Political Science Midterm

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Influence

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persuasion

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coercion

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non voluntary

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authority

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obeying based on respect

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traditional authority

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based on customs

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charismatic authority

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based on possession on outstanding personal qualities

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legal authority

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power is vested in law (police)

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repressive power

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cumulative process

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productive power

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you are never outside the power, always influenced by it, and it is not wielded but created (classroom dynamic)

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disciplinary power

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there is a norm, if not within: scrutinized

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Executive power

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small group of elected officials who direct the process and oversee the vast array of departments and agencies of the Canadian government (PM and cabinet)

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Legislative power

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branch of government responsible for making Canadian laws for society (GG, House of Commons, the Senate)

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Administrative power

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manage the relationship between state, citizens, organizations and corporations.

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Judicial power

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resolves all legal conflicts arising between subjects of the Queen, in Canada it is done by the Supreme Court of Canada

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Informative approach to study of Canadian Politics

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focuses on discussing the ideals and values with the purpose of providing a prescription of WHAT SHOULD OR SHOULD NOT BE DONE IN POLITICS

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Empirical approach to the study of Canadian Politics

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focuses on observation and measurement with the purpose of providing A DESCRIPTION OF WHAT IS DONE IN POLITICS AND HOW

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State-centred and institutional approach

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-state is autonomous from society, society trusts their decisions
-authorities seek to maximize jurisdictions/finances
- " manipulate information or use coercion

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Pluralist approach

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-power is widely dispersed among many interests of society
-compromising element is crucial to approach
-advocacy groups increasing and replacing party activity

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Class analysis approach

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-political activity is determined by economics
-dependence of state on capitalist system (max profits for the few)
-coercion used, less severe treatment of white collar crime
-state must contend with corporations and international agreements

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Public/Rational choice

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-politics is a bargaining process in which both politicians and voters act in rational, self-interested, utility max manner
-policies adopt policies and do what is necessary to get elected

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Feminist approach

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-gender dynamics is the most important feature
-policies are about more than official business of the state--community and such
-personal issues are also political (child care)

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Anti-colonial and anti-racist approach

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-political government is grounded in power inequalities along racial and colonial lines
-national and cultural identity is shaped by forces of race and colonialism
-crucial of current system and seek change

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Globalization approach

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-government responds to demands from external factors
-gov't constrained by international agreements
-political ideas and ideologies are increasingly globalized

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Colonialism

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where one society expands by incorporating territory and settling its people on newly claimed territory

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Plains of Abraham (1759)

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battle fought by the French and English over claims of land--British won

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1763 Royal Proclamation

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precursor of becoming Canada, goals to protect Indigenous

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1774 Quebec Act

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Roman Catholic freedom of religion, combined French civil and British criminal laws (in Quebec)

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1791 Constitution Act

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Creation of Upper and Lower Canada as a result of the American Declaration of Independence, British loyalists moved to Canada--displacement of Indigenous

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1839 Durham Report

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recommendation of the union of Upper and Lower Canada, British gain control by encouraging immigration and assimilating the French

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1840 Act of Union

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united colonies of Upper and Lower Canada into one province, French did not want assimilation and they got their language included--though the Indigenous were not included in the framework

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1867 British North America Act
(Constitution Act)

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-2 levels of government
-allowed autonomy but centralized gov't
-ONT, QUE, NB, NS included
-cultural guarantees of the French and English
-economic, political, and military basis for claiming lands (natural resources not important back then)

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Fusion of powers

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Executive and Legislative powers overlap: PM and Cabinet win seats in the House of Commons

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Judicial review

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the power of the courts to overturn legislation or an action of the executive branch of government

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Principle of Rule of Law

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based on conventions, not written down and are apart of the system--Canadian law is supreme and nobody is above it

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1931 Statute of Westminster

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-UK parliament couldn't refuse laws passed by parliament, constitutional changes were still decided by UK though

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1982 Constitution Act

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Canada was established under a Constitution similar in principle to that of the British. Included: charter of rights and freedoms, rights of aboriginal peoples, constitutional conference, amending formula

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1969 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

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equal relationship between the 2 founding nations, but the indigenous were left out

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1969 Official Languages Act

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French got added to the official languages in all areas of Canada

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1970 Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) Crisis

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self proclaimed terrorist group, abducted Quebec minister and a Brit (October crisis)--Trudeau invoked war measures act: 400 arrested without rights, Trudeau lost respect from Quebec

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Bill 22: Official Languages Act 1974

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French becomes the official language of Quebec

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Bill 101: Charter of the French Language 1977

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Finalized the official languages act

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1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

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made with the Cree, allowed their land for hydro and mining in exchange for sewage but they were never given what promised

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1980 Quebec Sovereignty association referendum

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Fronted by the Parti Quebecois: Quebec leaves but with ties to Canada, 60% voted no, government later tries to make them feel included

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1987-1990 Meech Lake Accord

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changed the Constitution to make Quebec a distinct society so it took 3 years to get amending, it lost support towards the end and was rejected

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1990 Oka Crisis

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golf course expansion into native burial grounds, national protests, resulted in 1 dead in riot police incident at burial grounds

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1992 Charlottetown Referendum

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new model of federalism: distinct Quebec and Indigenous new divisions of powers but 54% said no. French, Indigenous nations upset

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1995 Sovereignty Referendum

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Quebec independence (50.4% no) Aboriginal peoples critical of idea and unlike the French wanted to stay apart of Canada

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2000 Clarity Act

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result of the 1995 Sovereignty Referendum, because of 50.4% no, that was not enough, next time the government would decide if it was a good enough majority--upset French

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2007 Recognition of Quebec nation

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Harper did it for Quebec support—they got their wish, but they have not been treated as such

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Ideology

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system of beliefs and values that explain society and prescribe the role of government

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Liberalism

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theory of limited government, secure personal liberties, free market, private property rights, division of private and public

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Classical Liberalism

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individuals are naturally free; right to life, property, and liberty; rational choice in the individual

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Welfare and Social Liberalism

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gov't promotes personal liberties, help out after depression, but still individual

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NeoLiberalism

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laissez faire market, market not state provides goods/services to the individuals, gender equality, welfare

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Social Democracy (NDP)

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focus on limiting social inequalities

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Conservatism

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preference of institutions having evolved overtime; promote peace, order and stability; skeptical of change—should happen slowly; believe social inequality and hierarchies are natural

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Fiscal Conservative

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minimal role of gov't in market, private sector, decrease in social spending

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Social Conservative

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more interested in people's lives (weed, abortion, sex)

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NeoConservatism

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“hardass accountants”--very right wing

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Red Tories

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compassionate conservatives, more progressive

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Environmentalism

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emphasis that protection of physical environment is of primary importance, earth is our home and the richness and diversity of it has intrinsic value

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Liberal Market Environmentalism

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protect environment through market approach—tax polluters

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Eco Socialist

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government needs to get more involved

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Indigenous approach

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animate and inanimate objects separate, connection between 2 needs consideration

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Nationalism

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national/ethnic traditions require self government to be protected; want to live along side other nations; complicated: can be democratic or antidemocratic

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Citizenship

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-member of a political society who owes allegiance to the government and is entitled to its protection to political rights
-“the right to full partnership in the fortunes and future of the nation” (Can. Citizenship Bill 1946)

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Universal Citizen

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same status, everyone is equal before the law

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Differential Citizen

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differences recognized before the law, ie Aboriginal/Multicultural heritagedifferences recognized before the law

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Upper Class

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2-3%, wealthy entrepreneurs, corporate CEOs, have banking connections, make demands of gov't (tax cuts, lack of banking regulations): corporate welfare—gov't subsidizes to industry

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Middle Class

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15%; petit bourgeoisie: (farmers, self employed, doctors, lawyers) that want tax breaks, are anti-union; 'new' middle class:(teachers, nurses, social workers) work mostly for gov't and are pro unions; both don't own major means of production, but manage and control others.

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Working Class

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67%; manual/routine labour; sharp divide in economic well being between those who are unionized and those who aren't; decline in working class since the 1980s

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Poverty

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15%; live below the poverty line: 65% of wages go towards food/clothing/shelter (depends on tax bracket); 25% of the poor are children; welfare poor: need money from gov't; working poor