Political Systems: Chp 1 Martinson

Front 1

right to govern yourself
Afgan vs. America
america tends to infrenge on other countries __________

Back 1

Sovereignty

Front 2

-organizations or activities
-defines and shapes what is possible and probable
-rules regulations for this certain thing

Back 2

Institutions

Front 3

-controlling y discussing rules
-used to take, decide (oil, land, power)

Back 3

Politics

Front 4

-measuring things: evidence needed
-testing y evidence is critical -standardize

Back 4

Comparative methods

Front 5

studying struggle across countries

Back 5

comparative politics

Front 6

study steeped in history and culture

Back 6

qualitative method

Front 7

relies on statistical data from a range of countries to construct hypotheses about politics

Back 7

quantitative method

Front 8

societies developed based on a core sense of values and characteristics

Back 8

modernization theory

Front 9

ability of an individual to act independently

Back 9

freedom

Front 10

shared material standard of individuals within a community, society, or country

Back 10

equality

Front 11

-foundational
-organizing, primary authority, laws, resolving, securing

Back 11

state

Front 12

not so foundational
-fundamental rules and norms of politics

Back 12

regime

Front 13

less foundational
-leadership or elite in charge of running the state

Back 13

government

Front 14

shorthand for all the concepts so far discussed and people who live w/in political systems

Back 14

country

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authoritarian rule

Back 15

coercion

Front 16

democratic rule

Back 16

consensus

Front 17

-value where someone or something is recognized & accepted as right and proper

Back 17

legitimacy

Front 18

habit and custom. institutionalized.
"it has always been that way"
-Queen Elizabeth

Back 18

traditional legitimacy

Front 19

based on one individual who can move the public.
-Hitler. Muhammad.

Back 19

charismatic leitimacy

Front 20

laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized.
-George Bush

Back 20

rational-legal legitimacy

Front 21

significant powers (taxation, lawmaking, & security)

local delegation

Back 21

federalism

Front 22

national level w/ limited local authority

Back 22

Unitary states

Front 23

ss: fulfill basic tasks.
ws: execute cannot execute such tasks very well

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strong states/ weak states

Front 24

structures of tehs tate may become weak and collapse. resulting in a complete loss of power, anarchy and violence.

Back 24

failed states

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peoples knowledge, foods, resources etc that a state can hold

Back 25

capacity

Front 26

collection of people bound by a shared institution that define how human relations should be conducted

Back 26

society

Front 27

attributes differing between societies (ethnicity)

Back 27

ethnicity

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belonging to a nation
*a political concept*

Back 28

national identity

Front 29

instills pride; unifies group
(cornhuskin, democrats, peep rallies)

Back 29

nationalism

Front 30

state obligated to provide rights to those individuals or members of that group

Back 30

citizenship

Front 31

-pride in state; extremely political
-state has arrived and present

-statehood: citizenship= patriotism

Back 31

patriotism

Front 32

soveriegn state encompassing 1 dominant nation that it claims to represent

Back 32

nation-state

Front 33

LEFT.
dramatic change > violence. change through peace

Back 33

radicals

Front 34

progressive change through system not overthrow

Back 34

liberals

Front 35

change is disruptive; not much movement

Back 35

conservatives

Front 36

restore political, social, and $ institutes
restoration of older values
willing to use violence

Back 36

reactionaries

Front 37

What are three difficulties involved in the study of comparative politics?

Back 37

1. causation hard: not able to control variable.
2. limited cases: countries; short history
3. access the cases; limited # of countries available such as wide variety of countries cultures language limits the ability to compare

Front 38

What are freedom and equality and how are they said to contradict one another?

Back 38

the more freedom you have it means the less equal state power becomes. infringing on some else peace so that you can have more freedom.

Front 39

What is legitimacy?

Back 39

value where someone or something valued in their own right

Front 40

ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public (it can do what it pleases w/o asking)

Back 40

autonomy

Front 41

national identity is a sense of belonging to this

Back 41

nation

Front 42

different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each others expense

Back 42

ethnic conflict

Front 43

one or more groups do develop clear aspirations for sovereignty, clashing w/ others as a result

Back 43

national conflict

Front 44

sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics

Back 44

political ideologies

Front 45

IDEOLOGY.
a high priority on individual, political, and economic freedom
max degree of liberty for all people instead of equality

Back 45

liberalism

Front 46

IDEOLOGY.
a system of political, social, and economic liberties, supported by competition, participation, and contestantion (such as voting)

Back 46

liberal democracy

Front 47

-rejects the idea that personal freedom will ensure prosperity for the majority.
-struggle over economic resources.
-state controls all making it "equal"

Back 47

communism

Front 48

accepts a strong role for private ownership and market forces while still maintaining an emphasis on economic equality

Back 48

social democracy (socialism)

Front 49

rejects notion of equality.
inferiority vs. superiority
nothing (Fvs.E) is possible or desirable under this

Back 49

fascism

Front 50

rejects the notion of the state
(its eliminated)

Back 50

Anarchism

Front 51

viewed as an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state, or rather, to make faith the sovereign authority

Back 51

Fundamentalism

Front 52

combined religious and political ruler.

faith and politics are inseparable.

Back 52

Theocracy

Front 53

comprises those basic institutions that help define a society.

a social road map.

Back 53

Culture

Front 54

-"social contract"
-surrender certain liberties in favor of order

Back 54

Hobbes

Front 55

-citizens' rights are inalienable and cannot be taken away by the state.
-civil rights

Back 55

Rousseau

Front 56

-economic development & inequality
-predicted the eventual collapse of capitalism and democracy

Back 56

Marx

Front 57

-bureaucracy, forms of authority, impact of culture on economic and political development

Back 57

Weber

Front 58

source of conflict becomes more cultural in time to come (instead of political & economical)

Back 58

Huntington

Front 59

What is legitimacy?

Back 59

A value where by something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper
an institution or person is widely accepted and recognized by the public

Front 60

What are the differences between federal and unitary states? What are examples of both?

Back 60

F: Helps represent local interests y checks w/ central power (US states)
U: most power at the national level w/ limited local authority (
U against F: lots of local thoughts no unification of power

Front 61

What does it mean to say that states can have either weak autonomy, capacity or both?

Back 61

A: autonomy disappears
C: no stuff in state people knowledge foods resources

Front 62

What does it mean to say a state is a “failed state”? What is one example?

Back 62

no sovereignty over the state: Hati or Africa

Front 63

What is the difference between a nation and a nation-state?

Back 63

the nation-state is an umbrella for a nation or a group with a nationalistic ideogly to be under

Front 64

How does ethnic conflict differ from national conflict, as described by O’Neill?

Back 64

EC: between different ethnic groups: Afghans- greater power over each other in the country
NC: 2 nations fights: American Revolution (brits vs. US)

Front 65

What does it mean to say that radicals are in many ways like reactionaries?

Back 65

the both believe in violence to either come back to their roots (reactionaries) or to start a whole new idea (radicals)

Front 66

Which political ideology is most concerned with freedom? Which is most concerned with equality?

Back 66

F: An individual is independent
E: shared standards of individuals w/in a society

Front 67

What are “civilizations”, according to Huntington?

Back 67

cultures or religions that bind a it together

Front 68

What is comparative politics?

Back 68

subfield that compares this struggle across countries

Front 69

-doesn't have a oneness of cultures
maybe one culture wasn't to be separate from another
-
Pakistan vs. Israel
could lead to a failed state

Back 69

Ethnic fragmentation

Front 70

Separation of powers

Back 70

democracies diffuse democratic power by giving specific branches the ability to check the political power of other actors within government

Front 71

Executive

Back 71

the branch that carries laws and policies of a state
2 roles: head of state y head of gov't

Front 72

Head of State vs. Head of Government

Back 72

HoS:symbolizes and represents the people and articulating the goals of the regime

HoG: deal with the everyday tasks

Front 73

Legislature

Back 73

branch of gov't charged w/ making laws

Front 74

Constitutional courts

Back 74

highest judicial body that rules on the constitutionality of laws and other government

Front 75

Civil liberties vs. rights

Back 75

CL: promotion of freedom

CR: promotion of equality

Front 76

Political economy

Back 76

politics and economics are related and how their relationship shapes the balance of freedom and equality

Front 77

Markets

Back 77

interactions between the forces of supply and demand, and they allocate resources through the process of that interaction

Front 78

Property

Back 78

ownership of those goods and services

Front 79

Public goods

Back 79

individuals obtain in the market and own and benefit from themselves
however not one person or organization can own these goods hence "public"

Front 80

Social expenditures (welfare)

Back 80

state provisions such as health care, education, public benefits, and transportation and "welfare"

people in adverse circumstances

Front 81

taxes

Back 81

state collects the funds to pay for public goods and services... benefits the public directly

Front 82

central banks

Back 82

institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy

changes the nations inflation rates

Front 83

inflation

Back 83

prices begin to rise and money loses its value

Front 84

regulations

Back 84

rules or orders that set the boundaries of a given procedure, may take a number of different forms

Front 85

comparative advantage

Back 85

ability to produce a particular good/service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good/service

Front 86

tariffs

Back 86

taxes on imported goods

Front 87

quotas

Back 87

limit the quantity of a good coming into the country

Front 88

non-tariff barriers

Back 88

create health, packaging, or other restrictions and whose ostensible purpose is to protect its citizens but which in reality make it difficult or expensive for foreign goods to be sold in the local market

Front 89

capitalism

Back 89

a system of production based on private ownership and free markets

Front 90

Laissez-Faire

Back 90

holds that theeconomy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes

"night watchmen"

Front 91

Social Democracy

Back 91

they argue that unchecked economic development produces great inequality by concentrating wealth in the hands of very few.

Edward Bernstein

Front 92

mercantilism

Back 92

Friedrich List

rejected free-trade theories of liberalism, arguing that states must play a strong role in protecting and developing the national economy against foreign competitors

Front 93

communism

Back 93

Asserted that human history is driven by economic relations and inequality and that revolution will eventually replace capitalism with a system of total equality between people

Karl Marx

Front 94

GDP

Back 94

gross domestic product

the total market value of all goods/services produced within a country over a period of one year

Front 95

PPP

Back 95

purchasing-power parity

attempts of estimate the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs, such as food and housing, using prices in the United States as a benchmark.

Front 96

Gini Index

Back 96

a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

Front 97

HDI

Back 97

human development index

total amount of wealth in a society (GDP) BUT the overall outcome of that wealth; well being of the country's people

Front 98

Bureaucratic authoritarianism

Back 98

a system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation.

Front 99

One party rule

Back 99

rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power.

Front 100

Theocracy

Back 100

a nondemocratic form of rule where religion is the foundation for the regime.

Front 101

Illiberal regimes

Back 101

rule by an elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.

Front 102

Democracy

Back 102

a political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people. Liberty rule of law and equality, competition, participation, liberty…overtime evolved into democracy. In absence of rule of law and be civil war, dictatorship…and so on. Losers and winners; lose today, win tomorrow.

Front 103

Liberal democracy

Back 103

a political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individualization and power.

Front 104

Republicanism

Back 104

indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials.

Front 105

suffrage

Back 105

the right to vote.

Front 106

Electoral systems

Back 106

a set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.

Front 107

• Constituency

Back 107

a geographical area that an elected official represents.

Front 108

SMD

Back 108

-(single-member district) an electoral district with one seat.

Front 109

• PR

Back 109

-(proportional representation) an electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote.

Front 110

Mixed electoral systems

Back 110

an electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation.

Front 111

Parliamentary vs. Presidential

Back 111

Presidential-a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive offices. Parliamentary-a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices.

Front 112

Separation of powers

Back 112

The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches.

Front 113

• Executive

Back 113

The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state.

Front 114

• Legislature

Back 114

the branch of government charged with making laws.

Front 115

• Constitutional courts

Back 115

the highest judicial body in a political system that decides wheather laws and policies violate the constitution.

Front 116

• Civil liberties vs. rights-

Back 116

Civil liberties-individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime. Civil rights-individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime.