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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chp6 Democracies--
Executive branch |
US & Brazil
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Parlimentary System
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UK & Germany
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Head of Govt (prime minister)
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-head of govt (not head of state)
-indirectly elected by the legislature usually from the party coalition with majority |
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prime minister is also?
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a memeber of parliament
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two types of election
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fixed and anticipated
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survival of prime minister
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Non confidence Resolution
Confidence bills (budget) |
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When a non confidence resolution is passed
or a confidence bill fails to pass, the Prime Minister should? |
resign, and/or
call a new election |
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Head of State are
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President or constitutional monarch
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President or constitutional monarchFunctions are?
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-Ceremonial functions
- Referee of political system - Continuity function |
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Typical examples of constitutional monarch are
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UK
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combination system
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The division of executive duties between
a powerful president who handles foreign affairs and defense and a prime minister who organizes the ordinary administration of the government |
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Typical examples of combination system?
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France & Russia
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Features of combination system
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president 5-yr term-directly elected
prime minister & council of ministers National assembly & senate french voting public elects |
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Legislative branch Organization
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--Unicameral (one chamber)
Israel, New Zealand, Sweden --Bicameral (two chambers)Most democracies Two chambers Lower house (usually more powerful) Upper house |
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Electoral system
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SMD(SMC)-single member district
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Effect of SMD
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• favors large political parties
• distorts the voting outcome • produces clear winner |
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Particular method of SMD
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Method
• “First-Pass-The-Post” (FPTP) system • The country is divided into many electoral districts. • Each district sends one representative to the parliament • One candidate is elected by at least a plurality of votes |
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Typical Examples of SMD are
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US & UK
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Proportional Representation Methods
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Method
• The country is divided into one to a number of electoral districts • Each district sends two or more representatives to the parliament • Each party presents a list of candidates • Voters cast their votes to political parties (rather than candidates) • The seats are divided among parties based on their proportion of votes. |
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Effects of PR
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better representation, foster, multi-party system
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Democracy ruled by
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rule by the majority, by the people
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Royal executive system /regime features
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• Non-democracy
• A member of a royal family exercises substantive political power. |
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Autocracy is
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personal dictatorship =
rule by a single self-appointed ruler |
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Differences from constitutional monarchies
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Constitutional monarchy (16)
• Democracy • Kings/queens perform largely ceremonial functions. • U.K., Japan, Spain, Sweden |
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Oligarchy
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elite dictatorships=rule by the few
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Typical examples of royal executive system
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Jordan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
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Level of personal freedom
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authoritarian & totalitarian
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authoritarian
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denies fundamental political and personal
rights of the people |
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Totalitarian government
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Extreme unfree society, with enormous
cruelty, invades every part of an individual’s life and demands total allegiance |
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military dictatorship
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Military dictatorship: any repressive
regime in which unelected soldiers have taken national leadership positions by force |
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coup d'etat
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a sudden sometimes violent seizure of political power
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Role of Religion in Democracy
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the seperation of church and state
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role of religion in theocracy
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dominated by religious or clerical
leaders |
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typical examples of theocracy
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iran
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How do you classify four types of political conflict?
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1.non-violence conflict
2.low-intensity conflict 3.high-intensity conflict 4. societal mayham |
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non-violence conflict
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Elections, campaigns, law suits, peaceful
demonstrations Civil disobedience: the act of openly and deliberately breaking a law and accepting the legal penalty (such as prison or a fine) in order to publicize a political or social cause without violence |
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historical cases of non-violence conflict
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gandi & dalai lama
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low-intensity conflict(LIC)
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Low intensity conflict refers to any serious
political violence that remains short of fullscale war. |
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low-intensity conflict includes
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Rioting
Terrorism Guerrilla warfare International crises |
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Terrorism is
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The use of violence or the threat of
violence, usually by non-state actors, to achieve political objectives through the dissemination of fear (among civilians). |
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Terrorism is not...
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International crime
Terrorism has political objectives International warfare Terrorism targets civilian deliberately and indiscriminately Guerrilla warfare Guerrillas are more territorially based and more focused on seizing power to govern ETA (Spain), Tamil Tiger (Sri Lanka), Shining Path (Peru |
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State sponsored conflict
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State-sponsored terrorism: use of
terrorist groups by states to achieve political aims. State Sponsors of Terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria (North Korea, Libya, Iraq) Lockerbie Air Disaster (1988, 270 killed) |
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High intensity conflict (HIC)
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Defining war
Fatalities the Correlates of War project: 1,000 combatant battle deaths Combatants conventional military units (air forces, armies and navies) supported, equipped and commanded by governments Weaponry Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): ABC weapons Conventional weapons: non-WMD explosive weaponry |
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Types of War
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International war (interstate war)
War between/among sovereign states Civil war (intrastate war) War fought within the boundaries of a given state Extra-systematic war (extra-state war) War between a state and a non-state actor Israel – Hezbollah war (Lebanon War, 2006 |
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Types of War II
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Hegemonic war: to control the entire world order
WWI, WWII Total war: waged by one state to conquer and occupy the other 2003 Iraqi war Limited war: waged to achieve some objective short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy. The First Gulf War (1991) |
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3 levels of analysis of war
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systemic level
state level individual level |
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systemic level
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unit of analysis: individual states as unitary actor
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state level
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unit of analysis: government departments,
bureaucracies, interest groups |
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individual level
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Individual level
unit of analysis: individual leaders |
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systemic causes of war are?
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Structure of the international system
Pole theory Balance of power theory Democratic peace Arms race |
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what is a pole?
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Pole
A powerful country, or an alliance of countries The NATO, The Warsaw Pact members The U.S., the Soviet Union |
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what is a pole theory?
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Pole theory
The theory about the number of poles and the stability (peace/war) of the world |
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bi polar, multi-polar, and uni-polar stability
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Bi-polar stability
the Cold War (1945 – 1990) Multi-polar stability the Vienna Congress (1815 – 1905) Uni-polar stability post-Cold War years |
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Democratic peace (2 arguments)
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Democratic states are in general about as
conflict- and war-prone as non-democracies Democratic states don’t fight each other Many wars are fought between democracies and non-democracies |
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Democracies never
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fight each other
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scapegoat theory is
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When a leader is in domestic political trouble,
he or she may precipitate conflict abroad to divert attention from domestic failures and gather the “rally-’round-the-flag” effect to boost his/her popularity for a short period of time. The Falkland War (1982) The U.S. bombardment of Sudan and Afghanistan (1999 |
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The war power resolution of 1973
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The War Powers Resolution requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war
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Merchantilism
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International trade is a constant-sum game
Emphasizes relative rather than absolute gains States as the major actor of international economic activity The basic way to accumulate national wealth is via trade surplus Protectionism |
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Economic Liberalism is
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International trade as a cooperative game
Emphasizes absolute rather than relative gains Multiple actors in international trade States, international institutions, MNCs, and NGOs Free trade |
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Idealogies of international trade are
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economic liberalism & mercantilism
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terms in international trade are:
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balance of trade
trade deficit trade surplus |
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balance of trade is
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Balance of trade: the value of a state’s
imports relative to its exports balance = export - import |
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trade surplus is:
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Trade surplus (positive trade balance)
When a state exports more than it imports |
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trade deficit is:
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Trade deficit (negative trade balance)
When a state imports more than it exports |
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The GATT
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 1947, as a negotiating forum rather than an administrative institution The Uruguay Round (1986 – 1994) |
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The WTO
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The World Trade Organization (WTO)
1995, both a negotiating forum and a venue of trade review, dispute settlement, and enforcement 153 members (except Russia) The Doha Round (2001 -?): agriculture, service, the South-North gap |
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princples of WTO:
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To oversee implementing and administering WTO
agreements; To provide a forum for negotiations; and To provide a dispute settlement mechanism |
