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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Political Ideology
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a set of political beliefs and attitudes
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Conservatism
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belief in traditional institutions; oppositions to government control
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Liberalism
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acceptance of evolving norms and institutions; support for government solutions
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Party Coalitions
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like demographics; dem- lower-income, minorities
rep- upper-income, white |
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Party Issue Stances
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rep- traditional Christian values, little government, national defense, personal responsibility
dem- secular values, equality and civil rights, gov. services, social responsibility, regulated free market |
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Divided Government
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President's party doesn't control at least one house in Congress
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Unified Government
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one party controls all
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Party Polarization
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good- checks and balances/ both sides
bad- dysfunctional Congress, gridlock parties have become increasingly ideologically pure |
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Obstructionism
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Congressional Republicans undertook organized plan to block all major legislation under Obama
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Filibuster
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any one Senator can place hold on legislature until Cloture invoked (60 votes to end filibuster)
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History of Political Media and Technology
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radio, newspaper, tv, increasing internet, partisan framed media
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Media Agenda Setting and Framing
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political parties frame media
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Campaign Organizations
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In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or 'machine') will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size.
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GOTV
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Get out the vote, partisan or nonpartisan campaigning to increase voter turnout through phone calls and letters
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Campaign Advertising
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biographical ads, attack ads, micro-targeting, response ads
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Important Historic Campaign TV Ads
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Reagan- bear in the woods
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Micro-targeting
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sending different messages to different groups of people (Spanish language commercials in Latino areas)
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Initiatives
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a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote
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Referenda
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is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal, usually a piece of legislation which has been passed into law by the local legislative body and was signed by the pertinent executive official(s)
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Recall Elections
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a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended. Recalls, which are initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition
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Electoral College
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The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected indirectly by "electors" who are elected by popular vote on a state-by-state basis.
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Popular Vote
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the actually direct vote by citizens
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Voter Turnout
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turnout in American is far less in America than in other industrialized democracies
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Social Capital
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the norms and networks that define community life: time spent with friends, neighbors, and family in social and civic setting
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Rational Choice
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when people do cost/benefit analysis before voting or making decisions
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V = P(A - B) - C + D
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v=voting p=likelihood that vote changes election a=benefits of chosen candidate b=benefits of opposing candidate c=costs d=other benefits
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Interest Groups
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an organized group that advocates to public and government to influence public policy
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Purposive Benefits
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psychological benefits (doing something good)
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Solidary Benefits
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interaction with people like you
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Material Benefits
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tangible benefits
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Selective Benefits
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benefits that only members get
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Lobbying
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the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in the government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies
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Campaign Spending
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campaign spending , no regulation on campaign expenditure
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Campaign Finance Laws
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campaign finance laws, limits on donations
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Government Matching Funds
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the money a presidential candidate is given by federal government to match the money they have raised personally, usually only qualified by two major parties
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Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
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prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits, even for state and local races or issue discussion, brought limits to campaign donations
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Buckley v. Valeo
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challenged the idea that government can regulate campaign spending- campaign expenditure limits struck down, donation limits upheld
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Citizens United v. FEC
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the Court held that the First Amendment prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions, created super PACs
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501(c)3 and 501(c)4
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regulated by FEC, PACs and other social groups
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527
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"super PACs", not regulated by FEC
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SuperPACs
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can engage in unlimited spending, cannot coordinate directly with candidate
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Logrolling
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i'll vote for yours if you vote for mine
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Conditional Party Government
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party leadership in Congress strong only if members see an interest in having strong parties
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Party Leadership in Congress
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majority party leadership determines what bills get voted on, determine committee assignments
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Congressional Committees
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Congress broken up into groups to focus on specific areas, seats evenly divided between Dem. and Rep, where legislation is written
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Redistricting
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when populations change, new district lines must be drawn up
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2010 Redistricting Process
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Texas gained four seats and had to drawn new district lines (subject to scrutiny under sec. 5 of voting rights act), Mass. lost 1 seat
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Sections 2 and 5)
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Sec. 2- redistricting- can't break up minority district/ must have majority-minority districts if possible
Sec. 5- states with history of racism are under a scope when it comes to redistricting |
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Gerrymandering
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a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts
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Packing and Cracking
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maximize the effect of supporters' votes and minimize the effect of opponents' votes through gerrymandering
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Judicial Selection
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all federal judges are selected by President; state and local selection vary by state
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Judicial Interpretation
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judges are tasked with interpreting the law, traditional judicial norms discourage partisan decision making but political ideology still influences
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Originalism
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judges should interpret the language in the Constitution based on original intended meaning
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Evolutionism
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judges should consider Constitution as a living document, should interpret concepts based on modern values
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Fiscal Cliff
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Bush tax cuts expiring for income levels, alternative minimum tax kicks back in, 2011 payroll tax cuts expire, $984 billion in defense and domestic cuts under sequester, emergency unemployment benefits expire
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Ways to appoint state and local judges
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Partisan election- judges run for bench under party labels
Non-partisan election- run for bench without labels Gubernatorial appointment- state governors appoint judges Legislative appointment- judges are appointed by state legislature Retention Election- judges appointed through legislature must face election after several years |
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Party Leadership roles
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Speaker (John Boener R)- recognizes members to speak, schedules votes on legislation, controls committee assignments, assigns bills to committees
House Majority Leader (Eric Cantor R) House Minority Leader (Nancy Pelosi D) Senate Majority Leader (Harry Reid D)- schedules debate and votes on legislation, controls committee assignments Senate Minority Leader (Mitch McConnell R) |