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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Institutional Power
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- Governing from the Centre thesisis a dominant one where power is concentrated in the Prime Minister’s Office
- The PMO contains a group ofunelected advisors that shape policy according to the wishes and views of thePM - Absolute power |
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Controlling the message
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- Infrequent press conferences
- Not allowing photographers totake pictures of the prime minister during speaking engagements - Limitpublic scrutiny by speaking to the public less often - Ifthe media asks the PM a question that was notplanned – would not be aloud to return for any press conferences - During speaking engagements, PM may haveeyes closed or get caught looking funny – press exploits this - Staged pictures taken at the event afteror before the PM speaks |
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MEP
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- TheMEP covers all civil servants and Conservative caucus members who want to speakpublicly
- Sections of the MEP includeDesired Headline, Strategic Objective, Desired Sound Bite, as well asinformation pertaining to the speaking backdrop, the ideal event photograph,and the speaker’s wardrobe - The MEP requires that questionsand answers be scripted beforehand for all presentations given by civilservants and caucus members regardless of location or size of audience. - |
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Announcing major policy positions
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- Major policy decisions are madeand communicated to the Canadian public by the prime minister, leaving thevarious cabinet ministers to play a much diminished role in government
- This control even extends toQuestion Period, where ministers’ responses are care-fully scripted andrehearsed before the prime minister’s approval is given
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Managing caucus
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- Harper’s control over theConservative caucus has been absolute
- No public dissension among theranks is tolerated - “…If you stepped out of line, youstepped into a grave” - The result of this has been thatConservative parliamentarians have toed the party line and follow talkingpoints as set out by the PMO |
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Bureaucracy
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- Harper has sought to rein in anyfreedom to speak publicly that previous governments might have allowed civilservants
- All events have to be scriptedand controlled via the MEP - Any deviations from the script,or any comments regarded by the government as critical of its performance orpolicies, will dealt with immediately and harshly - These removals provide “evidenceof a pattern: toe the government line or you’re gone” |
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Faith as a value
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1. Personal responsibility
2. Making optimum use of the talentsgiven by God |
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Family Values
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- Harper supports a traditionaldefinition of marriage
- Harper expressed his oppositionto same-sex marriage - This is in keeping with thenotion of personal responsibility outlined above, as it is each family member’spersonal responsibility to ensure the well-being and health of the family byfulfilling his or her particular role. - Gaymarriage is legalized in Canada,although, morally opposed by Harper |
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Freedom as a value
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- Freedom refers to being free fromgovernment control or regulation—of having the ability to pursue one’sinterests to the extent that in doing so one does not prohibit others frompursuing their interests
- Adherence to thisconceptualization of freedom also leads to a reliance on the market mechanismfor solutions to societal problems. |
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Populism vs. Visionary
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- Harper is not a populist
- Harper does not seek to defer tothe people but instead prefers to decide on a course of action for Canada onthe basis of his own intellect and his personal vision for the countryØHe wants to lead the public tohis policies by the force of his own argument and intellectØHe does not follow public opinionto decide policy; he sets policy |
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Harper and Israel
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- Canada was one of the firstgovernments to stop funding for Hamas after its 2006 electoral victory in Gazaand supported Israel’s military response to Hezbollah and Hamas attacksthroughout 2006
- Thestrong Canadian support for Israel has come at a cost, such as not winning aseat on the United Nations Security Council - “Canadais unequivocally behind Israel. We support its right to defend itself, byitself, against these terror attacks, and urge Hamas to immediately cease theirindiscriminate attacks on innocent Israeli civilians. - “Canadareiterates its call for the Palestinian government to disarm Hamas and otherPalestinian terrorist groups operating in Gaza, including the Iranian proxy,Palestinian Islamic Jihad.” - Verycontroversial and not very democratic tochoose Israel stance rather than being neutral |
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Woman's health
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- The Canadian position onreproductive rights moved from support for women’s reproductive rights to apolicy of zero tolerance for funding for abortion outside Canada
- The decision not to providefunding for abortions outside Canada was explained by Harper as being necessaryso as not to provoke dissension among the Canadian people |
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•Bilateral diplomacy
•Secrecy of negotiations •Protocol/Ceremonial |
- Bilateral --> thepractice of promoting trade between two countries through agreements concerningquantity and price of commodities. - Secrecyof negotiation --> intentto pursue the goals of foreign policy, through effective means of compromise,persuasion and threat of war.
- The Ceremonialis a set of rules governing formal relations between Institutions,organizations and public offices. They are applied during official ceremonies,as well as in numerous other areas of public relations.The main occasions for which Ceremonial rules apply are: - Ceremonies - Conferencesand congresses - Lunches - Visits - Festivities - Honors - Writtencorrespondence: messages and letters |
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New trends in diplomacy
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•All over, diplomacy became moreserious, spurred on by pressures of the Cold War, decolonization and the needto manage an increasingly complex international economy.
•Diplomacy better reflectedsociety, as disarmament experts and trade negotiators replaced noblemen andtraditional political officers •Rapid communications leave littletime for reflection •Public opinion and politics playa greater role •Greater role of internationalorganizations (multilateral). |
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E-Diplomacy and Cyber Diplomacy
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- Mediais an important aspect of diplomacy
- “Linksthe impact of innovations in communication and information technology todiplomacy.” - “itrecognizes that new communication technologies offer new opportunities tointeract with a wider public by adopting a network approach and making the mostof an increasingly multicentricglobal, interdependent system.”-Digitaldiplomacy,also referred to as eDiplomacy (see below), has been definedas the use of the Internet and new information communication technologies tohelp achieve diplomatic objectives. |
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Bilateral and MultilateralDiplomacy
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• Bilateral Diplomacy: Embassies, consular posts, andunconventional resident missions such as interests sections and representativeoffices. Why they are the major part of the modern counter-revolution indiplomatic practice.
• Multilateral Diplomacy:Ad hoc and standing conferences.Questions of procedure: venue, membership, agenda, transparency, and above alldecision-making. The triumph of “consensus-decision making” and its varioustechniques. - Betweenbilateral diplomacy and multilateral diplomacy, I believe that many diplomatswould say that bilateral diplomacy is more rewarding. For the “bilateralists”,multilateral or conference diplomacy is time-consuming and couldbe frustrating. - Multilateraldiplomacy, which takes place when there are three or more states in aconference, could address the limitations of bilateral diplomacy and, in thesecircumstances, is likely to be more rewarding. |
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Vienna Convention, 1961
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• The Convention was adopted on 14April 1961 by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse andImmunities
- The Vienna Convention on DiplomaticRelations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework fordiplomatic relations between independent countries. It specifies the privilegesof a diplomatic mission thatenable diplomats to perform their function without fear of coercion orharassment by the host country. This forms the legal basis for diplomatic immunity. - Diplomatic immunity à theprivilege of exemption from certain laws and taxes granted to diplomats by thecountry in which they are working. |
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Pearsonian diplomacy
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- Lester B. Pearson spoke more thanhalf a century ago about the need for an impartial, multinational force ofpeacekeepers dispatched to the most vulnerable corners of the world
- Pearson is considered the fatherof peacekeeping and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for the “Canadianresolution” that laid the groundwork for United Nations missions - Peacekeeping helps residents whohave been living in a state of limbo, with anxiety, trapped by fear ofslaughter in homes, churches and mosques situated along a dirt road less than akilometre long, without benefit of police, army or government. - Consistently instate-of-the-nation polls, though, Canadians say that the country’sinternational reputation as peacekeeper is held dear, part of national identitylike maple leaf flags on backpacks. - Peacekeeping corresponded with“world order” goals of poverty eradication, conflict resolution, environmentalprotection, and the reform of multilateral institutions |
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Fish war
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- In 1994, Canada had a disputewith Spain over North Atlantic fishing
- Spain was over fishing - On April 16th 1995 -- Spain, Canada, And EU reached an agreement and ended dispute -Canadais pushing for agreement on a new international convention precisely tointroduce controls on the kind of high-seas fishing beyond 200-mile coastallimits that is at the heart of the dispute with Spain. Such a convention wouldbe legally binding, with tough punishment for vessels and countries found to beviolating its provisions |
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Discovering Niche Diplomacy
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- Lloyd Axworthybecame Foreign Affairs minister between 1996-2000 and had to deal with programreview cuts to his department and National Defence
- Old Pearsonianways of diplomacy were not sustainable - Showed innovation with land minestreaty and establishment of the ICC - Also sought agreements in childsoldiers - All came to be known as the HumanSecurity Agenda - So although Canada was downsizingits budget, it didn’t retreat from diplomacy - Oneapproach states have taken is so called ‘niche diplomacy’, defined in simpleterms as specializing and focusing its resources within onearea so to yield the best returns (Henrikson2004: 67). Thus, this entails focusing on an area that is recognized and viewedin a positive light by the international community so to increase the chancesof earning influence. |
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Institutional capacity
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- Foreign ministries around theworld were downsizing
- Primary roles of decision-making,policy advice, and policy formulation are not being done in house any more - Migration of decision-making awayfrom foreign ministries to central agencies - Globalization has resulted in thediminish role of states, also reduces capacity - Costly reorganization withinternational trade was a drag on time and energy |
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Being muted
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- Unprecedented micro managing andcentral control over message
- There has been both the use ofMEP and self-censorship - Public diplomacy requires agilityand acuity, as well as autonomy to engage in an exchange - Canadian diplomats should haveability to connect with opinion leaders and persuade them - Responsiveness, creativity,comfort with risk, and a willingness to devolve authority are key - Do you think Canada has lost itsability to persuade leaders? |
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Becoming dull
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- Diplomats should become moreinvolved in the process of long-term, equitable, and human centred developmentto fight for improved human security
- Without doing the above, foreignministries cannot acquire granular intelligence - Strategic Review II means furthercuts and loss of this intelligence gathering - Diplomatic missions are turninginto one-stop window service delivery hubs abroad - Diplomats won’t have the autonomyto speak and act when they are dealing with service requirements - MDG’s more important that recovery from immediate distress |
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Future
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- Military solutions have beenfavoured over dialogue, negotiation, and compromise
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Citizenship triangle
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- State, Market, and Community
- Bi-directionalrelationship à capableof reacting or functioning in two, usually opposite, directions. - The market defines our place insociety and governs our behaviour - It gives us a certain set ofvalues that determine our self-worth - Community gives us a sense ofbeing a part of some common identityForginga common identity is important to the overall concept of citizenship and is theone we might most closely associate |
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Challenge to Dualism
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- If these ideas work for Canadiancitizenship, it was believed they would work with French Quebec citizenship
- Demands for special treatment ordifferent treatment start to surface - Growth of provincial institutions - Quebec outlined theirrelationship with the state in the Charter of rights and freedoms of the person |
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Challenge of neo-liberalism
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- Neo-liberalism changes therelationship yet again
- This leads less to a collectiveidentity and more to individualism - The focus is on less centralgovernment control and more decentralization of power to the provinces - Citizenship, according to theneo-liberal, is whatever you make it out to be - Confronted with internationalismthat can affect Canadian identity - Social and cultural institutionsare being attacked by the market which also attacks collective identity |
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Immigration
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• Asia (including the Middle East)was Canada's largest source of immigrants during the past five years, althoughthe share of immigration from Africa, Caribbean, Central and South Americaincreased slightly.
• The vast majority of theforeign-born population lived in four provinces: Ontario, British Columbia,Quebec and Alberta, and most lived in the nation's largest urban centres. - 19.1%of the total populationsees themselves as a minority in Canada - Thethree largest visible minority groups-South Asians, Chinese and Blacks |
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Languages
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•Among those whose mother tonguewas other than Canada's two official languages, Chinese languages were mostcommon, followed by Tagalog, a language of the Philippines, Spanish andPunjabi.
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Religion
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- Two-thirdsof Canada's population, reported they were affiliated with a Christianreligion.
- 1million Muslim - 1/4th had no religious affiliation |
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Urban-Rural Issues
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- Mostof the population grows in urban areas which drives certain policy issues
- Createsdisparity between urban and rural communities in economic and social policy |
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Integration
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- Integrationwas part of the Canadian model for immigration and multiculturalism
- Abi-directional relationship between immigrant and society where newcomers abideCanadian values and society accommodates cultural distinctiveness - Oneof the ways that we integrate immigrants is through settlement service programs |
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Niqab News
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- Ithas become increasingly clear that Stephen Harper will fight the 2015 electioncampaign by touting anti-niqabismwhile dropping hints that his opponents are therefore terrorist sympathizers.As far as political strategy goes, the approach is cost-free: An overwhelmingmajority of people are against the niqab and people are easy to frighten. TheLiberals and NDP should be commended for opposing this style of politics, andstanding up for liberal principles of choice. The state, after all, has nobusiness in the dressing rooms of the nation.
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Continentalization
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- Particularlyin the post 9-11 environment
- Economicconsiderations because we want smooth border crossings - Nationalsecurity considerations are also of concern due to the War on Terror - Protectingborders are an essential component of that - Canadiancustoms agents could soon work in the U.S. and carry firearms, and the U.S.border guards could do the same in Canada, as a result of a new borderagreement between Canada and the U.S. - Signeda customs pre-clearance agreement for rail, land and sea travel that was yearsin the making. - Thearrangement would allow customs agents to work in each other's countries, whichmeans they could screen passengers away from the border and ease the chokepoints. - Thatprocess already exists in air travel at eight airports. People can clearU.S. customs in cities such as Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal and then, whenthey land, skip lines in U.S. airports. |
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Issuing of Canadian passports
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- The issuing of Canadian passportswas a matter of right for citizens
- Recent changes have allowed RoyalPrerogative to allow ministers to revoke passports on grounds of nationalsecurity - The Ararcase involved mobility of a Canadian on the American no-fly list - The Khadrcase want to restrict mobility rights on grounds of national security threats - What rights and servicesCanadians abroad receive has also been questioned |
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Two cases with Canadian passports
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- MaherArarsuffered torture because of the actions of U.S. officials. Anapology is long overdue.- MaherArar,a Canadian citizen, was travelling home to Canada from visiting relatives inTunisia in 2002. While changing planes at New York City's JFK airport, he wasdetained by U.S. authorities and then transferred secretly to Syria, where hewas held for a year and tortured
-"Itwas so painful," Maher Arar said of the beatings he endured,"that I forgot every enjoyable moment in my life. - Releasedwithout charge and allowed to return home to Canada, Maher Ararreceived an apology and compensation from the Canadian government for its rolein his treatment. But the U.S. government has failed to apologize or offerMaher Ararany form of remedy - despite its obligation to do so under the UN ConventionAgainst Torture and other human rights treaties. - OmarAhmed Khadr(born September 19, 1986) is a Canadian convict and ex-Guantanamo captive whosemother and father were Palestinian and Egyptian immigrants, respectively. Hewas one of the youngest captives and the last Western citizen to be held by theUnited States at the GuantanamoBay detention camp. |
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Evacuating Canadians Abroad
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- During the 2006 conflict betweenHezbollah and Israel, thousands of Canadian-Lebanese citizens wanted to fleethe country
- The Canadian evacuation effortwas massive and cost upwards of $100 million, which was covered by thegovernment of Canada - Many Canadians wondered why thegovernment had to pay for people who had not lived or paid taxes in Canada foryears - Subsequent conflicts, like inEgypt, meant that Canadians who wanted to leave would have to pay acost-recovery fee to get out - Has made dual-citizenship athorny subject |
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Maternal health initiative
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- Isthe fifth of eight millennium development goals
- Reducematernal mortality by 75% by 2015 - Universalaccess to: - reproductive health incontraceptive use - a reduction of birth rates amongadolescents - an increase use of antenatal-carecoverage - Meet broader needs for familyplanning |
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Initial reaction to Canada andMDG5
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- Initially enthusiastic
- Many considered maternal healthto be an achievable millennium development goal, but there was an initial slowstart - One of the reasons for the slowstart was the lack of political focus, which Canada was seen to provide - Maternal mortality during childbirth was as high as 1 in 6 in the poorest parts of the world |
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Details of the plan
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- Canada announced that thefollowing areas would be the focus:
- Prenatal, child birth, andpost-partum care - Health education - Treatment and prevention ofdiseases - Prevention of mother-to-childtransmission of HIV - Immunization - Basic nutrition - Water and sanitation |
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Reaction to the plan’s details
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- International condemnation followed in Canada’s omission of familyplanning, contraceptive education, and access to safe, legal abortions
- Boththe UK and the US said they would oppose any initiative that didn’t includeabortion - Commentarycontributed to a negative brand for Canada in fighting gender inequality abroad - Canadais being less progressive than the US in their efforts to help mitigatematernal health issues - By not supporting and helping fundabortions, Canada is putting more women at risk in attempt to not get involvedin a controversial debate with some of the religious non developing countries - Canada is tip toeing around some of thelargest issues in the world in attempt to refrain from disagreements |
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Targeting of sex workers
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- Mostof the HIV prevention is focused on sex workers
- However,sex workers are only a small fraction of sources of HIV transmission - Preventionservices of all women, regardless of childbearing intentions are more effective |
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Investing in physical andpsychological health
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- Many African countries undercivil war have seen much sexual violence
- A culture of staying quiet aboutthese instances means that there isn’t good information - Rape, genital mutilation, andother physical and psychological problems emerge - This leads to poor maternalhealth and one of the reasons for high maternal mortality |
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Unsafe abortions
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- Deemedthe second biggest reason for poor maternal health
- 68,000deaths world wide are associated with unsafe abortions, 98% in developingcountries - Initiallyleaving out abortion meant that one of the major contributors to maternalhealth issues would go unaddressed |
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Gender Inequality
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- Thereare concerns about gender inequality that underlie maternal health concerns
- Harpergovernment has replaced gender equality with the term “equality of men andwomen” - Considereda degenderingprocess - Evidencethat socially constructed roles tend to result in women bearing the brunt ofthe suffering associated with inequalities between men and women |
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History of promising the North
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- Difenbakerpromised to open the north for development by improving transportation andcommunication, development of power, and building of access roads
- Mulroney looked to create aArctic Council that would deal with foreign policy issues with relevant parties - Harper has promised to makeArctic sovereignty a pillar of his legacy |
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Early promises
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- In August, 2007, Prime MinisterHarper travelled to Nanisivik’swharf – the only deep-water port in the Canadian Arctic – to announce withgreat fanfare that he would build the first permanent Arctic naval facilityhere.
- Unveiled plans to build as manyas eight military vessels specifically designed for the North, “Arctic/OffshorePatrol Ships” (AOPS) - Conservatives called this “themost effective way to assert Canada’s authority, independence and sovereignty”in northern waters. |
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Harper’s frequent Northern Trips
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- AsPrime Minister, Harper has made travel to the Territories part of his annualritual
- Partof the regular visits are designed to promote government initiatives in theNorth - Partof the regular visits also boost the government’s claims to Arctic sovereignty |
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Climate change
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- Climate change has heightened thestakes
- Many nations now campaign forinfluence in the warming Arctic, with its potential for shipping and resourcedevelopment – even countries such as China, with no territory in the region - The surge of interest has raisedthe profile of the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum currently chairedby Canada - And Canada is concerned aboutkeeping control of the Northwest Passage as it becomes a more viable traderoute between Europe and Asia. |
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Relations with the US
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- Canada’srelations with the United States in this area have fluctuatedThe United States asserts that the Northwest Passage is aninternational strait
- Twovoyages by the U.S. tanker S.S.Manhattan in1969-1970 and the U.S. icebreakerCGS Polar Sea in 1985 highlighted theissue of Canada’s sovereign control over its Arctic territory and stirredpublic debate - In1970, the Canadian government enacted the ArcticWaters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadianregulatory control over pollution within a 100-mile zone, which the US does notaccept - In1988, however, Canada and the United States forged an agreement on “ArcticCooperation” - Somesuggestions that U.S. concerns with continental security since the terroristattacks of 11 September 2001 could dampen its assertions that Canada’s Arcticwaters constitute an international strait |
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Hans Island
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- HansIsland is the subject of a well-reported dispute over Canada’s land territoryin the Arctic - HansIsland is situated between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland, a territoryof Denmark
- BothCanada and Denmark claim Hans Island as sovereign territory - Thesecompeting claims have never been finally settled in international law.Thisisland is uninhabited and is only 1.3 square kilometres. However, certainobservers have suggested that Canada’s ability to project control over HansIsland represents a significant indicator of Canada’s ability to exercisesovereignty over its Arctic territory, and sends an important message to othernations |
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Russia Military Manoeuvres
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- Russia just launched a massivemilitary exercise involving 38,000 servicemen, more than 50 surface ships andsubmarines and 110 aircraft are intended to check the readiness of Russia'sNorthern Fleet
- As part of the exercise themilitary will check its ability to beef up its forces on the Arctic NovayaZemlya and Franz Josef Land archipelagos and protect the state borders on land,in the air and at sea - Canada is viewing thesemanoeuvres with great concern - Russia claims that the North Poleis in Russian Territory |
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Canadian Research
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- For the last decade, Canada hassent research teams to map the Arctic floor to use scientific data to bolsterits territorial claims - In 2014, two new coast guardvessels went on a mission as part of the submission to the United Nations bodythat is considering claims from different countries to sections of the Arcticsea floor - The submission involved 1.2million square kilometres, but Prime Minister Stephen Harper stepped in at thelast minute to insist Canada extend its claim further - Scientists have suggested itlooks as if the ridge is connected to the Canadian land mass, but Canada hasdone only aerial surveys of the ridge once it gets past the pole. - Arctic experts point out thatRussia and Denmark also argue the LomonosovRidge extends from their shores - The North Pole actually lies onthe Danish side of the ridge, as well as on the Danish side of a line that runsequidistant between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
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