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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Authoritarianism
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1) interference by gov in private life
2) most intrusive form |
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Constitutionalism
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1) interference by gov in private life
2) mid-level form |
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Anarchism
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1) interference by gov in private life
2) low-level (no) form |
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Communism
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1) government, by interference in Econ
2) most interference |
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Socialism
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1) government, by interference in Econ
2) mid-level interference |
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Capitalism
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1) government, by interference in Econ
2) least econ interference - "laissez-faire" = purest |
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Autocracy
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1) government, by number of rulers
2) single ruler; dictatorship |
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Oligarchy
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1) government, by number of rulers
2) small groups of leaders |
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Democracy
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1) government, by number of rulers
2) "we, the people" - in theory, the people rule |
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What are the requirements for democracy?
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- majority rule w/ emphasis on individual rights
- based on "popular sovereignty" - no power higher than the people and their constitution 1) the government is legitimate ONLY if the governed consent 2) freedom exists ONLY when lived under self-made laws |
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Different ways of implementing democracy?
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Direct:
- people - government Indirect: - people - representatives - government • reps: house/senate/president |
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What is a republic?
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A state in which the sovereign power resides in the whole body of the people, and is exercised by representatives elected by them
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What is responsiveness?
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- indirect democracy
• principal-agent problem - scale = responsiveness [ the level of accuracy at which the representative represents the represented ( how well the congressman advocates for his state's actual concerns ) ] |
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What are "Trustees" & "Delegates"?
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Trustee:
- ideally… - does/says/fights for: what the "constituency" (citizen/represented) wants Delegate: - does "best interest" politics… - listens to himself over the body he reports to |
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Different types of elections:
need explanation |
"first past the post"
- 2nd place? you get squat - candidate centered "proportional system" - multi party system - need explanation |
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Different types of Government Set-ups?
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"presidential system"
- president ≠ legislative sect • (president = executive; enforces) "parliamentary system" - executive = legislative • president - head of both |
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Rational Actor
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- a person with a goal… that acts in ways to accomplish goal
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Describe the Collective Action Problem
(& Example) |
- 2+ opposed parties have to make decision
(more difficult = more people deciding) • 435 house + 100 senate + 1 president = hard decision • example: hubs and i going to dinner, thai vs pizza - solutions • delegation (phone an unbiased friend, "you decide") • default point (automatic choice/threshold if no decision) - ex: (debt ceiling (super congress) default cuts) |
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Describe the Free-Rider Problem
(& Example) |
- inefficient "drag" on economy
• people wont pay for free things (public goods) • public good = inherently free things (libraries/parks/edu) • ex: sierra club (clean air lobbyists) - solutions • coercion : forcing people - taxes - WIC, Stamps • particularized benefits : incentive like programs - AARP hats, stickers |
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Describe the Principal-Agent Problem
(& Example) |
- when the agent doesn't do what principal employs them for
• opposite motivation issue (profit vs pay) • Agents use - specialization - hidden information - Solutions • the ability to hire/fire • work evaluations • ex: interviews, research, "regulars" - to minimize • ex: webb at car mechanic |
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What is the underlying logic of, and an explanation of the "Median-Voter Theorem"
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- the person in the middle determines who who wins and a good example is our political party system
- IF voter policy preferences can be represented as a point along a single dimension THEN…. IF all voters vote deterministically for the politician who commits to a policy position closest to their own preference, and if there are only two politicians, then a politician maximizes their number of votes by committing to the policy position preferred by the median voter ex: hotdog stand city |
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What are the articles of confederation and why didn't they work?
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- America's 1st Constitution
(agreement between gov - people) • no central (fed) power • states - self-governed - taxes / militia / laws • "firm league of friendship" - why they didn't work • states wary of one another • unstable and inconsistent • federal gov - poor / weak • Shay's Rebellion - foreclosed farmer / armory attack |
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The Great Compromise
- What - Resolution |
Big Pop vs Small Pop
- gov. power distribution Solution: - bicameral legislature • house (435 based on pop.) • senate (2 per state) (equal in power) = The 2 Chambers of Congress |
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3 / 5 Compromise
- What - Resolution |
Northern vs Southern
- do slaves count as people in pop? Solution: - slave = 3/5 person |
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The Electoral College
- What - Resolution |
Congress Elected vs Citizen Elected
- how to elect the president - fear of monarchy / autocracy Solution: - 538 Electors - 270 to win - every 4 years Problems: - faithless electors (the old switcharoo) |
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What is bicameralism?
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Latin: bi (2) + camera (chamber)
- 2 legislative chambers • house & senate |
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How does the constitution reinforce limited government?
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1) separation of powers
2) checks & balances 3) federalism - limits state power - limits federal power |
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Separation of Powers
- Explain - Examples |
- divides government into 3 branchs
• EX: the president is the head of the (executive) branch, but does not write the laws (legislative) he enforces, nor judges the convicted (judicial) |
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Check & Balances
- Explain - Examples |
a system of government operations to prevent government "take-over" and limiting the power of an individual / group
- President • can veto congress • nominates judges - Congress • can 2/3 veto override • has to confirm judges - Supreme Court • judicial review |
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Who holds the power to declare war?
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Congress
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What is the "necessary and proper" (elastic) clause and institution does it apply to?
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- gives congress ability to expand power via "what is necessary"
- INQUOTE "The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof" |
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What is the "full faith and credit" clause?
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Article Four (States)
- that all states must respect the judicial rulings of all others • ex: (can't move states to avoid like, child support) • things that need to be addressed - physician assisted suicide - homosexual marriage |
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What is the "privileges and immunity" clause?
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Article 4 (States)
- that states cannot abridge (discriminate against) the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States • ex: (speeding tickets based on state of residence) |
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Explain the Supremacy Clause
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Article 6 (Federal Government)
- that congress / constitution - always superior, lay of the land, overrules states - fed ruling ALWAYS overrules state |
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What is the process the amend the Constitution?
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Proposal:
- House & Senate each must propose the amendment with a 2/3 vote EACH Ratification: - 3/4 State legislatures approve the amendment proposed by Congress |
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Amendment 1
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Freedom
- speech - petition - press - assembly - religion |
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Amendment 2
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right to INDIVIDUALLY bear arms
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Amendment 4
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no unreasonable
- searches - seizures |
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Amendment 5
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protections against
- self-incrimination - double jeopardy - taking of life, liberty, property - eminent property |
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Amendment 6
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right to
- speedy trial - confront witnesses - counsel (lawyer guaranteed) |
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Amendment 8
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- no excessive fines/bills
- no cruel / unusual punishment • death penalty question |
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Amendment 10
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"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people"
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Amendment 13
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- abolished slavery
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Amendment 14
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- Reaffirms state / federal citizenship.
- Forbids STATE to deprive any PERSON of life, liberty, or property. - Forbids the denial of any person, the equal protection of the law |
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Amendment 15
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- grants suffrage to all men
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Amendment 16
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- income tax
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Amendment 17
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- popular election of senators
(not by state leg.) |
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Amendment 19
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- Women's suffrage
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Amendment 24
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- abolished poll-tax
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What are civil liberties?
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Something that the government can't do to you
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What does it mean when an amendment is incorporated?
What amendment led to incorporation? |
- that it has been found to apply to the STATES as well as the FED by various court cases and precedents
• at first, only applied to fed • Implementation (4th into 14th) |
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What is the Establishment Clause?
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the government cannot declare a religion
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What is the Free Exercise Clause?
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the government cannot prevent you from practicing your (legal) religion
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What types of speech are most & least protected?
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most = political speech
least = commercial |
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What types of speech may be limited by the government?
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- clear / present danger
- slander / libel - obscenity / pornography • average person in local community - fighting words - commercial speech |
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Due Process Clause
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Due process is the legal principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person according to the law
(protecting individual person from the state) |
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4th Amendment:
Define the Exclusionary Rule Mapp vs Ohio (fire bomb suspect) |
- A legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.
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5th Amendment:
What, is a Grand Jury? |
- A jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in private session to evaluate accusations against persons charged with crime and to determine whether the evidence warrants a bill of indictment
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5th Amendment:
Explain "double jeopardy" |
- Double jeopardy is a procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same, or similar charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction
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5th Amendment:
What, is self-incrimination? |
- Giving testimony in a trial or other legal proceeding that could subject one to criminal prosecution.
( the 5th amendment forbids the government to "force" a confession that would be… "") |
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6th Amendment:
Define our "right to council" |
- allows for the defendant to be assisted by counsel (i.e. lawyers), and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, requiring that the government should appoint one for him/her, or pay his/her legal expenses
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6th Amendment:
Miranda Rights |
- a warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to inform them about their constitutional rights
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8th Amendment:
Cruel / Unusual Punishment (Death Penalty…) |
- criminal punishment which is considered unacceptable due to the suffering or humiliation it inflicts on the condemned person
- Death Penalty IS CONSTITUTIONAL (mainly done via lethal injection) some implementations are not. (lynching, beheading, gas chamber, crucifixion) |
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Explain our "Right to Privacy" including which Supreme Court case led to the creation of.
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- the right to "be left alone" to "make private decisions without fear of government punishment"
- - Governments says "there are certain areas of life where you can do what you want and the government wont punish you" - Griswold vs Connecticut ( - griswold worked for planned parenthood - Connecticut charged her - griswold won ) 1 - Birth Control (griswold v connecticut) 2 - Abortion (roe v wade) 3 - Homosexuality (lawrence v texas) |
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What are the Civil Rights?
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- something the government must do for you
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What is primary ruling of:
Plessy vs Ferguson |
separate but equal
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4th Amendment:
Define the Exclusionary Rule Mapp vs Ohio (fire bomb suspect) |
- A legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.
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5th Amendment:
What, is a Grand Jury? |
- A jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in private session to evaluate accusations against persons charged with crime and to determine whether the evidence warrants a bill of indictment
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5th Amendment:
Explain "double jeopardy" |
- Double jeopardy is a procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same, or similar charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction
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5th Amendment:
What, is self-incrimination? |
- Giving testimony in a trial or other legal proceeding that could subject one to criminal prosecution.
( the 5th amendment forbids the government to "force" a confession that would be… "") |
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6th Amendment:
Define our "right to council" |
- allows for the defendant to be assisted by counsel (i.e. lawyers), and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, requiring that the government should appoint one for him/her, or pay his/her legal expenses
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6th Amendment:
Miranda Rights |
- a warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody before they are interrogated to inform them about their constitutional rights
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8th Amendment:
Cruel / Unusual Punishment (Death Penalty…) |
- criminal punishment which is considered unacceptable due to the suffering or humiliation it inflicts on the condemned person
- Death Penalty IS CONSTITUTIONAL (mainly done via lethal injection) some implementations are not. (lynching, beheading, gas chamber, crucifixion) |
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Explain our "Right to Privacy" including which Supreme Court case led to the creation of.
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- Not written in constitution - came by way of the 4th.
- the right to "be left alone" to "make private decisions without fear of government punishment" - Griswold vs Court (over birth control distribution) - Birth Control - Abortion - Homosexuality |
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What are the Civil Rights?
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- something the government must do for you
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What is primary ruling of:
Plessy vs Ferguson |
separate but equal
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What is the primary ruling of:
Brown vs Board (of edu in Topeka, KS) (and how did it impact Civil Rights) |
- federal and state desegregation (bc separate but equal - not possible)
- gave way to more direct, literal, actual, definitive implementation of equality of race |
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What is the primary ruling of:
Mapp vs Ohio |
- the exclusionary rule
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What is the primary ruling of:
Miranda vs Arizona |
- Before questioning, a person must be given what is now known as a “Miranda warning”: that you have the right to remain silent; that anything you say may be used as evidence against you; that you may request the presence of an attorney, either retained by you or appointed by the court; and that you have the right, even after beginning to answer questions, to stop answering or request an attorney
(Ernest Miranda case: overturned via not informed) |
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What is the primary ruling of:
Roe vs Wade |
- that the "right to privacy" extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting the mother's health
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What is the primary ruling of:
Dred Scott vs Sandford |
- people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens
- regarded as one of if not the biggest mistake of the supreme court |
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3 Types of sharing power between state / central (federal) government
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- Unitary
• all gov. power = federal (DC) - Confederacy • government power = w/ the states • US used to have this, "articles of confederation" - Federalist • both entities have power - not necessarily equal |
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3 Examples of Federalism in America...
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- state alcohol laws
• power GIVEN to state to tweak days/allowances/sales - Interstate Highway System • federal funded BUT - built/maintained by state - Medicare & Medicaid • person - state - federal funds - via subsidies / whatever the state decides |
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Dual vs Cooperative Federalism
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- Dual
• 2-layer cake (sep. of powers) • likes 10th amend NOT ELASTIC - Cooperative • marbled/mixed pockets of powers… • likes the elastic clause, NOT the 10th AMEND |
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Grants in aid:
What are they and how are they implemented? |
- Categorical
• limted scope (single-minded) • a lot of fed. restrictions - Formula • feds provide form and "plugin" numbers • (ie: pop) - Project • proposal operated • (ie: highways) - Block • unrestricted "free money" • (feds - state) |
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What are Unfunded Mandates and why do states hate them?
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- Requirements issued by federal government to state government that generally require funds that are NOT provided for the states
ex: textbooks… board of edu HAS to provide textbooks for students… but who pays for those…? mhmm... |
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Bonus Question
What are the 7 articles of the Constitution? |
Preamble: Statement of purpose
Article One: Legislative Power Article Two: Executive power Article Three: Judicial power Article Four: States' powers and limits Article Five: Amendments Article Six: Federal power Article Seven: Ratification |
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