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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the principle of subjectivity?
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-the recognition of the self
-see others as "you" not "we" -move from tribalism to the individulated |
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What is political consciousness?
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-Deliberate search for rational and moral order
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How and why does the principle of subjectivity lead to estrangement?
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-The new idea of the "I" instead of the "we"
-No longer the "Same person" you're you, and I'm me |
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What are two species of political being?
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-Tribalism
-Individualated |
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What is the political significance of consciousness of self?
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-Causes us to be conscious of our own rights
-Leads to the development of political consciousness and a new mode of political being, modern individuated |
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What is the political significance of consciousness of others?
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Causes us to be conscious of our obligations to others
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What are the characteristics of tribal societies?
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-Strong sense of belonging
-Identity -Sociality -Security -In Group/Out Group mentality (if you're in my tribe...then we're friends) -Ethnocentrility -Violence -Genocide |
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What are the characteristics of individuated societies?
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-Rational and moral
-Individual accountability -Effiency -Impersonal -Bureaucratic -Technocratic |
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What are the characteristics of the modern nation? How is it tribal?
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-Ethnicity; common culture and language
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What are the characteristics of the modern state?
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-individuated formal politics with rational institution and laws
-people who possess a territory and who are governed by a sovereign government -ruled by law |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of tribal societies?
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STRENGTHS: strong sense of belonging, identity, sociality, security
WEAKNESSES: in group/out group mentality, ethnocentricity, violence, genocide |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of individuated modern political societies?
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STRENGTHS: rational/legal (predictable, individual accountability, effiency)
WEAKNESSES: impersonal, bureaucracy, technocratic |
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What was the Theatre of Dionysus?
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-a place where plays provide a debate about a political situation with free speech and equality
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What 8 kinds of questions do greek tradgedies raise?
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-Nature of justice (humans and gods)
-Function of women -Notion of freedom (how much of behvior is determined by fate) -Reasons and justification for war -Hubris (pride) -Betrayal of Trust -Perversion of speech and the corruption of private & public morality -Coherence of social order |
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What is hubris?
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Exaggerated pride and self confidence.
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What is a polis?
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-the city/state
-the community in which human potential may be relized |
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Socrates
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-we shouldn't ask what is permanent but we should ask "Is there good and do we know it?"
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What 6 functions do tragedies perform for ancient Greek societes?
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-violench and hubris
-justice -betrayal -perversion of speech -coherance of social order -political and religious institutions |
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What 5 innovations did Aeschylus bring to select Greek tradgedy?
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-extra actor
-chorus -interest to divine justice -emphasis on background -rich beautiful language |
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Atreus
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father of agamemnon
brother of thyestis feeds his brother's kids to his brother thyestis and his son agesthys escape and blood curse on the house of atreus |
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Agamemnon
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married to clytemnestra
leads an army and navy to deal with seduction of paris |
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Menelaus
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married to Helen
brother of agamemnon reason for the Trojan war |
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Clytemnestra
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wife of agamemnon
kills agamemnon |
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Orestes
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kills his mother (clymemnestra) because she killed Agamemnon
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Cassandra
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with people of Troy
becomes slave Priom's daughter, who is the King of Troy princess who could see the future but nobody believed her |
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Who are the matriarchal gods in the Oresteia? What is the basis of thier power?
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-The ancient guys, the Furies
-Control fate and fear, they are the authority of "memory and evil" |
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In the Oresteia, What is the relevance of the psyche? Of the polis? Of the cosmos?
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-the 3 elements that must be brought back into balance before the Kingdom of Argos can be restored and justice can be had
-psyche: the soul (of Orestes) -Polis: the kingdom -Cosmos: the gods |
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What is a theodicy?
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-Explains why bad things happen to good people
-Explanation for the existence of evil and suffering, particularly in religion. |
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What intimations of democracy are found in the Oresteia?
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-Guilt and punishment
-The notion of the Arepagus appointed by Athena -Hesitation before killing the mother |
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What is the nature of the tyranny at the conclusion of the play Agamemnon?
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-neither rulers of the kingdom are legitimate (only Orestes is and he cannot be found)
-Aegisthus is willing to use hunger and imprisonment for getting obedience (tools of tyrany) |
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What is the polis?
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-City/state that should be ruled by the philosopher king
-only place where humans can be happy and find their potential |
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What is the Aeropagus?
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-A tribunal to judge Orestes guilt; created by Athena
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How does Athena convince the Furies of their place in the new order?
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-Says power of fear and memory of evil will have an important role in the new kingdom
-Recognizes that conscience, based upon fear of punishment, is important in human life |
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What is the world of the In-Between?
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-referred to in the Oresteia by the furies and Athena
-a world of balance between tyranny and anarchy, reason and fear, love, and hate. |
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How does Orestes deal with the issue of responsibility?
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- refuses to accept responsibility and blames Apollo
- questions the wisdom of what he is doing - admits while Apollo insisted on the act, he performed it - asks was I right in doing it (critical) |
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What is the role of fear? What are the components of that fear?
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Fear=Furies
-search for world of in between; used reason to let them know they still have power |
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What are the 5 major themes or conclusions of the Oresteia?
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-Optimism
-Harmony of psyche, city, and cosmos -New order -Victory of Civilization -Rite of passage |
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What is metaphysics?
Epistemology? Ontology? Ethics? |
Metaphysics: nature, deals with and questions reality
Epistemology: how do we know what is real Ontology: study of being Ethics: what you are doing right |
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What is Plato's answer to the question of change and permanence in nature?
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-nothing in the material world is permanent, but the idea of things is
-idealist |
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What is Aristotle's answer to the question of change and permanence in nature?
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-potentiality: permanence can be found in the unity of substance and form
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What is Materialism?
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the fundamental component of the world is matter
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What is Idealism?
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Plato's philosophy, fundamental reality exists in the idea of things, not material existence.
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potentiality
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Aristotle says that our potential as humans is to be happy.
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What does Karl Marx mean by Home Faber?
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-Man is the tool maker
-we transform nature, then nature transforms us |
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What does Marx mean by infrastructure?
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determines how society will be organized and the nature of its laws.
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What does Marx mean by superstructure?
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idea component of society (religion, art, politics)
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What is the role of Eros and recollection in Plato's theroy of education?
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Once the soul enters the body, it forgets its perfect knowledge of the forms
-feels a desire to learn (eros) -education: a form of remembering that which we have forgotten |
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According to Plato, who should rule the polis?
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the philosopher king
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What is Kant's categorical imperative?
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An expression of an abstract, univeral moral mandate.
"Do I want my actions to become universal moral behavior and apply to eeveryone who acts this way" |
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What is homo phenomenon (phenomena)?
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the creature, us
-we're not any better than any other creature |
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What is homo noumenon (noumena)
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the moral agent, morals
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What are the 4 political implications of Kant's form of idealism?
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1. Value of the individual
2. Republic is the best form of politics, because it recognizes the value of humans 3. War uses humans as means to end so war needs to stop 4. Politics is the legalization of moral ends |
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What does aristotle mean by happiness?
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One who achieves their full potential
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What is Nietzsche's answer answer to the question of change and permanence in nature?
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-Everything is changing and chaotic
-The only thing permanent is change |
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What is perspectivism?
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nothing is permanent
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What is Will to power?
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Everything is chaotic and it is up to us to give the chaos shape through the will to power.
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What are metanarratives?
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The grand truth system (Christianity)
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What is the hermeneutic of suspicion?
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to interpret with skepticism
-assumes most claims need to be deconstructed -Warns against binary systems of thought -Cautions us to look out for systems of dominance |
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What is deconstruction?
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unbuild
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Binary Opposition
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find two common things and ask which one is priviledged over the other one and why
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Hierarchy
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Who is in power
based on power not truth from Binary opposites |
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What are the political implications of postmodern thought?
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-Valuing Diversity
-Tolerance -Claims to truth; skepticism |
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According to aristotle, one of the characteristics of intellectual versus moral virtues?
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Intellectual: theory, theoretical reasoning, practical wisom (can be taught)
Moral: practice, what it means to be generous, self control (habitual) |
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According to Aristotle, what is the spoudaious?
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A serious, reasonable person, who has a sense of living life well and fufills their function in society to the highest standards
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According to aristotle, what is the nature of the human soul?
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Irrational Elements:
Vegetative- things we need to survive Instinctive- involves appeities and desires Rational Elements: -Reason -Memory -Language Intellectual Virtues: -Theoretical reasoning Moral Virtues: -Practice -Generosity -Self control |
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According to Aristotle, what are the characteristics of the good that politics seek?
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-It is final (self sufficient & intinsic)
-It is social (we reach human potential in social setting) -It is attainableA |
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marks
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infastructure
superstructure- religion art science |
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What are the principles of virtuous action, according to Aristotle?
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- act itself must be of a certain kind
- knows what they are doing - agent has chosen this act - agent chooses act for its own sake - must spring from unchangeable character |
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What is the mean?
What is the sophrosyne? |
Mean: avoiding excess and deficiency in our acts
Sophrosynce: someone who can judge ethically, self control, knowledge of strenghts and weaknesses, right reason |
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According to aristotle...
General justice? Disruptive Justice? Retributive Justice? |
General Justice: regulates conduct within society and proper attitud toward self
Disruptive Justice: how society chooses to allocate resources (money, power, education) Retributive Justice: what happens when someone violates the law |
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What are the characteristics of Socratic citizenship?
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-Caring for the soul
-Moral skepticism -Moral Individualism -Socratic ignorance -Heroic -Love of the City |
