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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Political Ideology
a set of political beliefs and attitudes
Conservatism
belief in traditional institutions; oppositions to government control
Liberalism
acceptance of evolving norms and institutions; support for government solutions
Party Coalitions
like demographics; dem- lower-income, minorities
rep- upper-income, white
Party Issue Stances
rep- traditional Christian values, little government, national defense, personal responsibility
dem- secular values, equality and civil rights, gov. services, social responsibility, regulated free market
Divided Government
President's party doesn't control at least one house in Congress
Unified Government
one party controls all
Party Polarization
good- checks and balances/ both sides
bad- dysfunctional Congress, gridlock
parties have become increasingly ideologically pure
Obstructionism
Congressional Republicans undertook organized plan to block all major legislation under Obama
Filibuster
any one Senator can place hold on legislature until Cloture invoked (60 votes to end filibuster)
History of Political Media and Technology
radio, newspaper, tv, increasing internet, partisan framed media
Media Agenda Setting and Framing
political parties frame media
Campaign Organizations
In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or 'machine') will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size.
GOTV
Get out the vote, partisan or nonpartisan campaigning to increase voter turnout through phone calls and letters
Campaign Advertising
biographical ads, attack ads, micro-targeting, response ads
Important Historic Campaign TV Ads
Reagan- bear in the woods
Micro-targeting
sending different messages to different groups of people (Spanish language commercials in Latino areas)
Initiatives
a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote
Referenda
is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal, usually a piece of legislation which has been passed into law by the local legislative body and was signed by the pertinent executive official(s)
Recall Elections
a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition
Electoral College
The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected indirectly by "electors" who are elected by popular vote on a state-by-state basis.
Popular Vote
the actually direct vote by citizens
Voter Turnout
turnout in American is far less in America than in other industrialized democracies
Social Capital
the norms and networks that define community life: time spent with friends, neighbors, and family in social and civic setting
Rational Choice
when people do cost/benefit analysis before voting or making decisions
V = P(A - B) - C + D
v=voting p=likelihood that vote changes election a=benefits of chosen candidate b=benefits of opposing candidate c=costs d=other benefits
Interest Groups
an organized group that advocates to public and government to influence public policy
Purposive Benefits
psychological benefits (doing something good)
Solidary Benefits
interaction with people like you
Material Benefits
tangible benefits
Selective Benefits
benefits that only members get
Lobbying
the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies
Campaign Spending
campaign spending , no regulation on campaign expenditure
Campaign Finance Laws
campaign finance laws, limits on donations
Government Matching Funds
the money a presidential candidate is given by federal government to match the money they have raised personally, usually only qualified by two major parties
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits, even for state and local races or issue discussion, brought limits to campaign donations
Buckley v. Valeo
challenged the idea that government can regulate campaign spending- campaign expenditure limits struck down, donation limits upheld
Citizens United v. FEC
the Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions, created super PACs
501(c)3 and 501(c)4
regulated by FEC, PACs and other social groups
527
"super PACs", not regulated by FEC
SuperPACs
can engage in unlimited spending, cannot coordinate directly with candidate
Logrolling
i'll vote for yours if you vote for mine
Conditional Party Government
party leadership in Congress strong only if members see an interest in having strong parties
Party Leadership in Congress
majority party leadership determines what bills get voted on, determine committee assignments
Congressional Committees
Congress broken up into groups to focus on specific areas, seats evenly divided between Dem. and Rep, where legislation is written
Redistricting
when populations change, new district lines must be drawn up
2010 Redistricting Process
Texas gained four seats and had to drawn new district lines (subject to scrutiny under sec. 5 of voting rights act), Mass. lost 1 seat
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Sections 2 and 5)
Sec. 2- redistricting- can't break up minority district/ must have majority-minority districts if possible
Sec. 5- states with history of racism are under a scope when it comes to redistricting
Gerrymandering
a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts
Packing and Cracking
maximize the effect of supporters' votes and minimize the effect of opponents' votes through gerrymandering
Judicial Selection
all federal judges are selected by President; state and local selection vary by state
Judicial Interpretation
judges are tasked with interpreting the law, traditional judicial norms discourage partisan decision making but political ideology still influences
Originalism
judges should interpret the language in the Constitution based on original intended meaning
Evolutionism
judges should consider Constitution as a living document, should interpret concepts based on modern values
Fiscal Cliff
Bush tax cuts expiring for income levels, alternative minimum tax kicks back in, 2011 payroll tax cuts expire, $984 billion in defense and domestic cuts under sequester, emergency unemployment benefits expire
Ways to appoint state and local judges
Partisan election- judges run for bench under party labels
Non-partisan election- run for bench without labels
Gubernatorial appointment- state governors appoint judges
Legislative appointment- judges are appointed by state legislature
Retention Election- judges appointed through legislature must face election after several years
Party Leadership roles
Speaker (John Boener R)- recognizes members to speak, schedules votes on legislation, controls committee assignments, assigns bills to committees
House Majority Leader (Eric Cantor R)
House Minority Leader (Nancy Pelosi D)
Senate Majority Leader (Harry Reid D)- schedules debate and votes on legislation, controls committee assignments
Senate Minority Leader (Mitch McConnell R)