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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
European colonialism in the Americas was characterized by:

a) The thoroughness and brutality with which it destroyed indigenous societies
b) substantial European settlement in many areas
c) earlier transitions to independence
d) both (a) and (c)
e) all of the above
E) All of the above

Substantial European settlement in many areas, earlier transitions to independence
A mayor who allocates low-level municipal jobs to those who support her political party would be engaged in:

a) extractive corruption
b) neopatrimonialism
c) developmental corruption
d) consociationalism
e) federalism
b) Neopatrimonalism
According to Clapham, "extractive" corruption is:

a) is rooted in the power of religious and ethnic elites
b) almost exclusively found in rural areas
c) small scale, fits in with existing values and obligations, and redistributes resources within a community
d) large scale, linked to the manipulation of state power, and maintains the lifestyle of a privileged group of state officials
e) linked to decolonization, ethnic tensions, and the legitimacy crisis of post-colonial politics
d) large scale, linked to the manipulation of state power, and maintains the lifestyle of a privileged group of state officials
According to Huntington, political instability grows when:

a) modernization leads to greater education
b) comprador elites form political alliances with external economic interests
c) ethnic tensions are aggravated by urbanization
d) political demands exceed political institutionalization
e) neopatrimonialism undermines rational-legal authority
d) political demands exceed political institionalization
Which of the following factors was associated with an INCREASED likelihood of violent decolonization:

a) British colonial rule
b) more participatory government under colonial rule
c) lower levels of local education
d) a local Westernized elite
e) a very small proportion of colonial personnel (compared to the local population)
c) lower levels of local education
Compared to democracies, ruling political coalitions in authoritarian countries:

a) need to be big and powerful
b) need to be powerful, but not necessarily big
c) need to be big, but not necessarily powerful
d) need to be small but agile
e) need to be robust but flexible
b) need to be powerful, but not necessarily big
Which of the following did NOT take place in the POLI 227 "peasant stimulation":

a) the British imposed their own notions of law and property rights
b) a shift took place from cash crop to subsistence agriculture
c) the shift to cotton increased the total value of rural agricultural production
d) the colonial taxation system encouraged cash crop production
e) the local handicrafts industry was devestated by European industrial competition.
b) a shift took place from cash crop to subsistence agriculture
Handelman (following Smith) distinguishes between "organic" and "church" religio-political systems. What is the difference?

a) the former existed before the colonial era, while the latter were imposed
b) the latter are all derived from Christianity
c) the latter have a more institutionalized clerical structure, with leaders who often exercise considerable political influence
d) the former are linked to the state, such as in iran
e) the former are more compatible with secular political systems
c) the latter have a more institutionalized clerical structure, with leaders who often exercise considerable political influence.
Which of the following arguments does Handelman NOT make about religious fundamentalism?

a) fundamentalists wish to preserve their religion's traditional worldview
b) fundamentalists resist efforts by religious liberals to change or reform religion.
c) fundamentalism may appeal to those upset at the inequalities and injustices of their own societies
d) fundamentalism tends to be hostile to outside cultural influences
e) fundamentalist movements are inherently violent
e) fundamentalist movements are inherently violent
In which Muslim country has the mildly Islamist AK party promoted political reform and closer ties with the European Union?

a) Afghanistan
b) Turkey
c) Pakistan
d) Algeria
e) Saudi Arabia
b) Turkey
What does Handelman define as "subnational groups that share a collective identity and language and believe themselves to hold a common lineage"?

a) race
b) sects
c) nations
d) religions
e) none of the above
e) none of the above
What form of ethnic power-sharing involves the creation of autonomous or semi-autonomous regions?

a) consociationalism
b) federalism
c) ethnodemocracy
d) territorial institutionalism
e) multi-member constituencies
b) federalism
The Middle East was one of the last regions to come under European colonial control, largely because of:

a) Muslim successes during the Crusades
b) its lack of strategic value
c) the Khitomar Accords prohibited colonialism in the southern Mediterranean
d) European dependence on Middle East oil supplies
e) the Ottoman Empire
d) the Ottoman Empire
Which would be the best example of “endemic” corruption:

a) bribing a policeman to avoid a parking ticket
b) a successful industrialist using his/her growing wealth to bypass environmental regulations
c) a government minister granting construction contracts in exchange for campaign contributions
d) bandits charging a “toll” on road travellers
e) vote-buying at election time
a) bribing a policeman to avoid a parking ticket
What two main factors shape the composition and nature of political parties in competitive multi-party
political systems?

a) political leadership and patron-client relations
b) colonialism and modernization
c) religion and nationalism
d) social cleavages and the electoral system
e) proportional representation and multi-member constituencies
d) social cleavages and the electoral system
Which of the following is NOT true about the single case study methodology

a) it provides for detailed examination of the details and nuances of a case
b) it tends to be more qualitative than quantitative
c) it is often used by political scientists
d) its findings are more generalizable than those derived from comparative or statistical
methodologies
d) its findings are more generalizable than those derived from comparative or statistical methodologies.
In order to manage her patron-client network, encourage dependency, and prevent the emergence of
challengers, a powerful politician encourages rivalries among her supporters. According to Clapham,
this strategy could best be described as that of:

a) the lion
b) the hyena
c) the python
d) the fox
e) the badger
d) the fox
“The overthrow of the Ben Ali dictatorship in Tunisia is best understood as the result of a shift in
underlying public attitudes, especially among a younger generation who reject authoritarianism and
demand democratic reform.” This would be an example of what kind of approach?

a) political culture
b) institutionalist
c) rational choice
d) modernization
e) underdevelopment/dependency
a) political culture
Which of the following would be an example of state corporatism?

a) a MNC with close ties to political elites
b) a state-owned railway
c) a government-organized peasants’ union
d) a military college
e) Walmart
c) a government-organized peasants' union
Robert Guest believes that the “brain drain” is good for the developing world because:

a) migrants send remittances home
b) migrants invest in their homelands
c) migrants open up new channels for commerce
d) both (a) and (b)
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Decolonization in Africa and Asia was hastened by:

a) the Napoleonic Wars
b) the Monroe Doctrine
c) the growing political assertiveness of European settlers
d) World War II
e) the Great Depression
d) World War II
Marx believed that:

a) ethnic identities were a form of “false consciousness” that obscured the more important class
divisions in society
b) ethnic identities were primordial, deep-seated, and unchanging
c) that social mobilization would result in growing ethnic demands being placed upon the state
d) Catholicism was more supportive of proletarian revolution
e) ethnicity was the major driver of human history
a) ethnic identities were a form of "false consciousness" that obscured the more important class
Which of the following is NOT true of state involvement in the economy?

a) state involvement (through both spending and regulations) tends to decrease as the economy
grows and the business class becomes more powerful
b) state involvement may be motivated by a desire to increase state resources
c) state involvement may be intended to promote economic development
d) state involvement may be used as a political tool to reward some groups, or punish others
e) state spending and redistribution can have a substantial effect on the economic inequality
a) state involvement (through both spending and regulations) tends to decrease as the economy grows and the business class becomes more powerful
Which of the following scenarios is NOT raised in the US National Intelligence Council’s Global
Trends 2025 report?

a) increasing oil prices adversely affect fragile developing countries
b) growing demand and distorted agricultural policies lead to a tightening of world food supplies, and
higher food prices
c) there is a growing shortage of fresh water supplies
d) climate change could lead to increased international migration
e) China militarily intervenes in sub-Saharan Africa to secure strategic minerals for its rapidly-growing
economy
e) China militarily intervenes in sub-Saharan Africa to secure strategic minerals for its rapidly-growing economy
In the view of the underdevelopment approach:

a) strong institutions are critical to political stability
b) modernity and political culture are of great importance
c) conflict takes place along civilizational fault-lines
d) economics are of secondary importance in shaping third world politics
e) the global “south” exists in a position of structured economic subordination to the north
e) the global "south" exists in a position of structured economic subordination to the north
Which form of taxation is generally easiest for developing countries to apply?

a) sales taxes
b) taxes on trade, such as customs duties
c) personal income taxes
d) business income taxes
e) taxes on currency transactions
b) taxes on trade, such as customs duties
Corruption may arise from:

a) new norms and old behaviours
b) the growing importance of the state
c) economic survival efforts by poorly-paid public sector employees
d) new sources of wealth and power
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following is NOT true about neopatrimonialism?

a) it can promote greater social integration
b) it weakens institutions, but may strengthen short-term political stability
c) unlike clientalism, it is rarely reciprocal
d) it can aggravate social divisions
e) it may encourage corruption
c) unlike clientalism, it is rarely reciprocal
Which of the following arguments does Handelman make about ethnic pluralism and democracy?

a) democracy is no more difficult to establish and maintain in multiethnic societies than more
homogenous ones
b) the initial transition to democracy frequently intensifies existing ethnic animosities
c) democratic regimes are less likely than authoritarian ones to resolve ethnic conflicts peacefully
d) strict majoritarian democracy is best able to address minority concerns
e) federalism and consociationalism are more effective at managing ethnic tensions in nondemocracies
b) the initial transition to democracy frequently intensifies existing ethnic animosities
A local warlord provides security for his community, in exchange for political and material support.
This is an example of:

a) patron-client relations
b) neopatrominialism
c) inclusionary corporatism
d) consociationalism
e) indirect colonial rule
a) patron-client relations
PPP
Purchase Parity Power--figures are adjusted to the cost of living in other countries so that they are more comparable.
For ex: Food is cheaper in Ethiopia, Housing more expensive in Canada
First world
Industrialized western countries allies of U.S. (dropped out after Cold war)
Second world
Communist world (allies of Soviet Union)
Third world
developing world comes from cold war, everyone else from decolonizing countries that were not as developed/aligned in the cold war.

This term is still used for developing countries.
NICs
Newly industrialized countries refers to countries who have developed the most (Brazil, South Korea, Chile)
LDCs
Less developed countries (third world) poorest.

Ex. Ethiopia, Haiti, Yemen
HIPCs
Highly indebted poor countries that are suffering severe developmental challenges, not because they were poor but their poverty was commarded by external debt making it difficult from underneath to dig out.
How do we know how to compare countries or how to rank them?
- size of the economy (gross national income)
- gross national product (GNP)
What are the two problems with using GNP?
1) by simply using GNP to compare the relevance of levels of socio-economic development is that things don't cost the same in different countries.

For example: Food, lodging, transportation, may be cheaper in India than Britain.

2) by using raw GNP figures is that there can be very significant income inequality.
When you see figures for GNP per capita...
they are purchasing power parity adjustment. The number has been adjusted to reflect variations in local purchasing power.
HDI
Human development Index: uses measures of # different things: education, health, PP in order to come up with number of 0 or 1 of level of social development.

- more sensitive to inequality.
- gives a much better indicator of how the average median person lives in a society.
Gini coefficient
are good indicators of economic inequality. They do NOT tell you how political salient that inequality is in the West or how much grievance or mobilization or political debate.
Inequality
political issue socially defined by the extent to which inequality generates political grievance, political mobilization is not just a function of the economic number, it's a function of popilar perceptions of social context history.
What does most of the developing world have in common?
- colonial experience
- socio-economic challenges
- weaker state structures
- relatively new state structures
- lack of international power and leverage
Socio-economic challenges
- lower levels of industrialization
- poorer social conditions
- imperatives of economic growth (and redistribution)
|>>>they face the imperatives of having a smaller economic pie to fight about--which presses more issues.
Weaker state structures
because of consequence of other 2 things...(legacies of colonial rule) levels of economic ressources.. much of developing world has a weaker state structure (less effective institutions)

- less effective institutions
- political instability
- problems of national integration
- imperatives of state building (buildin an apparative status that is able to provide a level of law to pursue economic and social policies [security]
Lack of International power and leverage
subordinate integration in global economy
(remember size of national economy to Walmart Size)
What is political science?
it's about the description or empirical evidence that those facts that we're trying to understand and analyze them. It's also about developing theories about causal relationships.
PLO
Palestine Liberation Organization (terrorist group)
Developmental/modernization approach
emphasizes historical process of interrelated social changes--modernization
- expansion of education
- growth in communication and transportation
- economic change, industrialization, industrial revolution
- social and cultural change

The modernization approach argues that political change was driven by underlying social changes.The problem with original modernization theory is that it's not quite the way it worked.

Problem = stability
Focus= demands institutions
Underdevelopment approach
This approach came in the 1970s, and had a lasting influence and argued that developmentalists were falt-wrong to hypothesize a similarity between western development and development of post-colonial world.

The reason was because the 3rd world finds itself locked in a subordinate position in a way the 1st world never did.
--> as a consequence of colonialism & evolution of global economy, developing countries are finding it difficult to reach a certain point.

Problem= dependency underdevelopment
Focus= class structure, trade, finance, investment
Sam Huntington ( 1968)
--Modernization revisionist
--Deeply conservative but fan of Chinese Communist Party
--"Clamp down on demands before they overwhelm the political system."

He argued that yes you do have modernization/interellated changes in the economy, transportation, education etc...
This is all lead to social mobilization--the break down of social groups, the emergence of new social groups. People moved from being rural peasants to urban workers. Their identities changed as well as economic activities, and social relationships.

WITH SOCIAL MOBILIZATION COMES NEW POLITICAL DEMANDS...

Modernization also has this effect on the capabilities on the political system as a state0a society modernizes, the state gains more capabilities that are rooted in institutions (which are able to to respond onto demands).
--> here is the problem: in periods of rapid development (developing world) the demands are growing faster than the institutions. And if demands grow faster, they threaten to overwhelm those institutions---which leads to political decay.
Theoretical approaches
In comparatives politics: those different theoretical approaches have rather vague and overlapping boundaries.
--> people draw from multiple approaches.
Paradigm
under "vague and overlapping boundaries, considerable eclectisim.
--> much less clearly demarcated than in IR
--> "isms" debate about competing paradigms and theoretical approaches to the study of IR and debates between them
Decolonization
"no smooth progess"...
It was often followed by political disorder, not development.
In the West, we went through bloody civil wars, wars in Europe, genocide, fascism...wasn't all happiness and flying unicorns.

In the developing world, (the experience of 1945) was not an upward or smooth economic & political development.
--> Countries experienced collapses into civil violence, political instability, military coups, economic crisis etc...
Institutionalist approach
--became much more sophisticated in 1990's
--institutions enable and constrain actions (by affecting strategic calculations and by reflecting and sustaining norms
--importance of path dependency and critical junctions (political and institutional choice at T, will create and foreclose political policy options at T^x)

related to path dependency & critical junctures

Problem= strategic choices
Focus= institutions as enablers or constraints
Rational choice approach
--politics can be analyzed through the lens of rational, utility-maximizing individuals (borrows heavily from microeconomics)
--collective behaviour is a function of many micro-decisions
--importance of information
--may or may not involve formal modeling

Problem= individual and hence collective behaviour
Focus= costs and benefits associated with actions at the micro level
Political culture approach
--politics is shaped by deeply held cultural views (group identities, legitimacy and pluralism)
--cultural attitudes may change over time (modernization theory)

Problem= collective behaviour
Focus= cultural orientations to politics
Procedural democracy
more existence of free + fair vote
regular elections, free vote
Substantive democracy
free fair right
broader context of equality, pluralism and tolerance.
Democratization
we need to relate to different expanding political freedom + participation.
Hybrid regimes
mixed attributes of authoritarianism and participatory?
Three waves of democratization
--FIRST WAVE (1828-1926) 33 max (democracy in countries in Europe)
--> reverse wave (1922-1942) 11 min (entrenchment

--SECOND WAVE (1943-1962) 52 max (former fascist regimes and post colonial countries
--> reverse wave (1958-1975) 30 min

--THIRD WAVE (1974-2006) [democratization]
- Latin America
- Eastern Europe
- Some Asia and some Africa
- More reverses than gains 2006-2011

THEN ARAB SPRING
Stability
Things like human rights and economic development require stability.

Stability is NOT a sufficient condition. Consider Nazi Germany which was very stable. Ultimately stability due to repression or authoritarianism. This appears to be caorrelation between industrialization and stability and GDP per capita and stability.
State-building
- has a tool set
- government involvement in the economy grows, through taxation, expenditure, and regulation.
State-building: State capacity
- administration
- bureaucracy
- coercion
State-building: State strength
- autonomy from social groups
State-building: State penetration
- reaching into the periphery
State-building: State extraction
- taxation power
State resources
A state depends on the economy to do things, so making a better economy's is in it's best interest.
Political tool:
the economy can be used to wield power and other political actions.
Regime consolidation
Repression is one way of consolidating a regime. Repression has been used in Zimbabwe by Mugabe.

Repression is expensive and it can also create it's own dissent.
Pluralist relationship
lets states "duke it out"
Corporatist relationship
has the states intervene one another
Informal groups
- horizontal ("old boys" networks)

- communal (ethnic or sectarian groups)

- vertical (patron-client relationship)
Ideology
a political vision of the way the world works and the way it ought to be work, a shared ideational blueprint of a better future
Political culture
underlying attitude of the population to such issues as political community and political authority. q
Ideas
Ideas have to resonate somehow. You can't just broadcast a message and expect people to believe it. It has to meet social needs.
Patron-client relations
occurs when you use the resources of the state to keep the population.

patron-client relations + state resources = neopatrimonialism.
Neopatrimonalism
that system grafted onto a new…exists in democratic or pseudo-democratic systems. It’s more expanded and less direct but same dynamic for providing support and resources. OR term used for patrons using state resources in order to secure the loyalty of clients in the general population, and is indicative of informal patron-client relationships that can reach from very high up in state structures down to individuals in say, small villages.
To maintain Neopatrimonialism: you need strength and manipulation.

Effects—positive:
• Short-term stability
• Provides “reach” to weak state, access to population
• Reciprocal relationship
• Integration?

Effects—negative:
• Undermines institutionalization
• Policy distortion
• Corruption
• Exploitation
• Aggravates communalism?
Path dependecy
explains how the set of decisions one faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions one has made in the past, even though past circumstances may no longer be relevant. The dependence of the outcome of a dynamical process on historical events.
Primary resistance
the resistance by pre-colonial societies to colonial conquests
Associated-dependent development:
this theory argues that northern banks and MNCs still retain considerable influence over southern economies and that some developing countries can experience economic growth and modernization, although income inequalities remain.
Cultural pluralism:
a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture. The co-existence of a several different culture groups in a multi-national state.
Weak-state penetration:
No police presence in dangerous slum and lack of government health care in a distant province.
Indirect colonial rule:
o It was cheaper and easier than direct administration
o It often involved supporting local indigenous elites
o Colonial support for local rulers weakened local accountability
o It was more used by Britain than by France.
GNP
Gross domestic product ( domestic import and export only)
UNDP
United Nations development programs
Westminster fashion:
It means in a similar manner to the political system in Britain; two parties who have turns in power, and an equal chance of being elected, with no single party being dominant. Usually also refers to a system with two houses of government (senate and house of commons), and a head of government who is separate from the head of state. The United States, for example is not a Westminster system because their president is both the head of government and head of state.
Linkage politics:
it refers to the need for anti-colonial nationalist movements to link together a diverse set of particular anti-colonial grievances.
Nation:
“A group of people united by a common error about their ancestry and a common dislike of their neighbors.”
Prof Brynen on French intervention in Mali:
Interestingly, you sometimes hear a different argument in foreign ministries--namely, that officials would like to do something for moral reasons, but the general public just doesn't care enough...
In the French case, intervention is largely motivated by fear that a failed state in Mali could provide a sanctuary to al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). That fear is widely shared, which is other countries are providing combat (ECOWAS) or non-combat (UK, Canada, US) military forces, and why the Security Council endorsed the French move.
Maintaining neopatrimonialism:
the "lion" (strength) and the "fox" (manipulation)
- maintaining discriminatory control of resources
- avoiding alternative power centers
- encouraging subordinate rivalries.
Corruption
a frequent (although not inevitable) part of neopatrimonial regimes

CAUSES: new norms and old behaviours, new sources of wealth and power, growing importance of the state, survival skill

TYPES: endemic/developmental/planned, or parochial/extravctive
According to Handelman, the rate of poverty in a country tends to reflect:

a) the level of per capita income
b) the degree of income inequality
c) the length of colonial rule
d) whether a regime is democratic or not
e) both (a) and (b)
e) both (a) and (b)
An institutionalist approach to the politics of the developing world would emphasize which of the following concepts?
a) economic dependency
b) modernization and political institutionization
c) political socialization and political culture
d) rational utility maximization
e) path dependency and critical junctures
e) path dependency and critical junctures
An example of exclusionary corporatism would be:
a) powerful multinational corporations that fail to consult local populations
b) restrictions on foreign ownership
c) direct rule by economic elites
d) official prohibition of all student organizations except those approved by the state
e) environmental activists
d) official prohibition of all student organizations except those approved by the state
How is "gold farming" undertaken in developing countries?
a) farmers wokr part time panning for gold
b) plants are grown that take up gold in their root systems, allowing it to be extracted in a processing plant
c) people sit at computers and play digital games, selling the virtual game objects they produce.
d) the government extracts a percentage of mine earrings from each gold mining company
e) aliens arrive in a small western town, but are stopped by Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford
c) people sit at computers and play digital games, selling the virtual game objects they produce.
According to Handelman, tribal identity is rooted in:
a) a common language
b) belief in a common lineage
c) a common pattern of economic life (often rural subsistence agriculture)
d) common religious beliefs
e) both (a) and (b)
e) both (a) and (b)
Which of the following characterizes "spontaneous" urban housing:
a) the use of portable emergency housing such as tents and trailers
b) rapid government planning
c) close consultation between developers and civil society
d) unplanned state construction to meet the urban housing crisis
e) self-construction by the poor, often squatting on unused land
e) self-construction by the poor, often squatting on unused land
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about agrarian reform?
a) it can significantly improve peasant incomes
b) the comparative efficiency of small and large land-owners can vary depending on the crop grown
c) opposition from landed elites may pose more of an obstacle to reform efforts in revolutionary or military regimes than in democracies
d) private peasant plots are typically more productive than collective farms
e) land reform can be used by regimes as a way of rewarding their political supporters.
c) opposition from landed elites may pose more of an obstacle to reform efforts in revolutionary or military regimes than in democracies
What do "sites and services" programmes do?
a) provide advice and subsidized supplies for poor rural farmers
b) make available lots with basic utilities for self-built housing by the urban poor
c) reduce the cost of basic consumer goods
d) reorganize health services to assure better coverage of the poor
b) make available lots with basic utilities for self-built housing by the urban poor
Which would be the best example of the informal economy?
a) unlicensed taxi drivers, street vendors, and shoeshine boys
b) low-level civil servants and military personnel with little education
c) workers in a large steel mill or coal mine
d) lawyers, engineers, and other consultants
e) farmers, truck drivers, and shop workers
a) unlicensed taxi drivers, street vendors, and shoeshine boys
Which of the following is NOT a drawback identified by Handelman in his discussion of state-supported urban industrialization?
a) it produced only a limited number of well-paying jobs, in part because industries were often very capital-intensive
b) there was less incentive for companies to improve their products
c) there was less incentive for companies to lower their prices
d) the goods were produced were less able to compete on international markets
e) it accelerated the rate of rural migration, contributing to growing food shortages
e) it accelerated the rate of rural migration, contributing to growing food shortages
In which region did decolonization generally take place the earliest?
a) Middle East
b) South Asia
c) Africa
d) East Asia
e) Latin America
e) Latin America
In their article on "The Fault Lines of Failed States," Jeffrey Herbst and Greg Mills identify three critical issues that "determine the contours of fault lines and the prospects for mass violence." What are these?
a) ethnic cleavages, economic exploitation, and political leadership
b) governance, democratization and globalization
c) economic inequality, urbanization, and unemployment
d) colonialism, Western intervention, and structural adjustment
e) rule of law, gender equality, and political institutions
b) governance, democratization and globalization
Which of the following statements is FALSE:
a) ethnic identities may change over time
b) the goal of secessionist parties is to force their central government to devote more resources to a particular ethnic group
c) political and administrative decentralization can play a role in managing political conflict
d) "ethnic cleansing" is violence intended to remove members of an ethnic group from a contested territory through killings and forced displacement.
e) when ethnic conflict occurs in a country, neighbouring countries may become involved because of shared ethnic ties.
) the goal of secessionist parties is to force their central government to devote more resources to a particular ethnic group
Economic inequality typically:
a) rises with economic development, then later declines with social reforms and the establishment of the welfare state
b) is greatest in the Middle East
c) is greatest in Latin America
d) both (a) and (c)
e) both (a) and (b)
d) both (a) and (c)
Which of the following did NOT take place in the POLI 227 "peasant simulation":
a) the British promoted greater gender equality
b) colonialism involved a form of indirect colonial rule, through appointment of a local magistrate
c) the shift to cotton increased the total value of rural agricultural production
d) the colonial taxation system encouraged cash crop production
e) rural-to-urban migration increased
a) the British promoted greater gender equality
Which of the following points does Handelman NOT make his discussion of "tribes":
a) in Africa, tribal identity is rarely a major determinant of support for particular political parties
b) many anthropologists and political scientists find the term unclear and unhelpful
c) the term is often used by African leaders themselves
d) tribal extensions have sometimes become violent
e) both (a) and (c)
a) in Africa, tribal identity is rarely a major determinant of support for particular political parties
Why is GDP per capita a problematic measure of development?
a) it doesn't measure income inequalities between different countries
b) it doesn't measure the impact of trade and investment
c) it doesn't address income inequalities within a country
d) both (b) and (c)
e) all of the above
c) it doesn't address income inequalities within a country
Which of the following would be the best example of an informal horizontal group?
a) patron-client networks
b) a group of military officers from the same region who attended school together
c) a business association
d) an independent students' union
e) a rich landlord and the peasants who work her land
b) a group of military officers from the same region who attended school together
What three types of land reform does Handelman identify?
a) productive, extractive, and administrative
b) pre-colonial, post-colonial, and modern
c) food crop, cash crop, and mixed
d) static, evolutionary and revolutionary
e) externally-imposed, revolutionary, and moderate
e) externally-imposed, revolutionary, and moderate
Which of the following is NOT true about neopatrimonalism?
a) it can promote greater social integration
b) it weakens institutions, but may strengthen short-term political stability
c) it is less likely to be associated with corruption than other forms of clientalism
d) it can aggravate social divisions
e) it usually makes use of state resources
c) it is less likely to be associated with corruption than other forms of clientalism
Political coalitions can be held together with:
a) resources and/or ideas
b) ideas and ideologies
c) fear and loathing
d) promordialism and consciationalism
e) primary resistance
a) resources and/or ideas
According to Handelman, which of the following is NOT true about crop pricing policies in many developing countries:
a) they reflect the powerful political influence of small producers
b) prices tend to disadvantage rural farmers
c) prices tend to favour urban consumers
d) official prices tend to act as a tax on farmers
e) pricing policy may actually serve to discourage certain types of agricultural production
a) they reflect the powerful political influence of small producers
Which of the following best illustrates the extractive capacities of the state:
a) taxing small businesses
b) the provision of health services to the rural poor
c) the ability of state leaders to ignore pressures from powerful economic elites
d) the capacity of the legal system to provide a fair legal trial
e) the ability of the security forces to repress opposition
a) taxing small businesses
Why does Handelman reject sweeping generalizations about some religions being more supportive of democracy than others?
a) because there is considerable variation in the views held within any one religious community
b) because religions change over time
c) because ethnicity is more important
d) both (a) and (b)
e) both (b) and (c)
d) both (a) and (b)
A demographic transition is characterized by:
a) the shift from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility
b) a rise in birth rates, followed by a subsequent decline in death rates
c) a system of constitutionalized power sharing
d) a rapid decline in population, followed by population stability
e) a shift in population from small villages to intensive monoculture plantations.
a) the shift from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility
Which of the following countries is characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogeneity, by deep clan divisions and civil war?
a) India
b) Iraq
c) Syria
d) Somalia
e) Hogwarts
d) Somalia
Which approach sees colonialism as fundamentally important in shaping the trajectory of third world development?
a) rational choice
b) modernization
c) underdevelopment
d) political culture
e) pluralism
c) underdevelopment
Which is the best example of civil society:
a) an environmental organization
b) a police station
c) a clan
d) members of a state-run women's association
e) tax officials
a) an environmental organization
A mayor who allocates low-level municipal jobs to those who support her political party would be engaged in:
a) extractive corruption
b) developmental corruption
c) consociationalism
d) federalism
e) neopatrimonialism
e) neopatrimonialism
Most analysts agree that "ethnicity" is:
a) an inherent and primordial characteristic that changes little over time
b) rooted in common religious beliefs and language
c) declining in importance as a factor in politics
d) a social construction by which certain groups come to view themselves as distinct from others over time
e) based on racial characteristics
d) a social construction by which certain groups come to view themselves as distinct from others over time
Which of the following factors was NOT identified by Handelman as contributing to the declining political influence of the progressive Catholic Church in Latin America since the 1980s:
a) democratization
b) less need for progressive activists to use the Church as an "umbrella" to protect them from political repression
c) the Vatican has become less sympathetic to political involvement by nuns and priests
d) the competing growth of leftist Protestant groups
e) the appointment of more conservative Catholic bishops
d) the competing growth of leftist Protestant groups
Which of the following was NOT identified in class lectures as a major cause of corruption:
a) the incompatibility of new norms and old behaviours
b) the growing importance of the state
c) economic survival efforts by poorly-paid public sector employees
d) economic elites seeking to acquire political influence
e) growing democratization
e) growing democratization
What is the "contact hypothesis"?
a) as people of different races, religions, and ethnicities come into great contact with each other, they will better understand the other group's common human qualities, causing prejudice to decline
b) as people of different races, religions, and ethnicities come into great contact with each other, tensions will arise, causing prejudice to increase
c) as people of the same race, religion, and ethnicity come into great contact with each other, they will better understand each other and will be more incline to wage war against other groups
d) as people of the same race, religion, and ethnicity come into great contact with each other, tension will arise between the members of these groups, increasing the chances of divisions within these groups.
e) increased interaction between different ethnic groups, occasioned by factors such as urban migration, slows the pace of economic development.
a) as people of different races, religions, and ethnicities come into great contact with each other, they will better understand the other group's common human qualities, causing prejudice to decline
According to Handelman, violent ethnic conflict is LEAST frequent today in:
a) the Middle East and Africa
c) South Asia and Africa
d) Africa and Latin America
e) the Middle East and South Asia
b) Latin America and East Asia
Why might it be most useful to conceptualize social class in terms of position within the economic structure of society?
a) it best indicates the amount of income earned by individuals and groups
b) it best indicates the prestige of certain individuals and groups
c) it best links group interests and behaviour with economic changes and policy changes
d) the term is universally understood in that way
e) it best highlights the interrelationship with ethnic and other cleavages
c) it best links group interests and behaviour with economic changes and policy changes
What are the three most politically-important ethno-sectarian groups in Iraq?
a) Shi'ite Arabs, Sunni Arabs, and Kurds
b) Arabs, Persians, and Berbers
c) Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Christians
d) Sunnis, Alawis, and Kurds
e) Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Druze Arabs
a) Shi'ite Arabs, Sunni Arabs, and Kurds
Some countries have an HDI that is significantly lower than their GDP/capita would predict. Handelman labels these as HDI "underachievers." Which of the following is NOT associated with HDI "underachievement" ?
a) HIV/AIDS
b) gender inequality
c) high oil experts
d) late decolonization
d) late decolonization
Which of the following terms is the least interchangeable with the term "third world"?
a) less developed countries
b) developing world
c) newly-industrializing countries
d) the global South
c) newly-industrializing countries
How might one distinguish between the concepts of political culture and political ideology?
a) political culture is most often found among societal elites
b) political ideology rarely offers a vision of a future, better world
c) political culture tends to comprise basic orientations to politics, like attitudes to authority, legitimacy, and group identity.
d) political ideologies are more widespread among the population
e) both (a) and (c)
c) political culture tends to comprise basic orientations to politics, like attitudes to authority, legitimacy, and group identity.
Which of the following is NOT true about corruption?
a) democratic countries tend to be less corrupt
b) more globalized countries tend to be more corrupt, due to the role of outside economic interests
c) corruption can vary significantly within countries
d) "endemic" corruption is generally low-level and widespread
e) "planned" corruption is part of a political strategy of neopatrimonialism
b) more globalized countries tend to be more corrupt, due to the role of outside economic interests
Define GDI
Gender disparity index--addresses the fact that men and women may not have equal shares of those resources--essentially reduces your HDI figure of large gender inequalities. Includes some measure of gender equity in the number.
How important is stability?
It's a prerequisite for everything. Things like human rights and economic development require stability. It's important to maintain order.

Stability is NOT a sufficient condition. Consider Nazi Germany which was very stable. Ultimately stability due to repression or authoritarianism. Political elites spend a lot of time worrying about how to keep stability.
Repression
is one way of consolidating a regime. Has been used in Zimbabwe by Mugabe. It is expensive and it can also create its own dissent.