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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Collective Action Problems:
coordination problems |
People have to decide what they want and what they'd be willing to contribute to the group, what they would be willing to give up. Large #'s makes this unachievable
to solve: identify a common purpose --> 2008 primaries |
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Collective Action Problems:
prisoner's dilemma |
individuals decide that even though they support some collective undertaking, they are personally better off pursuing an activity that rewards them individually despite undermining the collective effort
to solve: each party must be confident the other side won't defect- so make reneging expensive, guarentee agreements are honored, zero-sum games ex: under articles of confederation the states could have their own int. trade policy so foreign government exploited the competition among the states- it would have been better for all the states to cooperate |
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Free Rider fixes
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provide incentive to participate: tax breaks, benefits from membership, use force or law
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Tragedy of the Commons
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Public good will be destroyed if exploitation is not controlled
to solve: proper institutional design, link personal interest to the collective good ex: fishing in New England |
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Transaction Costs
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o The time, effort, and resources required to compare preferences and make collective decisions.
^with # of people |
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Conformity Costs
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the difference between what any one party prefers and what the collective body requires.
The extent to which a collective decision obligates participants to do something they prefer not to. -property taxes -serving in a war ^transaction costs= -conformity costs |
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agency loss
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discrepancy between what principals would ideally like their agents to do and how these agents actually behave
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Politics
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It is the process through which individuals and groups reach agreement on a course of common, or collective action. How people attempt to manage conflict.
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Republic
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popular control, elect representatives
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Power
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the ability to influence people to do what they otherwise would not
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Authority
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The acknowledged right to make a particular decision
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bicameral
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2 houses:
-more ideas -moves slowly -more to deliberate so better legislation |
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unicameral
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1 house (Nebraska):
-efficient (costs are lower) -one set of rules -less policy gridlock (ppl aren't collectivizing properly and a bill can't get passed) |
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connecticut compromise
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1 house
1 senate 3/5 compromise |
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judicial review
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NOT* in the constitution
-justice can overturn a law that isn't constitutional marbury vs madison |
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log-rolling
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quid pro quo
southerners agree to side with north on commerce if they vote for slave laws |
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Federalism
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the authority is divided between 2 distinct governments: national and state
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Federalism:
Confederation |
state government monopolizes power
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Unitary Federalism
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national government monopolizes authority
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Dual Federalism
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state and national government share authority but over mutually exclusive spheres
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Shared Federalism
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powers intermingled- jointly supply services
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block grants
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-a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent
-set some of money (each state gets required #$) -what is unspent remains in the treasury -no incentive to budget money |
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matching grants
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-minimum $ amount the federal government has to give to a public good (interstate highway system)
-National gov. matches state’s contribution |
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unfunded mandates:
cross-cutting requirements |
if states don't comply with one program, the federal government will cut funds for other federal programs- rules for a broad range of programs
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unfunded mandates:
crossover sanctions |
government pulls funding for an unrelated program because a state doesn't a participate in another program (highway funding and drinking age)
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unfunded mandates:
direct orders |
Requirements that can be enforced by legal/civil penalties
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unfunded mandates:
partial preemption |
allows the states to regulate in areas where the national government has not taken over so long as the regulations conform to general federal guidelines. If there is a conflict, the National government regulations trump those of the state.
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Articles of Confederation
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Cons:
-no executive or judicial (national authority was so restricted) -9/13 support for major laws -required unanimous decisions from all states to pass a fundamental change -states have to send troops to war, not gov --> free rider -congress can't tax |
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Antifederalists
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only local democracy could approach true democracy- stronger national government must come with safeguards against tyranny
*against Constitution |
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Federalist papers
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-response to Antifederalists' opposition to the constitution
-85 essays: Hamilton, Madison, Jay -(10 and 51) focus on fundamental problems of self-governance |
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respondents range of a survey
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1200-1500
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minimalism
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A conservative who advocates only minor reforms in government or politics
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democracy can exist if...
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...there is an informed minority. if everyone was informed there would be too many opinions
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Michigan School of Thought
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Psychological
-identify with a party at a young age, psychological attachment problems: -ppl can't place themselves accurately on the scale -the scale isn't "to scale" |
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Columbia School of Thought
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Sociological
-race, gender, religion Problems: -automatically assumes homogeneity within a group -problem when groups are cross-pressured |
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Rochester School of Thought
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Economic
-money talks -vote on how ppl faired economically during incumbent's term problems: -doesn't account for social groups |
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RAS model
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the opinions individuals express reflect the messages they have received (contingent on the degree of political awareness), accepted (contingent on consistency with prior beliefs), and sampled from (contingent on what issues hold priority at that moment).
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parties...
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1. promote effectual electorate competition for parties lacking $ or resources 2. all the bulwarks of liberty 3. promote voter turnout 4. make government possible (full participation makes it impossible to get things done) |
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why do parties exist?
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1. Recruit and Train leaders
2. Citizens become leaders 3. Responsiveness 4. Constrain political conflicts 5. Organize and turn preferences into policy |
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Duverger’s Law
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• office-seekers tend to join one of the two parties rather than pursuing office as third party-nominees
• always more developed on left because they are always more necessary on the left than on the right. |
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3 levels of parties
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1. party in governance (elected officeholders)
2. party in electorate (party's voters) 3. party's organization |
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electoral system:
majoritarian |
only people with the majority of the vote have any authority
US, UK, Canada, Australia pros: -one party gets at leas 50% of votes -encourages compromise Cons: -governance is more difficult if there is no clear winner -just 2 parties are large and diverse |
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electoral system:
proportional |
Everyone has a say according to the percentage of votes they received
Pros: -votes for other candidates are not wasted -more choices among candidates and issues -viable bc democratic nations use it -might attrack more than half of our eligible electorate -raises new issues that aren't addressed by 2 major parties |
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authoritarian
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people that believe in obedience versus creativity
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6 ways primaries are different:
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1. lack party anchor- no partisan cue bc it's the same party
2. voters are unpredictable- what do they make their decision based on 3. outcomes are less predictable 4. candidates need to build name identification 5. structural- ballot order 6. having an appropriate name |
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closed primary
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you can only vote if you’re a registered member of that party
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open primary
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open regardless of party affiliations, you can only vote in one primary but you can chose which one
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blanket primary
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all names of all parties are on the ballot
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first past the post
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past a certain benchmark before you’re the candidate (50%), requires depth and breadth of support
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3 things that predict the election results:
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1. approval of the sitting president
2 state of the economy 3. if it's the party's third term in office |
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voter cues
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endorsements from orgs and ppl
candidates' personal characteristics PARTY LABEL |
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high stimulus election
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things that drive people to vote who wouldn’t normally, all presidential elections are high stimulus because it matters more and there is excitement over candidates
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surge and decline
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because presidential are high stimulus, the midterm elections are low stimulus and there is a core of voters who vote in both, surge in voters for president and decline in midterm elections
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