Political Divisions: Personal Rule & Short Parliament (Chapter 8)

Front 1

What made Charles embark on Personal Rule in 1629?

Back 1

The collapse in the relationship between the king and Political Nation, as well as Charles' belief in his own divine right to rule.

Front 2

Which institution filled the void of Parliament?

Back 2

The Privy Council gained even greater importance; but there was a distinction between the Council and those in even closer confidence who dominated the committee.

Front 3

Who were the closest advisers of Charles?

Back 3

Sir Richard Weston and William Laud and William Juxon in the Privy Council.

Front 4

What was the Star Chamber?

Back 4

One of the prerogative courts to enforce Charles' will; it was made up of privy councillors selected by the monarch whereby secret cases could be held.

Front 5

What was the Court of High Commission?

Back 5

The other prerogative court, the chief one used by Laud to enforce church conformity. If a defendant was found guilty, they were sentenced by the Star Chamber, of which Laud was also a member.

Front 6

How much was Crown debt in 1629?

Back 6

£2 million.

Front 7

How were savings achieved?

Back 7

-Securing peace with France (Susa, 1629) and Spain (Madrid, 1630)

-Weston's reform of court finance in order to lower the costs of running Charles' court

Front 8

What was the reaction to withdrawal from the Thirty Years War?

Back 8

There were negative political consequences and it sat uncomfortably with many, particularly Puritans, who regarded the destruction of Catholicism as a crusade.

Front 9

List the forms of prerogative income Charles used through royal preogative

Back 9

-Customs duties (including tonnage & poundage)

-Feudal dues (including wardship)

-Monopolies

-Redundancy fines

-Distraint of knighthood

-Forest fines

-Land titles

Front 10

What does fiscal feudalism mean?

Back 10

Used to describe the methods of prerogative income by Charles. The feudal power of the Crown was moderated over time by Parliament, but the Crown's prerogative forms of income still derived from feudalism.

Front 11

Who had a £1000 fine levied on them for not leaving London under orders for gentry to return to the localities?

Back 11

William Palmer.

Front 12

How much did annual income increase during Personal Rule?

Back 12

From £600,000 to £900,000. Charles was still in financial trouble and his chances of securing more credit were doubtful.

Front 13

What were the structural causes of the Scottish Rebellion?

Back 13

Charles cutting himself off from influential Scottish opinion, thus he ignored the growing discontent. Imposition of religious uniformity, especially with the role of bishops, alienated Scots.

Front 14

What happened in July 1637?

Back 14

Some Scottish bishops armed themselves when they had to read the Laudian prayer book from the pulpit.

Front 15

Riots in which Scottish church started the Bishops' Wars?

Back 15

St Giles in Edinburgh.

Front 16

What was the Scottish National Covenant, February 1638?

Back 16

A document created by Scottish petition movement, written mainly by radicals Wariston and Henderson. It was a manifesto to unite those against Charles' religious policy and to maintain Presbyterianism as the main Scottish religion.

Front 17

Why was the Scottish rebellion known as the Bishops' Wars?

Back 17

Scots were opposing Charles' imposition of Laudianism.

Front 18

What did the General Assembly in Glasgow do in November 1638?

Back 18

Annulled the cannon laws and abolished episcopacy.

Front 19

How many soldiers did Charles gather?

Back 19

15,000 untrained and unruly men.

Front 20

Why did Charles negotiate the Treaty of Berwick in June 1639?

Back 20

To avoid calling Parliament to resolve financial issues. The Treaty agreed to a meeting between the General Assembly of the Scottish Krik in Edinburgh and Parliament, as well as the disbandment of both armies.

Front 21

Did the Treaty of Berwick work?

Back 21

No, the Covenanters did not trust Charles and did not disband their army, and the Edinburgh Assembly and Parliament set about reducing royal power in Scotland.

Front 22

What happened when Charles recalled Thomas Wentworth from Ireland?

Back 22

Wentworth advised Charles to call Parliament as the only means of raising money to fight the Scots, known as the Short Parliament.

Front 23

Why was it known as the 'Short Parliament'?

Back 23

Charles refused to compromise and he dissolved it, determined to face the Scots.

Front 24

When did the Scots enter England?

Back 24

August 1640, after crossing the river Tweed with little resistance.

Front 25

State the terms of the Treaty of Ripon

Back 25

Charles had to pay the Scottish army's living costs while they occupied England; this meant Charles had to call another Parliament for funds. He was ordered to pay £850 a day.

Front 26

What really changed Charles' position in England?

Back 26

The continuing opposition in Scotland, rather than any acts of overt opposition among the Political Nation in England or Ireland.

Front 27

What is historian Wheeler's opinion on Charles' failure in the Second Bishops' Wars?

Back 27

It was not due to shortages of money, but the Covenant army who was boosted by the return of experienced Scottish soldiers from the Thirty Years War and strict command, there was a core group with real expertise directing the army.

Front 28

Who made up Charles' army?

Back 28

The 'dregs of society' because Charles failed to conscript local militia or mobilise trained bands as he did not trust their political loyalty. The army rioted, committed robberies and murder on their way up North.

Front 29

How long had England been trying to assert authority over Ireland?

Back 29

Since the 12th century.

Front 30

Describe the divisions in Ireland by 1629

Back 30

-Irish Catholics: the native Gaelic-speaking population

-Catholic Old English: Catholics descended from the original settlers

-Protestant New English: Protestants descended from settlers after the Reformation

-Presbyterian Scots: predominantly based in the Plantation of Ulster

Front 31

What was the plantation system?

Back 31

Land was taken by the English Crown and given to English settlers, which had bought more Protestants to the country since 1608.

Front 32

Who ruled Ireland?

Back 32

English control was essentially limited to Dublin and the surrounding area, known as the Pale. Beyond that, the Irish Catholic traditional ruling elite controlled most of the country.

Front 33

What year was Wentworth appointed as Lord Deputy of Ireland?

Back 33

1632. His role was to stand outside the different factions in order to rule them as the king's representative.

Front 34

What did Wentworth do in 1626?

Back 34

Opposed the Forced Loan, but then went out of his way during his confinement to pave the way for his appointment to Lord Deputy in 1632.

Front 35

List Wentworth's achievements in Ireland

Back 35

-Enhancing the authority of the English Crown and Church over the Irish

-Allowing the English Crown to profit more from Ireland by increasing customs duties

Despite this, he also succeeded in alienating all the different groups, which came to the fore after he was recalled to England.

Front 36

What was the position of Protestants in Ireland?

Back 36

They were a besieged minority who felt especially threatened by the imposition of Laudianism as it was too close to Catholicism; those who were 'planted' in Ireland tended to be more radical Protestants.

Front 37

How was the Irish Rebellion promoted?

Back 37

-Presbyterian Scots were controlling Scotland and were in alliance with English Puritans. Their growing influence threatened Catholic Ireland

-With Wentworth removed, the Irish sought to pre-emptively prevent radical outsiders imposing harsh Protestant rules on them

Front 38

How many Protestants were murdered in Ulster?

Back 38

3000.

Front 39

Describe the Hampden Case, 1637

Back 39

John Hampden was a prominent member of the gentry and was connected to those who Charles regarded as opponents, including Pym. Charles took Hampden to court in 1637 to court for his refusal to pay ship money to make the point that his authority should be obeyed, it fanned debate about wider constitutional values. The judgement was 7 to 5 which was a politically costly victory.

Front 40

How should religious opposition be categorised?

Back 40

A symptom of wider discontent, which came to surface in all three kingdoms. It was only with the continued rebellion in Scotland and Ireland that Charles' Personal Rule collapsed. Opposition to Charles' policies was thus an interrelated multiple-kingdom event across the years 1637-42.

Front 41

How does historian Russell refer to the rebellions 1637-42?

Back 41

'Collapse of the British Monarchies.'

Front 42

How long did Short Parliament last?

Back 42

13th April- 5th May 1640. Less than one month.

Front 43

What institution could the king rely on?

Back 43

House of Lords.

Front 44

Which opposing peers and MPs did Charles arrest?

Back 44

Warwick, Brooke and Fiennes in the Lords and Pym and Hampden from the Commons.