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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“though this be a state of liberty, it is not a state of license.”
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Locke (State of Nature)
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“being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possession.”
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Locke (State of Nature)
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“Every one, as he is bound to preserve himself, when his own self-preservation comes not in competition, ought, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind.”
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Locke (State of Nature)
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“for this labor being the unquestionable property of the laborer, no man but he can have a right to what that is once joined to, at least where there is enough, and as good, left in common for others.”
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Locke (Labor Theory of Value)
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“It is labor indeed that puts the difference of value on every thing… Of the products of the earth useful to the life of man… 99/100 are wholly to be put on account of labor.”
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Locke (Labor Theory of Value)
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“Nothing was made by God for man to despoil or destroy.”
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Locke (Limit on Property)
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No “established, settled, known law”
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Locke (Inconvenience in State of Nature)
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No “established, settled, known law”
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Locke (Inconvenience in State of Nature)
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: “there often wants power to back and support the sentence, and to give it due execution.”
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Locke (Inconvenience in State of Nature)
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man “divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of a civil society, . . . Agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community”
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Locke (Social Contract)
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“puts himself under an obligation, to every one of that society, to submit to the determination of the majority, and to be concluded by it.”
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Locke (Political Contract)
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the people have “a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative, when they find the legislative act contrary to the trust reposed in them. . . .”
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Locke (Right Protected by the Government)
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“the power of war and peace, leagues and alliances, and all the transactions; with all persons and communities without the commonwealth. . . .”
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Locke (Federative Power)
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“prerogative can be nothing but the people’s permitting their rulers to do several things, of their own free choice, where the law was silent, and sometimes too against the direct letter of the law, and their acquiescing in it when done so.” “prerogative is nothing but the power of doing public good without a rule”
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Locke (Executive Prerogative)
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“it is only a change of persons, but not of the forms and rules of government. “
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Locke (Usurpation)
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“the exercise of power beyond right.”
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Locke (Tyranny)
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“exceeding the bounds of authority is no more a right in a great, than in a petty officer; no more justifiable in a king than a constable, but is so much worse in him that has more trust put in him. . .”
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Locke (Tyranny)
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“endeavor to take away, and destroy the property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary power, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any further obedience.”
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Locke (Justification for Deposing Leaders)
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Men are prone “to ignorance and error...hurried away by a thousand impetuous passions.”
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Montesquieu (Why it is hard to sustain virtue?)
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“The government most conformable to nature is that which best agrees with the humor and disposition of the people.”
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Montesquieu (Terroir)
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“In monarchies, policy affects great things with as little virtue as possible. Thus in the nicest machines, art has reduced the number of movements, springs, and wheels...Is it not very exacting to oblige men to perform the most difficult actions . . . without other recompense than that of glory and applause?”
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Montesquieu (Why Monarchy is the Best Form of Government)
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: “Honor sets all the parts of the body politic in motion, and by its very action connects them; thus each individual advances the public good, while he only thinks of promoting his own interest.”
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Montesquieu (Role of Honor in Sustaining a Monarchy)
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“political liberty does not consist in an unlimited freedom . . . in societies directed by laws, liberty can only consist in the power of doing what we ought to will, and in not being constrained to do what we ought not to will.”
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Montesquieu
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“a tranquility of mind arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. . . . it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man need not be afraid of another.”
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Montesquieu (Definition of Political Liberty)
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, “it is necessary from the very nature of things that power should be a check to power.”
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Montesquieu (Importance of Checks and Balances)
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“they might lose that peculiar taste which would be the source of the wealth of the nation.”
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Montesquieu (Terroir and Liberty)
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: “It is the business of the legislature to follow the spirit of the nation, when it is not contrary to the principles, for we do nothing so well as when we act with freedom, and follow the bent of our natural genius.”
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Montesquieu (Terroir)
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“All punishment which is not derived from necessity is tyrannical. The law is not a mere act of power; things in their nature indifferent are not within its power.”
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Montesquieu (Why law should not extend beyond force needed to maintain order)
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“All punishment which is not derived from necessity is tyrannical. The law is not a mere act of power; things in their nature indifferent are not within its power.”
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Rousseau (State of Nature)
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“Do good to yourself with as little evil as possible to others.”
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Rousseau (State of Nature)
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“The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying ‘This is mine,’ and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society.”
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Rousseau
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“the savage lives within himself, while social man lives constantly outside himself, and only knows how to live in the opinion of others. . . . always asking others what we are, and never daring to ask ourselves . . . we have nothing to show for ourselves but a frivolous and deceitful appearance, honor without virtue, reason without wisdom, and pleasure without happiness.”
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Rousseau (Insecurity in the Social Man)
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“man is/was born free, and is always in irons”
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Rousseau
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“The Greeks imprisoned in the cave of the Cyclops lived there very tranquilly, while they were awaiting their turn to be devoured.”
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Rousseau (Critique of Hobbes)
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“Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children.”
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Rousseau (Critique of Locke)
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“It will always be equally foolish for a man to say to a man or to a people: ‘I make with you a convention wholly at your expense and wholly to my advantage; I shall keep it as long as I like, and you will keep it as long as I like.”
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Rousseau (Critique of Hobbes)
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“Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. . . . if the individuals retained certain rights, . . . there would be no common superior to decide between them and the public.”
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Rousseau
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“This passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formally lacked. Then only, when the voice of duty take the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man . . . find that he is forced to act on different principles . . . his faculties are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so extended, his feelings so enobled, and his whole sole uplifted.”
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Rousseau (Why general will should rule?)
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“What man loses by the social contract is his natural liberty and an unlimited right to everything . . . what he gains is civil liberty and the proprietorship of all he possesses.”
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Rousseau (Why general will should rule?)
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“whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body. This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free. . . .”
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Rousseau
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: “When in the popular assembly law is proposed, what the people is asked is not exactly whether it approves or rejects the proposal, but whether it is in conformity with the general will, which is their will. Each man, in giving his vote, states his opinion on that point; and the general will is found by counting votes. When, therefore, the opinion that is contrary to mine prevails, this proves neither more nor less than that I was mistaken, and that what I thought to be the general will was not so. If my particular opinion had carried the day, I should have achieved the opposite of what was my will, and it is in that case that I should not have been free.”
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Rousseau
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“take away from these same wills the pluses and minuses that cancel out one another, and the general will remains as the sum of the differences.”
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Rousseau
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, “a superior intelligence beholding all the passions of men without experiencing any of them. . . . It would take gods to give men laws.” This Legislator “ought to feel himself capable, so to speak, of changing human nature, of transforming each individual, who is by himself a complete and solitary whole, into part of a greater whole from which . . . he receives his life and being.”
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Rousseau (Qualities of the Legislator)
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“have recourse to an authority of a different order, capable of constraining without violence and persuading without convincing,”
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Rousseau (Qualities of the Legislator)
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“for the State to be properly balanced, there must . . . Be equality between the product or power of the government taken in itself, and the product or power of the citizens.”
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Rousseau (Citizens = Government Squared)
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“The first is: ‘Does it please the sovereign to preserve the present form of government?’ The second is: ‘Does it please the people to leave its administration in the hands of those who are actually in charge of it?’”
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Rousseau (Two Questions Regularly asked of Citizens)
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“nominate a supreme ruler, who shall silence all the laws and suspend for a moment the sovereign authority.”
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Rousseau (When the state should create a dictatorship)
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“outside the single nation that follows it, all the world is in its sight infidel, foreign and barbarous.”
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Rousseau (Theocracy)
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"so clearly bad, that it is a waste of time to stop to prove it as such.”
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Rousseau (Religions that contradict civic duties)
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“this will make him love his duty.”
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Rousseau (Civic Religion)
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“nobles, placed high as they were above the people, . . . .watched over the destiny of those whose welfare Providence had entrusted to their care. The people, having never conceived the idea of a social condition different from their own, and never expecting to become equal to their leaders, . . . became attached to them when they were clement and just and submitted to their exactions without resistance or servility.”
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Tocqueville (What was lost with the demise of aristocracy)
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“The spirit of royalty is broken, but it has not been succeeded by the majesty of the laws.” “[W]e have destroyed those individual powers which were able, single-handed, to cope with tyranny…” “The poor man retains the prejudices of his forefathers without their faith, and their ignorance without their virtue; he has adopted the doctrine of self-interest as the rule of his actions.”
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Tocqueville (What was lost with the demise of aristocracy)
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“A new science of politics is needed for a new world.”
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Tocqueville (Why he wrote Democracy in America)
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democracy “virtue is without genius, and genius without honor; . . . the love of order is confused with a taste for oppression, and the holy cult of freedom with a contempt of law; . . . Nothing seems to be any longer forbidden or allowed, honorable or shameful, false or true?”
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Tocqueville (What he fears about Democracy)
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“There is one country in the world where the great social revolution that I am speaking of seems to have nearly reached its natural limits....“I confess that in America I saw more than America, I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress.”
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Tocqueville (Why he wrote Democracy in America)
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“The very essence of democratic government consists in the absolute sovereignty of the majority.”
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Tocqueville (Tyranny of the Majority and why Democracy should be feared)
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“A nation may be considered as a jury which is empowered to represent society at large and to apply justice, which is its law. Ought such a jury, which represents society, to have more power than the society itself whose laws it executes?”
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Tocqueville (Tyranny of the Majority and why Democracy should be feared)
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“When I refuse to obey an unjust law, I do not contest the right of the majority to command, but I simply appeal from the sovereignty of the people to the sovereignty of mankind.”
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Tocqueville (Refutation of TOM)
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“If it be admitted that a man possessing absolute power may misuse that power by wronging his adversaries, why should not a majority be liable to the same reproach? . . . [T]he power to do everything, which I should refuse to one of my equals, I will never grant to any of them.”
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Tocqueville (Refutation of TOM)
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“In my opinion, the main evil of the present democratic institutions of the United States [arises] from their irresistible strength.”
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Tocqueville (Refutation of TOM)
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“Under the absolute sway of one man the body was attacked in order to subdue the soul; but the soul escaped the blows which were directed against it and rose proudly superior. Such is not the course adopted by tyranny in democratic republics; there the body is left free, and the soul is enslaved. . . . [The people] says: “You are free to think differently from me and retain your life, your property and all your rights, but they will be useless to you . . . Your fellow creatures will shun you like an impure being, and even those who believe in your innocence will abandon you, lest they should be shunned in their turn. Go in peace! I have given you your life, but it is an existence worse than death.”
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Tocqueville
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“perpetuates a drowsy regularity in the conduct of affairs which the heads of the administration are wont to call good order and public tranquility . . . If once the cooperation of private citizens is necessary to the furtherance of its measures, the secret of its impotence is disclosed.”
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Tocqueville (Centralization)
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“Its eyes are never shut, and it lays bare the secret shifts of politics, forcing public figures in turn to appear before the tribunal of public opinion.”
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Tocqueville (Associations and Press)
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“constitute a sort of privileged body in the scale of intellect. . . . they are masters of a science which is necessary, but which is not very generally known”
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Tocqueville (Lawyers)
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“places the real direction of society in the hands of the governed, or of a portion of the governed, and not in that of the government.”
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Tocqueville (Jury System)
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“It teaches men to practice equity; every man learns to judge his neighbor as he would himself be judged.” “By obliging men to turn their attention to other affairs than their own, it rubs off that private selfishness which is the rust of society.”
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Tocqueville (Civil Jury System)
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“It may be regarded as a gratuitous public school, ever open, in which every juror learns his rights, enters into daily communication with the most learned and enlightened members of the upper classes, and becomes practically acquainted with the laws.”
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Tocqueville (Jury System)
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“Individualism is a mature and calm feeling, which disposes each member of the community to sever himself from the mass of fellows and to draw apart with his family and friends, so that . . . he willingly leaves society at large to itself.”
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Tocqueville (Problem with Individualism)
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“has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his ‘natural superiors,’ and has left no other nexus between people than naked self-interest, than callous ‘cash payment.’”
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Marx (What capitalism did to feudalism)
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“mortifies his flesh and ruins his mind.” Thus people found fulfillment only through animal functions: “eating, drinking, procreating.”
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Marx (Alienation of Worker and Labor)
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The degrading treatment workers receive makes them see work as repulsive slavery “under the rule, coercion, and yoke of another man.”
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Marx (Alienation of Man and Species)
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“this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property.”
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Marx (Revolution)
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