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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False: Approximately 25 percent of membership in the House of Representatives is African American.
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False
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All of the following are true of incumbents in Congress EXCEPT:
A) Most incumbents decide to run for reelection B) Most incumbents' views on policy are well known to their constituents C) Most incumbents win reelection with more than 60 percent of the vote D) Most incumbents have more campaign contributions to spend than their opponents E) Most incumbents have higher levels of name recognition that their opponents |
E) Most incumbents have higher levels of name recognition that their opponents
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The vast majority of people who identify with a party are more likely to vote based on party identification than on the candidate's personal characteristics and/or policy platform.
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True
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The filibuster may be considered undemocratic b/c:
A) It is used in the Senate but not in the House B) It is used to prevent logrolling in Congress C) It is used to undermine the power of the Speaker of the House D) It is used by the minority to defeat the majority E) It is used by the majority to defeat the minority |
D) It is used by the minority to defeat the majority
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True or False: Congressional committee oversight has declined as federal policy responsibilities have increased over time.
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False
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Which of the following best describes the president's influence over congressional decision making?
A) Presidential influence in Congress regularly directs congressional decision making B) Presidential influence in Congress occurs at the margins C) Presidential influence in Congress is more pronounced in the Senate than House D) Presidential influence in Congress is more likely to occur when interest groups oppose the president's position E) Presidential influence in Congress is enhanced by the constitutional separation of powers |
B) Presidential influence is Congress occurs at the margins
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True or False: Only a member of the House or Senate can officially propose a bill.
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True
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Which of the following statements is true concerning presidential selection and tenure?
A) Approximately half of the presidents in U.S. history have served two or more terms B) Impeachment has led to the removal of two presidetns C) Nearly all presidents have won the office through election D) Several vice presidents have assumed the office when the president became incapacitated E) None of the above is true |
A) Approximately half of the presidents in U.S. history have served two or more terms
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True or False: The American public tends to expect presidents to be powerful while disliking a concentration of power.
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True
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The ability to nominate ambassadors, who are to be approved by a majority of the Senate, falls into what category of presidential powers?
A) Administrative powers B) Legislative C) National security D) Judicial E) Organizational |
C) National security powers
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True of False: Political scientists and historians have consistently supported a strong presidency model beginnning with the latter half of the twentieth century.
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False
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Which of the following statements best describes the role of the vice president today?
A) The vice president's main job is waiting B) The vice president's main job is casting tie-breaking votes in the Senate C) The vice president's main job is to balance the presidential ticket during the election D) The vice president's main job is to play a central role in administration policy and advising E) the vice president's main job is to negotiate treaties with other nations |
D) The vice president's main job is to play a central role in administration policy and advising
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Which of the following statements about changes in Congress in presidential election years from 1952 through 2008 is NOT true?
A) Over the period, the president's party averaged a very small net gain in the Senate B) The president's party made significant gains when the president was reelected C) In some elections the party won the presidency lost seats in both houses D) Over the period, the president's party averaged a small net gain in the House E) In some elections, the party that won the presidency picked up seats in both houses |
B) The president's party made significant gains when the president was reelected
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True of False: Merely winning the election provides presidents with a government mandate.
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False
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Executive agreements require:
A) Ratification by the House B) Ratification by the Senate C) Ratification by both D) Support of the cabinet E) None of the Above |
E) None of the Above
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True of False: The War Powers Resolution has succeeded in giving Congress a greater voice in the introduction of American troops into hostilities.
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False
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Which of the following is true regarding president's mobilization of the public?
A) Presidents are rarely successful mobilizing the public B) Presidents rarely attempt to mobilize the public C) Presidents have often lacked the communication skills to mobilize the public D) Presidents need congressional support to be effective mobilizing the public E) None of the Above |
A) Presidents are rarely successful mobilizing the public
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True or False: Presidential approval ratings mainly reflect the public's views of the president's personality.
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False
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Which of the following statements concerning presidential news coverage is true?
A) The press has a liberal bias that tends to put Republican presidents at a disadvantage B) The press devotes ample time to analysis and comprehensive coverage of the presidency C) The press tends to emphasize the superficial in its coverage of the presidency D) The press tends to emphasize the positive in its coverage of the presidency E) None of the above is true |
C) The press tends to emphasize the superficial in its coverage of the presidency
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True of False: The White House is effective in controlling the environment in which the president meets the press.
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True
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The civil service system was designed for which of the following purposes?
A) To hire and promote bureaucrats on the basis of merit B) To produce an administration with talent and skill C) To limit bureaucrats' participation in partisan politics D) To protect workers from politically motivated firings E) All of the above |
E) None of the Above
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True of False: The permanent bureaucracy tends to be less broadly representative of the American people than are legislators, judges, or presidential appointees.
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False
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Which of the following statements best characterizes the function of government corporations?
A) They help regulate corporations and businesses in the private sector B) They provide and charge for services that could be provided by the private sector C) They help the government hire talented workers from the private sector D) They help manage the government's many buildings, archives, and storage facilities E) They implement congressional policies in the economic domain |
B) They provide and charge for services that could be provided by the private sector
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True or False: The president appoints and the Senate confirms both members of independent regulatory commissions and cabinet secretaries for fixed terms.
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False
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That the Federal Drug Administration lacks the computer systems to inspect plants that produce food imported into the United States is an example of
A) A fragmented policy area B) An ineffective set of standard operating procedures C) A lack of administrative discretion D) A lack of bureaucratic resources E) A lack of legislative clarity |
D) A lack of bureaucratic resources
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True or False: An example of a street-level bureaucrat is a police officer.
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True
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Which of the following is true about bureaucracies as regulators?
A) Bureaucratic agencies must adhere to strict guidelines mandated by Congress B) Bureaucratic agencies regulate products without consulting the industries being regulated C) Bureaucratic agencies have a grant of power and set of directions from Congress D) Bureaucratic agencies' regulation of society has declined in recent decades E) Bureaucratic agencies' regulatory activity increases only during liberal administrations |
C) Bureaucratic agencies have a grant of power and set of directions from Congress
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True or False: The EPA's requirement that cars include pollution-control devices is an example of government deregulation.
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False
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The development of subgovernments to include a system of issue networks has accomplished which of the following?
A) It ensures that presidents are actively involved in most policy areas B) It ensures that subgovernment will be virtually impossible to dismantle C) It ensures that policymaking is stable and predictable D) It ensures more widespread participation in the policy process E) It ensures that the bureaucracy is more independent of elected branches of government |
D) It ensures more widespread participation in the policy process
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Who can challenge a law in an American court?
A) Any citizen can challenge any law B) Any tax-paying citizen can challenge any law C) Only a person who has a serious interest in a case can challenge a law D) Only a person who is included in a class action suit can challenge a law E) Only a lawyer can challenge a law |
C) Only a person who has a serious interest in a case can challenge a law
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True or False: Access to lawyers and quality legal counsel has become more equal over time.
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True
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Suppose a person commits murder in a national park. Where would this murder case first be heard?
A) The U.S. Supreme Court B) The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit C) A U.S. district court in the district where the crime took place D) A legislative court E) The U.S. court of appeals in the circuit where the crime took place |
B) The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
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True or False: Only a small percentage of people convicted of federal crimes in the federal district courts actually have a trial.
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False
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Which of the following is true about the norm of sentorial courtesy for district court nominess?
A) the Senate invokes this courtesy only when a majority of senators agree to invoke it B) The Senate invokes this courtesy if a nominee is opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee is to serve C) The Senate invokes thi courtesy only when a majority of the SEnate judiciary committee agrees to invoke it D) The Senate invokes this courtesy when the president encourages the Senate to do so E) The Senate is less likely to invoke this courtesy for district court nominees than it is to invoke it for appellate court nominees |
B) The Senate invokes this courtesy if a nominee is opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee is to serve
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All of the following are true of the backgrounds of federal judges EXCEPT:
A) They typically have been white males B) They typically have been from the appointing president's region of the country C) They typically share the appointing president's political party affiliation D) They typically share the appointing president's ideology E) They typically have held administrative or judicial positions |
B) They typically have been from the appointing president's region of the country
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The decision of Congress to create new judgeships is related strongly to whether the majority party in Congress is the same as the party of the president.
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True
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Most cases reaching appellate courts are settled on the principle of stare decisis.
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True
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Under which of the following scenarios is the Court most likely to decide to accept a case?
A) When at least three justices decide the case has merit B) When the justices have additional clerks to help read numerous appeals C) When the case is appealed from a state supreme court D) When the solicitor general's office decides to appeal a case the government has lost in lower court E) When the attorneys for the parties in the case make a personal appeal for a hearing |
D) When the solicitor general's office decides to appeal a case the government has lost in lower court
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Approximately what percentage of federal expenditures goes to paying interest on the federal debt?
A) 1 B) 7 C) 15 D) 25 E) 40 |
B) 7 percent
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Taxes on corporate income generate more revenue than individual income taxes.
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False
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Incrementalism requires budget makers to build the budget anew for each fiscal year.
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False
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Which of the following comprises the largest slice of the budgetary pie?
A) Defense expenditures B) Income security expenditures C) Foreign aid expenditures D) Domestic policy expenditures other than for income security E) Interest expenditures |
B) Income security expenditures
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Which of the following is characterized as an entitlement program?
A) Medicaid B) Medicare C) Supplemental Security Income D) Children's Health Insurance Program E) Food stamps |
B) Medicare
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Among which of the following groups is poverty most common?
A) Unmarried women with children B) Inner-city residents C) African Americans D) Hispanics E) Older Americans |
A) Unmarried women with children
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Changes in income distribution in the United States over the past few decades have led to an increased sense of relative deprivation among U.S. citizens.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT true about welfare reform legislation passed in 1996 and its consequences?
A) Benefits for the poor have declined B) The number of families receiving aid has declined C) The role of state governments in welfare has declined D) The number of years for which families are eligible for benefits has declined E) The amount of money spent on welfare benefits has declined |
C) The role of state governments in welfare has declined
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The government spends more money on transfer payments for the poor than on transfer payments for other citizens.
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False
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Social Security is currently the most expensive social welfare policy in the United States.
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True
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Most European nations tend to be much more generous with social welfare programs than the United States is.
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True
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Which of the following organizations was created to help the president coordinate American foreign and military policies?
A) the Department of Defense B) The National Security Council C) The State Department D) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization E) The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations |
B) The National Security Council
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Economic instruments have become almost as important as military power in a nation's foreign policy.
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True
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Concerning the policy of detente, which of the following is NOT true?
A) It represented a turn toward more cooperative thinking in U.S. foreign policy B) It sought to relax tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union C) It assumed that a nuclear war should be unthinkable D) It sought firm guarantees of mutual security E) It represented an era of increased defense spending in the United States |
E) It represented an era of increased defense spending in the United States
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The end of the Cold War resulted in the emergence of global terrorism.
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False
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Evidence shows that there is a clear trade-off between defense and domestic policy expenditures.
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False
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U.S. foreign aid has typically received widespread support from the American people.
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False
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Congress
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is the legislative body of the United States federal government
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Congress’s primary duties are
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to propose and pass the federal laws of the United States government and to propose and pass the federal budget of the United States government.
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Congress’s primary power comes in its
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ability to improve the efficiency of the American economy through spending to encourage positive externalities and to tax to deter negative externalities.
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Congress is able to reward certain behaviors through
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increased spending and/or decreased taxes and to punish certain behavior through decreased spending and/or increased taxes
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The House of Representatives contains
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435 voting members and 5 non-voting members.
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Due to Constitutional restrictions, in order to be a member of the House and Senate
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no one under the age of 25 may serve as a Representative and no one under the age of 30 may serve as a Senator.
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Women are vastly underrepresented in Congress
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making up 17% of the members of Congress
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African Americans in Congress
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are completely missing from the Senate and are underrepresented in the House, making up only 10% of House of Representatives.
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Hispanics in Congress
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making up only 6% of the House of Representatives.
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Incumbents
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are people who are already holding the office that is being contested
incumbents tend to win congressional elections without any serious opposition. 90% win reelection |
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The Speaker of the House
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is the leader of the House of Representatives.
is elected from the majority part of the House of Representatives. |
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Vice President
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The President of the Senate
they are allowed to cast the tie breaking vote in the Senate. |
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Committees and subcommittees
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-As well as creating bills, the committees and subcommittees of Congress will investigate potential wrongdoing and will oversee the activities of the executive branch.
-Standing committees are cameral (one body) entities assigned to a specific policy area -Joint committees contain members both the House of Representatives and the Senate -Conference committees are temporary committees created to deal with conflicts between the House of Representatives and the Senate -Select committees have a focused responsibility |
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Permanent committees and subcommittees exist b/c
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-to allow members of Congress to gain expertise in an issue or
-to give members of Congress a measure of power |
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Temporary committees and subcommittees exist
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to deal with problems that cannot be ignored until the next election cycle
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Caucuses
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-are informal groups that are formed by members of the House of Representatives and members of the Senate to achieve either a general policy goal or a specific policy goal
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An example of a caucus formed for a general policy goal
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is the Black Congressional Caucus, which exists to promote the issues of the African American community in the deliberations of Congress
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An example of a caucus formed for a specific policy
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goal is the Tea Party Caucus, which exists to reduce government spending and government taxation no matter the consequences
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Congressional Staff
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-given a staff allowance depending on their seniority and the power of their party
-The average Representative has a staff of 17 people while the average Senator has a staff of 40 people |
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4 Sets of Powers for the President
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1) Presidents have national security powers, giving them authority over the armed services of the USA
2) Presidents have legislative powers, in the form of suggesting laws to Congress and vetoing laws that are passed by Congress 3) Presidents have administrative powers, giving them authority to run the federal government 4) Presidents have judicial powers, nominating federal judges and the pardon |
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The Executive Office
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-is responsible for advising the President on policy matters
-administers the federal bureaucracy on behalf of the President -the vast majority of the federal bureaucracy has very little connection to the President -can be called to advise the President on their area of policy expertise |
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The National Security Council (NSC)
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-is comprised of the chief advisors of the president in relation to foreign and military policy
-limited to the President, Vice President, Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense |
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The support staff of the NSC
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-run by the president’s special assistant for national security affairs
-provides the analyses concerning each national security scenario |
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The Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
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is a three-member body, appointed by the President, that advices the President on economic policy
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The Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
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-is comprised of six hundred federal bureaucrats who are supposed to neutrally evaluate the policies of the President, as well as changes in laws and regulations by the federal bureaucracy
-supposed to tell the President the costs and benefits of a specific policy |
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The White House Staff
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-attends to the needs of the President, as well as managing the affairs of the President, such as diplomatic meetings and travel arrangements
-has six hundred members, the vast majority of whom the President will never meet -aides act as formal advisors to the President on a specific policy area, allowing him to benefit from their expertise |
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bureaucracy
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is a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle and behaves with impersonality
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Task specialization
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is an incredibly important part of the professionalization of the bureaucracy because it improves the efficiency of government
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Merit employment and merit promotion
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are also important because it improves the quality of government
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Impersonality
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also improves the quality of government because it means that people are less capable of manipulation
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Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
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established a merit based civil service that forbad patronage
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The civil service
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is a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle
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The merit principle
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is the idea that entrance exams should determine employment and promotion ratings should determine promotion
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The Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
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is in charge of hiring the majority of federal employees
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The General Schedule (GS) rating
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determines the pay range of a government employee, with the exact pay scaled to rating, experience and education
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The federal bureaucracy is divided into four types of bureaucratic organizations
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1 Cabinet departments
2 Independent regulatory commissions 3 Government corporations 4 Independent executive agencies |
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Independent executive agencies
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are everything else that makes up the federal government that exists outside the other three classifications
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Government corporations
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are non-profit corporations created by the government to promote the public good
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Independent regulatory commissions
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make and enforce rules to protect the public interest
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Cabinet departments
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handle the day-to-day governing of the nation
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Policy implementation
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is the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people affected
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Implementation involves a minimum of three elements
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1 The creation of a new agency or assignment of a new responsibility to an old agency
2 Translation of policy goals into operational rules and development of guidelines for the program. 3 Coordination of resources and personnel to achieve the intended goals |
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The goal of the federal bureaucracy
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is to promote economic efficiency
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The American judicial system is considered to be
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an adversarial judicial system, in which two parties bring their conflict before an impartial arbiter, the judge
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There are two types of cases
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criminal law cases and civil law cases
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Criminal law cases involve
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the government charging an individual with violating one or more specific laws
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Civil law cases involve
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a dispute between two parties, one which may be the government, over a wide range of matters
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The lowest level of the hierarchy consists of the
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Independent Regulatory Agencies, the ninety-one District Courts and the Specialized Courts
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The next level of the hierarchy consists of the
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Legislative Courts, Court of Military Appeals, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the twelve Courts of Appeals, each which can void the decisions of the lower courts
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The highest level of the hierarchy consists
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of the US Supreme Court, which can void the decisions of the lower courts
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The Court of Appeals
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-review all final decisions of district courts
-is an appellate court, so there are no trials or juries involved in the hearing of a case |
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The Supreme Court
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-often hears cases from the Court of Appeals, especially when two Courts of Appeal reach different decisions on similar cases
-Consisting of nine judges who serve for life |
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Senatorial courtesy
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-is an unwritten tradition whereby nominations for lower courts are usually not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the president’s party from the state where the nominee will serve
-the Senator could veto the President's choice |
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The Warren Court (1953-1969)
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-was one of the greatest surprises that occurred in the Supreme Court selection process
-Earl Warren was selected by President Eisenhower to be a conservative judge, in order to make the Supreme Court conservative -ended up heading the most liberal court in US history, deciding on a range of activities: desegregation, contraceptives, civil rights, etc. |
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Roberts Court
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is the first Supreme Court in US history with no Protestant judges
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federal courts have to decide
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whether or not the federal government has a legitimate case when it charges an entity with violating federal laws or regulations in deciding a case
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In general, federal bureaucrats are responsible for
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enforcing federal regulations
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while federal prosecutors are responsible for
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prosecuting violators of federal law
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If, however, the federal government finds that one of its rulings has been appealed
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it is up to the solicitor general to arrange for the federal response in the appellate process
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The solicitor general
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-is a presidential appointee and the third-ranking official in the Department of Justice
-assisted by around two dozen experienced attorneys -defends federal laws and federal regulations when they are challenged -still obligated to defend the indefensible federal laws and federal regulations |
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Federal laws and federal regulations ideally seek to
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increase the efficiency of the US economy through internalizing the externalities produced by the production process
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indefensible federal laws and federal regulations
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the federal law or federal regulation that is being challenged is not being challenged because it increases economic efficiency but because it does social harm
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The Supreme Court is the final
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arbiter in the federal appellate process
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If an entity can convince the Supreme Court that a federal law or federal regulations is unconstitutional
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-then the federal law or federal regulation is considered to be null and void
-the Congress is forced to create a different federal law if they wish to pursue the same policy -the federal bureaucracy is forced to rewrite the federal regulation if they wish to pursue the same policy |
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A case must receive the support of
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four Supreme Court judges to be heard by the Supreme Court
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Stare decisis
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-is a Latin phrase that means ‘let the decision stand’
-The majority of the appeal courts decisions are stare decisis decisions |
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Supreme Court decisions depend on three populations for implementation:
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the interpreting population, the implementing population and the consumer population
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The interpreting population is
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composed of lawyers and judges that interpret the Supreme Court decisions to determine the law
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The implementing population is
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composed of the federal, state and local officials that are forced to carry out the Supreme Court decisions
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The consumer population are
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the people who are impacted by the Supreme Court decisions
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Judicial review
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is the power of the courts to hold acts of Congress and, by extension, the acts of the President unconstitutional
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Judicial activism occurs when the
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federal courts make bold policy decisions and/or when they chart new constitutional ground
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Judicial restraint
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-occurs when the federal courts play minimal policymaking roles
-could be considered to be a violation of the basic principle of the constitutional role of the federal courts |
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activists courts
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are federal courts that have decided that the Congress and the President, or the states, have taken sustained actions that are unconstitutional
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Warren Court being an activists court b/c
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the unconstitutional actions of Congress and the President can be represented by inaction to face sustained injustice
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Burger Court being an activists court b/c
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unconstitutional actions could be represented by failure of the states to change their laws to meet new social norms
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Reactionary courts occur when the
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-Supreme Court is dominated by a political ideology that seeks to restrict or redefine the freedoms enjoyed by the people of the USA
-The Dred Scott decision -The Citizens United decision |
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Taxation has two purposes
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1 changing economic behavior through internalizing negative physical and social externalities of production
2 providing revenue for government projects and services that provide positive externalities |
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Taxes can be divided into three broad types
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regressive, neutral and progressive
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Regressive taxes are
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considered to be bad because they decrease economic efficiency through encouraging bad economic behavior
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Neutral taxes are
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considered to be neither bad nor good because they do not impact economic efficiency
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Progressive taxes are
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considered to be the ideal from of taxation, as they improve economic efficiency through encouraging good economic behavior
ex) Social insurance taxes, Social Security and Medicare |
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the federal government revenues before FDR were
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Tariffs and excise taxes
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Excise taxes are taxes on
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specific goods, which can improve economic efficiency if the excise tax reduces consumptions behaviors that are detrimental to the social good
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Economic efficiency is maximized when a nation implements
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graduated and progressive taxes with high marginal rates, as wealthy citizens are encourage to engage in capital and labor investments as well as charitable giving
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Economic inefficiency is maximized when a nation implements
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flatter tax structures, as wealthy citizens see no benefit to engage in capital and labor investments as well as seeing no benefit to charitable giving
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The Federal Deficit
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If the federal government spends more than it earns through taxes
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The federal debt
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is the accumulated deficits of the American government
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Taxes further public policy by
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encouraging desirable behaviors and by discouraging undesirable behaviors
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Tax expenditures
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the reduction of collectable taxes through tax credit schemes
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Federal government expenditures can be divided into five categories of roughly equal size:
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Defense, Discretionary Spending, Mandatory Spending, Medicare and Social Security
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A permanent war economy
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-occurs when five percent of the GDP is devoted to providing intelligence and military services to a nation over a sustained period a time
-accompanied by high borrowing and/or high spending, as a government is unable to maintain a permanent war economy without spending large amounts of money to purchase the complacency of the public -desired by the wealthy because they are able to make a lot of money off of it |
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There are four weapons when it comes to permanent war
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1 Diplomatic weapons
2 economic weapons 3 Intelligence weapons 4 Military weapons |
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Military weapons
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allow the federal government to destroy entire nations in order to feed the military-intelligence-industrial complex
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Intelligence weapons
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allow the federal government to accomplish military goals without the American public being aware of the activities of the federal government
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Diplomatic weapons and economic weapons
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allow the federal government to spend very little money to achieve a military goal
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Welfare represented
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a network of social policies that attempted to deal with the structural social inequities that were caused by negative physical and social externalities of production
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