Democrats eventually settled on Hubert H. Humphrey, but would lose the election to Richard M. Nixon: McCarthy (after loss of JFK)
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Disadvantages for 3rd parties
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Duverger's law
Ballot access laws Campaign finance law by FEC |
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Disadvantages of federalism
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*Confusion as to who takes care of what when powers overlap
*Coordination & communication btwn govt's *Confusion btwn states and their dif. policies *Encourages states to not provide programs *Race to the bottom |
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Dissensus distribution of voters
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Most people favor one party or another, with little people in the middle
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Disturbance theory
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Interest groups form primarily in opposition to other interest groups to counteract influence in their respective political domains
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Downsian model of voting
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(Spatial) Puts voter on scale and aligns with whichever candidate is closest to them on that scale
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Duverger's Law
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Any system that uses a winner-takes-all, single member district electoral system will have 2 political parties
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Equal-time provision
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Requires a broadcasting station to give any political candidate as much time as it gives any other
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Exit Poll
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A survey of selected voters taken soon after they leave their voting place
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Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)
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Sets contribution limits, created PACs, set up FEC, set spending limits
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Federal funding of campaigns
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If willing to accept spending limits, matching federal support will come after 20 states get at least $5000/state in <$250 increments
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Federalist #10
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Addresses the question of how to guard against groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Madison argued that a strong, large republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states
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Federalists
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Wanted Constitutional ratification
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1st Continental Congress
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56 delegates came to Philly and came up with plans against the Coercive Acts - drew up Declaration of Rights and Resolves and decided if king didnt give in (didnt), theyd meet again in a yr
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Focus group
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A group of people are asked about their attitude towards something
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Formula grants
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Grants from the Feds or state to a lower level of government where a specific dollar amount is attached to some socioeconomic standard
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Gender gap
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The difference between male and female voting
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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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Ruled the power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the Constitution
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Horse race coverage
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Any news story whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, trying to predict the outcome
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Impeachment
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The first of two stages for a legislative body to remove a government official without that official's agreement
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Implied powers
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Powers not given specifically but interpreted to be so
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Independent expenditures
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Political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge
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Indirect democracy
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Governing of the people through elected representatives
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Interpretive journalism
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News analysis, editorials, and critical reviews of campaigns and other electoral issues
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Intolerable Acts
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Aka Coercive Acts
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Issue-centered election
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Election with a basis on the issues (ie - abortion) rather than the candidates or parties
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John Locke
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At heart, we are good, not animals and naturally seek to connect with others and be endowed with a set of rights, but the state of nature can't guarantee this
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Laboratories of democracy
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States constantly experiment with new programs to set goods and bads for nat'l implementations, allow innovations for states to aid their own environment
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Layer cake federalism
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Dual-federalism: very clearly defined roles btwn fed and state govt's, but with some concurrent powers
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Majoritarianism
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a majority of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society
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Majority v. Plurality
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Majority believes that the main group makes the decisions; plurality asserts that the competing interests will have the most say
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Marble cake federalism
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Cooperative federalism (no longer dual federalism) Mix of nat'l and state powers
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Marbury v. Madison (1819)
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Let the Sup. Ct. determine the constitutionality of the actions of coequal branches of government
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Material incentives
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Includes gov't jobs awarded to party members or their relatives or friends in return for services to the party
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
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Maryland taxed a non-state-owned bank (nat'l bank) - Necessary and proper clause said they can't tax bank since its ok for nat'l gov't to have a bank.
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McGovern-Fraser Commission
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*Caucuses must be local if no primary
*Quotas - women, minorities, young in caucus *Proportional representation (%win=%delegates brought to national level) |
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Media bias
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The tendency of a medium to lean towards one side of a politcal spectrum
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Motor-Voter Law
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Law that enables prospective voters to register when they obtain or renew a driver's license
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Name recognition
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Describes number of people who are aware of a politician
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Polarization
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The theory that the political spectrum is getting further and further separated
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New federalism
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Nat'l holds it all together, but all the main issues are left to the states(less power -pinapple cake)
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Nonsensus distribution of voters
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Equal amount of people on all sides of the political spectrum or all moderate (produces 100s of parties)
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Nullification
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Legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional
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Original jurisdiction
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Matters on which the court rules in the first instance, not appellate
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Outsider lobbying
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Getting popular support from constituents in order to exert pressure upon lawmakers
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Partial preemption
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States design and implement their own laws, as long as these laws are consistent with nat'l goals and meet federal guidelines
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Party platforms
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Basic ideas of a party
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Party realignment
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Changes in the political agenda of a party
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Party-centered elections
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Elections based on the political parties rather than the candidates or issues
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Patronage
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Someone who supports or favors some individual, family, group or institution
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Penny Press
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Cheap papers that sensationalized and also talked of gov'tal issues
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Pineapple-upside-down-cake federalism
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New federalism
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Polling
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Good polls include diversity, random sampling, margin of error, answer of don't know/care, covers large span of time
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527 organizations
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Type of tax-exempt organization created to influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office, not under same restrictions as PACs
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Presidential debates
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Often televised debates between pres. candidates on issues that concern the votes
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Project grants
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State has a project in mind and applies to the nat'l gov't for funding
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Psychological model of voting
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Vote is based on the party; we are socialized into a party, then it becomes part of our psyche
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Purposive incentives
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Intellectual agreement with the overall government philosophy of the party or support of one or more particular issues that the party advocates
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Race to the bottom
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Giving as few benefits as possible to rid of those they don't want or lower regulations to attract those they do want
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Ratification
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A vote to approve something
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Rational voting
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Voting for a social or monetary gain (semi-selfish)
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Same-day registration
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Registering for a party to vote that same day as the election
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SMD, WTA
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Will result in a 2 party election
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2nd Continental Congress
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During Revolutionary War, decided to sanction war, voted to make G. Washington Comm-in-Chief but avg. citizen was still loyal to the king
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Social contract theory
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All members in a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract; such a violation would signify a problematic attempt to return to the state of nature
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Sociological model of voting
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Currently most accepted model of voting; social connections help waiver vote, may change as circumstances change (ie- black=dem, whitecollar=rep)
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Soft news
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Does not deal with formal or serious topics and events.
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Stamp Act
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Followed the Sugar Act; taxed letters, newspapers, wills, etc. (1765)
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State of nature
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The condition before the rule of positive law comes into being, thus being a synonym of anarchy
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Suffrage
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The civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right
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Sugar Act
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British taxed sugar, wine, tea, and coffee (1764)
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Super Tuesday
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The day when the most states hold their primary elections in early March
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Superdelegates
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Delegates to a presidential nominating convention who aren't bound by the decisions of party primaries or caucuses
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Supermajority
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A requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which exceeds a simple majority in order to have effect
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Tea Act
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Brits gave a monopoly to the East India Tea Co., prices went way up and led directly to the Boston Tea Party
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Thomas Hobbes
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State of nature - life is nasty, brutish, & short. At core, ppl are greedy, not naturally collaborative, and to be secure, we must all give up some of our rights
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Thomas Paine
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Wrote "Common Sense" as propaganda, making an argument for independence, equating Britain with original sin
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Townshend Acts
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Brits passed, giving quarters to Brit soldiers, had a heavy tax on tea and other products (1767)
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Tyranny of the Majority
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There is little toleration of difference of opinion in democratic societies; majority rules
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Unicameralism
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One legislative or parliamentary chamber
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Unfunded mandates
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Statute that requires government or private parties to carry out specific actions, but does not appropriate any funds for that purpose
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Voter mobilization
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The process of getting people to vote
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Watergate
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Burglaries of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Hotel complex in Washington, D.C.. President Nixon had endured two years of mounting political embarrassments and eventually resigned
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Yates and Lansing
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Appointed by NY to go to the Constitutional Convention as delegates w/ Hamilton but left when they knew they were in the minority
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