Political Geography

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Political Geography

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Human Geography concerned with SPATIAL ANALYSIS of political phenomena

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Nation

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culturally distincitive group of PEOPLE occupying a particular REGION & BOUNDARY 2gether by sense of UNITY arising from SHARED--- ethnicity beliefs customs

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Nation-State

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A state whose territory is IDENTICAL to that occupied by a particular NATION

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State

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independent political unit occupying a defined permanently populated territory & having full SOVEREIGN control over its INTERNAL and FOREIGN affairs

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Compact State

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Territory is CIRCULAR

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Prorupt State

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compact form that has 1 or more NARROW EXTENSIONS of territory

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Elongated States

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LONG & NARROW

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Fragmented States

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ISOLATED parts SEPARATE & DISCONTINUOUS

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exclave

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portion of a state that is SEPARATED from the main territory and SURROUNDED by another country

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Enclave

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SURROUNDED by but NOT part of the state

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Perforated State

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completely SURROUNDS a territory that it does NOT RULE.

Republic of S. Africa surrounds Lesotho

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Core Area

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nuclues of a state, contains its more developed area. greatest wealth, densest population & dearest national identity

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Natural Boundaries

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Based on recognizable physiographic features --- mountains, rivers, lakes

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Artificial ( GEOMETRIC) boundaries

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boundary with OUT obvious physical geography.

Often a section of a parallel of latitude or meridian of longitude

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Antecedent Boundaries

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boundary line established BEFORE that are in question was well populated

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Subsequent Boundaries

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boundary line that is established AFTER the area has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area

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Consequent Boundaries

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A boundary line that COINCIDES with some cultural divide


RELIGION , LANGUAGE

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Superimposed Boundaries

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Boundary line place OVER & IGNORING an existing cultural pattern

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Irredentism

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"Un redeemed"

The desire to EXPAND the countries boundaries

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Centripetal Force

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Force that PROMOTES unity & national Identity

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Centrifugal force

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force the DISRUPTS or DESTABILIZES a state- threatening its unity

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Nationalism

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sense of UNITY binding the people of a STATE together;

DEVOTION to the interest of a particular nation

IDENTIFICATION with a states & ACCEPTANCE of national goods

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Sub- Nationalism

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feeling that one owes primary ALLEGIANCE to the traditional group or nation RATHER than the state

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Regionalism

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minority group IDENTIFICATION with a particular region of a state RATHER than with the sate as a whole

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Devolution

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the transfer of certain powers from the STATE central govt. to SEPARATE political subdivisions w/in the states territory decentralizing of political control

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Ethnic Cleansing

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The killing of forcible RELOCATION of 1 TRADINOAL or ETHNIC group by a more powerful one

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supranationalism

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Acceptance of the intrests of MORE than ONE state, expressed as association of states created for MUTAL benefit & to achieve SHARED objectives

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UCIOS ( United Nations Convention on the Law Of The Sea)

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The convention DELIMITS territorial boundaries & rights by defining 4 ZONES of diminishing control

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EEZ ( Exclusive Economic Zone)

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a zone EXPLOITING ex tenting zoo nautical miles seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive minerals FISHING rights

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EU ( European Union)

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Economic association established in 1957 of a # of western european states that promote FREE TRADE amoung members, countries

"common market"

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Electoral Geography

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the study of the delineation of VOTING DISTRICTS & the spatial patterns of electoral results

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Gerrymandering

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DIVIDING an area into VOTING districts, in a way that you give ONE political party an UNFAIR advantage in elections

fragment voting blocks or to achieve other NON democratic objectives

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Von Thunen Rings

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The concentric zonal pattern of agriculture land use around a SINGLE market center proposed in the Von Thunen model

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Von Thunen Model

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The model developed by Von Thunen

To explain the forces that control the prices of agriculture commodities & how those variable prices affect patterns of agriculture land utilization

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Intensive Commercial Agriculture

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Intensive Farming in a commercial economy

Crops have HIGH yields and HIGH market value

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Extensive Commercial Agriculture

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Extensive farming in commercial economy

large scale wheat farming livestock ranching

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Plantation

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Large agriculture holding, frequently FOREIGN OWNED- devoted to the production of a single export crop

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Gathering Industries

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Primary Activities involving:

harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water

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Extractive Industries

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Primary Activities involving :

mining & quarrying of NON renewable metallic & non metallic mineral resources

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Maximum Sustainable Yield

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maximum rate @ which a renewable resource can be EXPLOITED w. out impairing its ability to be renewed / replenished

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Tragedy of the commons

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absence of collective control over the use of resource available to all-- it identities townships as N or S of baseline or E or W of meridian

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Aquaculture

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FISH FARMING

producing and harvesting in freshwater ponds, lakes, and canals

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Variable Costs

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production inputs that change as the level of production changes.

are fixed and dont change as the amount of production changes

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Least Cost Theory

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View that optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages of agglomeration or dispersion are MOST favorable

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Agglomeration

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spatial regrouping of people/activities for MUTUAL BENEFITS

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Fordism

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Manufacturing economy and system

assembly line Mass production of standardized goods

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External Economies

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savings to an individual enterprise that result from SPATIAL association with other SIMILAR economic activities

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infrastructure

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basic structure of services, installations, & facilities NEEDED to support industrial, agricultural &other economic development

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Comparative Advantage

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regions profits potential for a productive activity COMPARED with alternative areas of production of the same good with alternative uses of the regions resources

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Outsourcing

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1) producing abroad parts/products for domestic use/scale

2) the relocation of business processes and services RATHER than performing those activities "in house"

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Off shoring

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RELOCATION of a business process & services to a LOWER COST foreign location

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TransNational Corps ( TNCs)

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Large business org. operating in @ least 2 SEPARATE national Economies

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Foreign Direct Investment

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purchase / constuction of foreign factories & other FIXED asses by TNCs

also-- the purchase of merging with foreign companies

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Economic Geography

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how ppl earn a living- how livelihood systems vary by area & how economic activities are spatially INTERRELATED & LINKED

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Primary Activities

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part of the economy INVOLVED in making NATURAL RESOURCES availiable for USE or FURTHER processing

** mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting

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Secondary Activities

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involved in processing RAW materials derived from PRIMARY

** manufacturing, construction, power generation

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Tertiary Activities

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fulfills the exchange function & that provides market availably of commodities

* wholesale, retail trade, associated transportation, government & info service

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Quaternary

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employment concerned with research gathering or disseminating of info w. administration

admin of other economic activity levels

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Quinary Activities

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SUBSECTION of tertiary activity management functions

involving higher level decision making in lrg. businesses

* most advanced form

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Subsistence Economy

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goods & services are created for the use of producers or their immediate families

Market Exchanges are limited & or minor import

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Market ( commercial ) Economies

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goods & services for exchange in competitive markets where PRICE and AVAILABILY are determined by SUPPLY and DEMAND factors

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Planned Economies

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production of goods & services usually consumed or distributed by governmental agencies in quantities & prices determined by government programs

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Agriculture

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cultivating the soil, producing crops & raising livestock FARMING

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Extensive subsistence Agriculture

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nomadic herding & shifting cultivation

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Intensive subsistence Agriculture

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cultivation of small landholdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor

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Nomadic Herding

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migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent upon natural f

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Shifting Cultivation

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crop production of forest cleaning kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost

cleared plots are the abandoned & new sites are prepared

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Green Revolution

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great INCREASE in food production primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high YIELDING GRAINS