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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialism
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state ownership of the means of production. (vs. private ownership of the means of production
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welfare state
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smoothing out economic inequalities by redistributing wealth through taxation. Ex: U.S., Britain, Soviet States. China not a welfare state
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Utopian Socialists
- Thomas More 15th c. |
1) Abolish Private Property ( private property leads to injustice, inequality; getting rid of private property abolishes inequality)
2) economic collectivism- common ownership of wealth 3) social collectivism- mutual cooperation and solidarity. (get along to survive.) 4) Revolution and state education- if property educated, people would choose socialism. 5) social engineering- government controlled and manipulated society to allow humans to attain moral and material perfection. Ex: DARE (anti-alcohol program) |
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Classical Liberal Democrats (CLD) Economic Core:
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Private property and private accumulation of wealth. ( capitalism)
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Radical Democrats Economic Core
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Same as CLD 's but government should intervene in the economy to smooth out inequalities.
- Radical Democrats wanted an activist state, but not a socialist state. |
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Classical liberalism
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("laissez- faire= capitalism)> hands off (government hands off the economy) evolved into modern liberalism (state intervention in the economy.
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Modern Liberalism
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government plays a role in smoothing inequality.
Ex: government (not capitalists) regulate number of hours worked per day and per week. -determines minimum wages. --determines social benefits for workers ( ex. unemployment, disability, retirement). - modern liberals see the role of government and law to improve society, not merely private rights. |
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Jeremy Bentham
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- father of modern liberalism
- believed people should use reason to improve themselves. - rejected natural law. He believed that as long as people were confident that there was a "right conduct" found through the pursuit of "right reason" society would be dynamic and changing, but once those in power thought they found the right answer than all the citizens would than have to conform to the leaders idea or right conduct, therefore the society would lose its vitality. - Did not believe that there was one absolute rule in nature (natural law), believed in human self reliance. - rejected natural law, created utilitarianism> his way of evaluating human conduct - The value or utility of any policy can be measured by the amount of pleasure or pain brought onto an individual or society. - Rejected elitism, one's happiness equal to the happiness of another. " the greatest happiness to the greatest number." - Positive law: resulted from Bentham's rejection of natural law, his utilitarianism ( his measure by which to evaluate human conduct), and his belief that gov should take positive steps to maximize the happiness of a society. government should take active steps to improve society. believed that law was not based on one unchanging truth, but that law was a tool used by society to modify its social conditions to increase happiness. Ex: anti smoking law suits, soft drinks out of school. - hedonistic calculus: measures utility. Bentham suggested its use by a scientific legislature to determine the wisdom of a proposed policy. formula that included a list of 14 categories of human pleasure, and 12 categories of pain, and seven standards of measurement. |
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Mill
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- big on education: " better educated society was a better society."
- enlighten self interest: people can do good without expecting reward - utilitarian - wrote "on liberty" (1859): argued that even democracy could limit individual liberty, there freedom of speech and thought should be protected because individual liberty is the surest way of achieving happiness. - also utilitarian (influenced by Bentham) - people can positively shape their environment; so government can help shape a positive environment Ex: impose restrictions on business, allow labor unions to organize - happiness can best be achieved when people do good for each other. - " enlightened self interest"> original motivation for kindness toward each other. People do good because they will benefit from doing them. People will become used to do good and not expect any rewards. |
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Green
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- like mill, concerned with individual liberty
- freedom: "liberation of the powers of all men equally for contributions to a common goal." - individual freedom doesn't come from people contributing to their own welfare but from people contributing to the society as a whole. - believed government should take steps to increase the freedom of the people. - to him private property was one of the most restricting to individual's liberty. Because of this, green urged people to use the institutions of government to protect themselves from the powerful economic forces. - government increases the freedom of the people through a welfare state. -supported governments that would take positive steps to improve the people's lives through policies promoting free education, labor laws protecting women and children, sanitary working and living conditions. - state responsible for liberating people economically and socially. (no poverty) |
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Dewey
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- contemporary liberalism philosopher
- believed in people's intelligence and dignity and in the power and wisdom of individual contributions to the collective good. - all people are equal in humanity, to go against that would be an abuse of the human rights to which individuals have equal claim. - because people are different physically and intellectually, equal political and legal treatment is necessary or otherwise the powerful ones would tyrannize those who don't have power. - happiness of the individual is the primary goal of the society - believed that our understanding of all things is determined by our environment and our experiences because of our empirical attitude (lies at the foundation of pragmatism), which considers all knowledge conditional. Ex: the meanings of happiness or human rights are always changing as our perception of the environment changes. - did not believe that we are subject to our environment just because it creates out definitions, but that people could make their lives better through intelligence and reason. - advocated social engineering Social engineering-government can shape proper behavior through education. Ex: DARE> teaches/ educates kids on not doing drugs (shapes mentality) - people able to modify institutions that oppress them and they should create institutions that increase their happiness. - encouraged people to try to mold individuals and improve humans making them more socially compatible. |
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Fabian/ Fabian Society
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group of people in Great Britain saying that capitalism is brutal. Their goal is to achieve social equality through the abolition of the free enterprise system by:
1) Socialization of the means of production 2) state controls regulation of wages, working hours, etc. 3) welfare (redistribution of the wealth through taxation.) |
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British Labour Party
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established by Fabians and British trade unions. Their goal is to bring socialism to England. Socialism is the only economic system compatible with democracy.
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Magna Carta
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1215. First political constitutional struggle in England.
- magna carta is the basis for the modern english constitution. - how magna carta came about: king john tried to tax the feudal barons, so the barons got mad and challenged his authority. The magna carta was an attempt to limit powers of the king by law and protect the baron's privileges. - significance of the magna carta: supremacy of law over the kind. from the magna carta we get: 1) Habeus Corpus (bring the body) Due process; relief from unlawful inprisonment. 2) no taxation without consent 3) representative government - magna carta also prohibits the king from imposing taxes without approval of the great council. |
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William the Conqueror
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Battle of Hatings centralizes power, which is the first step towards building great britain as a nation. conquest introduces feudal system (serfs, vassle, etc.) to England.
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Socialism
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1) Ownership of Production
2) establishment of the welfare state 3) belief in the socialist intent |
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Ownership of Production
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- public ownership and control of the major means of production, distribution and finance.
Nationalization- exists when government owns and operates an industry. although its the traditional way of socializing the economy, nationalization lost favor in western countries, leading to the development of a different form of socialization. - the political limitations of nationalization are even greater than its economic problems. once society's production, exchange, distribution, and employment are controlled by the gov, then their involvement in people's lives greatly increases. - free people must be cautious of placing all their productivity in the hands of the government. - heavy industry and certain nationwide services are better socialized by the nationalization process. |
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Cooperatives
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socialists in western states turned to cooperatives as a means to socialize the economy.
- attempting to combine the virtues of private motivation with the benefits of collective ownership, cooperative enterprises are composed of individuals who collectively own them and who share in both the work and the profits. - retail sales, manufacturing, and heavy construction work best under the cooperative setting. |
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Welfare State
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New Deal- massive reform program. injected socialism into the system
- western European countries spend twice as much on its economic output as the united states on its social programs. - socialists want to eliminate poverty |
