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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the two theories of community power.
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Elite Theory
Pluralist Theory |
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Which is not a type of municipal government?
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Presidential Committee
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A governance system that features an elected council, which then hires a manager to run agencies and recommend policies, is called a:
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Council-manager
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A professional hired by a government to direct daily operations and services and to make recommendations for policy changes is a:
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Manager
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A process in which the entire jurisdiction serves as the constituency for an elected position:
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At-large election
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A governance system that features an elected council which then hires a manager to run agencies and recommend policies is called a:
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Council-manager
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Which cities have town meetings?
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Under 25,000
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What are the four types of municipal governments?
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Town Meeting
Mayor Council Council-Manager Commission |
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The major goals of progressives where to destroy political machines.
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True
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What is the theory of in American communities that single elite, with wealth and prestige, is in control?
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Elite Theory
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The Theory that states that there are a variety of power center, rather than one ruling elite is:
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Pluralist Theory
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What form of governance evolved from the response of Galveston, Texas, to a hurricane in 1900 that killed almost 10,000 people, in which individuals elected to a commission assume administrative responsibility for a specific dimension of government as well as legislative obligations for the jurisdiction as a whole?
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Commission
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What are the 4 basic characteristics of bureaucracies?
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Job specialization
Hierarchy of authority System of rules Impersonality of operation |
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In a bureaucratic organization, who makes policies?
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Top Executive
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Title seven of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in employment based
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Ethinicity
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What is a process or sets of criteria that disadvantages men or whites?
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Reverse Discrimination
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Sexual favors for employment opportunities are called:
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Quid pro quo
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What term refers to the objectives of the legislator when they pass a bill?
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Legislative Intent
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In the hierarchy of authority, what is the duty of the top executive?
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Make Policies
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Which term refers to the full range of activities involved in hiring, promoting, training, and compensating workers?
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Personnel Management
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In a series of cases, the Supreme Court has ruled that hiring and firing employees based on party affiliation is:
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Violation of the 1st Amendment
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Quotas are allowed in order to ensure minority representation in the work place.
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False
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. _________ is an analytical perspective that focuses on relationships between administrative agency, legislative committee, and interest groups who are concerned about a particular policy.
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Iron Triangle
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Are states allowed to veto the application of regulations issues by Washington?
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Yes
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Name the reasons for regulation:
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a. Surrogate for market forces
b. Protection c. Externalities d. Safety |
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The laws that authorize action by an agency both _________ and __________.
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Limit and enable
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What is a quota system?
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A system that some companies use whereby a certain number of positions are reserved for members or certain ethnic or gender groups.
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An “iron triangle” consists of three bodies:
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. Administrative agency
b. Legislative committee c. Interest groups |
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What is a policy that adjusts pays scales of jobs traditionally filled by women to the market value of male dominated jobs?
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Pay Equity
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Sexual harassment includes two things:
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a. Employment opportunity for sexual favors
b. Hostile treatment that is gender related |
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In order to eliminate the effects of political machines, bureaucracies were reformed through the implementation of:
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The Merit System
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To whom are state employees accountable?
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a. Public
b. The agency they work for c. The Governor |
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All the courts in the United States are under the same system.
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False
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When two different courts have the authority to try someone for a crime committed in the same incident is called:
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Dual Jurisdiction
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The party that initiates a legal dispute is the:
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Plaintiff
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Crimes that relate to contractual and liability relationships between organizations, between individuals and between individuals and organizations are known as:
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Civil Law
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Crimes against persons and property that deal with fundamental law and order in a society are known as:
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Criminal Law
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This type of case involves disputes between individuals or organizations:
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Civil
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What amendment was upheld in the case of Mapp v. Ohio?
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4th
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A specific dispute strategically litigated in order to get a court ruling establishing precedent and principles that would apply to others in a similar situation is (a):
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Test Case
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What is the lowest level of the court?
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Justice of the Peace
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The interpretation of the law rendered by an attorney general that is not binding but carries considerable weight is known as:
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Legal Opinion
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A formal accusation of a crime is known as a(n):
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Indictment
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What are the three federal courts from highest ranking to lowest?
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Supreme Court, Appeals Court, District Court
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A sworn statement which may be used in a court proceeding is called:
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Affidavit
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Name the four judicial actions:
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a. Sentence
b. Restraining order c. Award d. Injunction |
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A standard of proof that must be met to find someone guilty of almost all by the most serious of crimes is called:
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Preponderance of evidence
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The two girls who claimed that the Virginia Tech shooter was harassing them, may have gotten one of these to keep him away:
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A restraining order
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A bench trial is a trial:
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where just the judge is present
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A court must have __________ to determine if there is sufficient interest in a dispute to allow them to pursue their rights in a lawsuit.
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Standing
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Based on a recent Supreme Court ruling, who must be involved in prescribing the death penalty?
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The Judge Only
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State court system reforms have been modeled after what plan?
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Missouri Plan
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Traffic Court is a:
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Special Court
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What case ruled that Minnesota’s law prohibiting judicial candidates from discussing substantive issues or telling voters how they would handle certain types of cases was unconstitutional?
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Republican Party of Minnesota vs. White
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The release of someone from incarceration before a full sentence has been served is called:
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Parole
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What are the three elements of a crime?
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Criminal, victim, location
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Intensive efforts and heavy presence by police in a specific area, designed to stop criminal activity in that location is called:
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Blue Blanket
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The 4th through 8th Amendments provide:
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Rights to individuals accused of crimes.
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Truth-in-sentencing allows prisoners to be released before serving the complete sentence.
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False
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Name the four kinds of facilities used to incarcerate criminals:
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Jail
Prison Penitentiary Correctional Institution |
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What are the alternatives to prison?
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Parole
Probation Work release Electronic house detention Boot camps Intensive sanctions |
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What are the four policy approaches applied to convicted people?
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Punishment
Deterrence Rehab Confinement |
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What is the practice of treating someone as suspicious because they have traits associated with a substantial segment of the imprisoned population?
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Racial Profiling
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What are the three most heavily targeted groups of victims?
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a. Children
b. Elderly c. Women |
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What is the term used for prisons that emphasized a rehabilitation approach toward inmates?
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Correctional institution
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What is a sentence in which someone is not incarcerated but is closely monitored and must adhere to a highly structured schedule?
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Intensive sanctions
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What kind of law or policy requires that after individuals have been convicted of three felonies, they must serve a life sentence without parole?
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Three strikes and you’re out
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What is the name for a county of city facility for incarcerating individuals who are awaiting trial or serving relatively short sentence?
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Jail
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What is the precedent that states that evidence obtained in a manner that violates an individual’s constitutional rights may not be used in legal proceedings by prosecutors?
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Exclusionary rule
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According to the FBI, what is the most common crime committed?
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Larceny-theft
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What are the 2 highest property and violent crime areas?
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South and West
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The average annual operational prison cost, per prisoner, is:
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$31,000
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According to our text, what percentage of all crimes reported in 2003 were murders and rapes?
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Less than 1%
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Which court case, according to the test, ruled that evidence not specified or anticipated in a search warrant may still be used, removing some limitations on police officers and district attorneys?
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Maryland v. Garrison
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All but _______ states have the death penalty.
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12
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What President implemented No-Child Left Behind?
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Bush 43
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From 1965 through 1977, the main concern of minority students was:
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Equal opportunity education.
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Which of these is an institution within the public school system that operates through contract which gives them more flexibility than traditional public schools?
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Charter
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Two commonly found reform initiatives among the State in the late 1980s were student achievement and ____________?
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Teacher Quality
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Taxpayer-supported financial assistance to needy parents who want to send their children to private schools is called:
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Voucher Programs
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Where is a majority of public school funding coming from?
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State
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What authorized the U.S. Attorney General to initiate lawsuits to force desegregation of public schools?
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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What grades are mostly affected by No Child Left Behind?
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3-8
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This is the practice of turning school administration over to For-Profit, private enterprise:
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Privatization
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The National Defense Education Act of 1958 was in response to what?
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The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite
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The practice by which faculty in colleges and universities establish the academic curriculum, evaluate scholarship, and recommend the hiring and termination of faculty members, and advice the campus administration on policy is called:
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Faculty governance
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Which of the following has contributed the most to elementary and secondary education?
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State governments
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The National Defense Education Act of 1958 provided funding for all of the following except:
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Literature
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Which country has the lowest mathematics and science proficiency of 8th-graders?
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United States
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Which country has the highest mathematics and science proficiency of 8th graders?
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Singapore
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. During what period was emphasis placed on expanding the capacity of school districts to accommodate large increases of enrollment because of postwar demographic changes?
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1946-1964
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Which California court case rules that education was “a fundamental right guaranteed by California’s constitution that ‘cannot be a condition of the wealth of a child’s parents or neighbors’”?
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Serrano v. Priest
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Which state, in 1985, became the first state to require existing teachers to pass a basic competency test, measuring skills in reading, elementary math, and grammar.
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Arkansas
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What state became the first state to base high school graduation on a student’s achieving competencies in numerous academic areas, instead of accumulating passing grades in required classes?
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Pennsylvania
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What two states were the first to enact laws authorizing the creation of charter schools?
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Minnesota and California
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Which president started TANF?
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Clinton
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The cycle of poverty is associated with ___________?
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Liberalism
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One out of how many children live in poverty?
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5
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Which social program provides medical insurance to the elderly?
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Medicare
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What was the first social assistance program?
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Social Security
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Who are the poor in America?
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Families with single mothers
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Explain the cycle of dependence.
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Kids who grow up on welfare are more likely to raise their kids on it
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_________________provides benefits to those who qualify for Social Security of Railroad Retirement benefits by working for a certain period of time and making minimally required contributions into the fund.
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Medicare
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The Family Support Act:
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Requires states to have a JOBS program
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______________ is a program of federal block grants to the states that provides financial assistance to needy families with dependent children.
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TANF
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Which of these is NOT a category of social welfare programs?
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Employment
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Which is NOT a major social insurance program?
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Food stamps
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Which program did TANF replace in August 1996?
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AFDC
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What proposal by economist Milton Friedman would set annual guaranteed levels of income for families of various sizes, to be paid by the government?
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Negative income tax
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Which of these is NOT one of the six principles that President Clinton wanted national health care reform to be based?
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Universilization
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Name the five categories of social welfare programs:
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a. Income maintenance
b. Nutrition c. Social services d. Housing Assistance e. Health |
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Which three states, between 1993 and 2000, had the largest percentage of welfare reduction?
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Oklahoma, Wyoming, Idaho
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The label applying broadly to public assistance programs that require recipients to work for their benefits is:
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Workfare
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Legislation passed by Congress in 1988 that required each state to operate a Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program was called:
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Family Support Act
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What are other options for health care reform?
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a. Family Allowance
b. Negative income tax |
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What percent of girls who families are highly dependent on welfare will replicate that dependence in their own lives?
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20%
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Most state welfare rolls dropped about ________ from 1993 to 2000.
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41-60%
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What percentage of the working population is covered by Social Security?
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90%
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Which U.S. President called for Congress to adopt a national workface program requiring all able-bodied recipients to work for their benefits?
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Reagan
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The idea those female headed households with children are 5 times more likely to be poor than are married couple families is known as:
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Feminization of poverty
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What agency did the Environmental Protection Act create?
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EPA
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Legislation that directed the EPA to promulgate allowable levels of different chemical and bacteriological pollutants in local water systems is known as:
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Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
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Attempted to create a balanced approach to cleaning up the air; States had time limits to bring the air up to federal standards:
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Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
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What program aims at reducing components of urban smog and sulfur dioxide emissions by allowing regulated industries to buy and sell so-called emission credits:
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Market-based incentives
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What economic development policy uses tax abatements, loans, and relaxation of regulation to encourage development within a governmental jurisdiction’s boundaries?
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Supply-side economic development policy
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Which presidential administration proposed the “Clear Skies” initiative?
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Bush II
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_____________ is a value on attaining greater equity in sharing the increased environmental risks of having solid waste disposal facilities located in one’s neighborhood.
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Environmental justice
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What are the five supply side incentives?
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a. Recruitment
b. Tax abatements c. Loans d. Physical infrastructure e. Relaxed regulations |
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When did Congress enact most of its key environmental legislation?
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1970s
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What year was the Environmental Protection Act passed?
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1970
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What is the official name of the Clean Water Act?
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Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
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Which of these is NOT one of the five commonly used tools by states to attract economic development programs?
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Government “favors”
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Because of the EPA, what is now required in all projects financed with federal funds?
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Environmental impact statement
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The traditional approach to regulating air pollution, which prompted industries to adopt technology to limit pollution through the installation of devices such as smokestack scrubbers and filters is called:
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Technology forcing standards
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Which of the following men declared himself the “environment president”?
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George W. Bush
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The condition existing when expenditures exceed revenues at the close of a given fiscal period is called:
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Budget deficit
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Which theory states that the government’s role of using fiscal policy to manage the economy increased employment and raises aggregate demand?
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Keynesian Economics
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Which tax is based on transfers of goods and services?
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Sales tax
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State governments get most of their revenues from:
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Sales and gross taxes
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Local governments get most of their revenues from:
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Property Tax
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Fees charged in return for service are:
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User fees
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_____________ are devices used by governments to raise revenues.
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Revenue instruments
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How many states do not require a balanced budget, either by statute or in their constitution?
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1
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Which state collects the most taxes per capita?
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Hawaii
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A tax that increases as ability to pay rises is known as:
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Progressive
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A tax hat applies the same rate to all level of income is called:
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Flat Tax
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The requirement that expenditures not exceed revenues in a given fiscal period. It is applied to most state and local governments, not the federal government. This refers to:
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Balanced budget requirement
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A tax on the extraction of natural resources such as oil and natural gas is called:
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Severance tax
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Which is not true about Keynesian Economics?
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The government decreases spending during bad economic times
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What is the perspective of organized interest groups on public policy debates?
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They influence the way a problem is defined and which alternatives are to be considered legitimate.
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Where do policy makers acquire fund for programs?
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Tax Dollars
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What forms the basis for political conflict?
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Different perspectives on policy
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What is legal authorization defined by?
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The State Constitution
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What does fiscal capacity combine?
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Considerations about wealth and policies.
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