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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What caused the split between nationalists and communists come about?
- After World War I, there was a significant split between followers of liberal idealism and followers of socialism.
- Wilson's ideas of self-determination inspired liberal thinkers
- Socialism offered hope and appealed particularly to students, youth, laborers, and peasants.
Who were the Korean “modern, liberal elite” that Japan suppressed and why were they “compromised?”
- They were talented Koreans who collaborated with the Japanese – leaders in business
- Resisting the would have died or gone to jail, only other option was to collaborate
- Succumbed to Japanese pressure instead of leading an independent Korea
- Still waiting for the modern Korean elite to appear
Why did the US not pursue democratic and social reforms like they did in Japan? What did it do instead?
- Internationalist phase of US diplomacy (trusteeship policy)
- Washington wanted to place a still unified Korea under temporary multilateral administration – with Russians, British & Chinese
- Instead started Cold war “containment” doctrine on the ground
- Also, liberal/democratic party impossible because there was no middle class
What were the main characteristics of the “southern political system” the US set up at the beginning of their occupation?
- 4 main characteristics:
- Build army to defend 38th parallel
- Strengthen alliance with rightist parties
- Buttress the KNP as the primary political weapon for pacifying the South
- Suppress Korean who didn’t like such policies (ARKS)
Why were leftist forces seemingly so much stronger than rightist ones and why were rightist forces weaker?
- Japanese owned major industries and natural resources
- A Communist regime could have acquired these without struggle.
- US must stay in Korea until a democratic (capitalist) form of government was assured
- Also, liberal/democratic party impossible because there was no middle class
Why did KDP leaders feel they needed to support Rhee in First Republic? Why did Rhee feel he needed them?
- KDP needed Rhee’s political prestige to protect their collaborationist backgrounds
- Rhee requires their money and ability so he could not ignore them
Why did the Chinese intervene during the Korean War to support North Korea? How far were they will to fight to support NK?
- China & Mao felt like they owed it to North Korea for sacrificing their own lives in the Chinese Revolution and anti-Jap resistance
- China only willing to go “halfway through peninsula” aka the 38th parallel – they only stepped in after it was crossed
Why did Stalin and the Soviets decide not to become involved in Korean War?
- Would have been a distraction from the happenings in the European theatre
- They were at a clear nuclear disadvantage to the US and therefore had no interest in engaging in conflict that could provoke nuclear war
- Soviets though North Koreans didn’t need them and would win easily
- Lack of resources in post-WWII USSR
How did Rhee’s industrial development strategy differ from Park Chung Hee’s? Why were their strategies different?
- Rhee: Anti-Japanese and wanted to reduce any possible reliance on Japanese trade
- Wanted independent economy quickly
- Favored I-S-I or import, substitution, industrialization
- Park: Pro-Jap “Japanafile”
- Wanted military backed forced pace industrialization to trade with foreign markets
The “miracle on the Han” depended upon state bureaucrats providing “policy loans” to corporations. What was the deal involved in providing “policy loans” and how did the deal work?
- Gov’t would provide policy loans to companies in exchange for export performance
- Would give negative interest so “big six” corps made money on loans
- The goal was to finance a hemorrhage of capital into the heavy industrialization program
- resulted in quasi-state orgs, connected ind. leaders and ruling elite
How did the end of the Cold War affect U.S. foreign economic policy towards Korea? What did the U.S. (through the IMF) demand from Korea in exchange for the $57 billion bailout?
- With bailout, US demanded a restructuring or Korea’s political economy
- Communism no longer a threat, so US wanted a system of free markets, trade, transparency, and “rule of law”
Why was Park Chung Hee’s military coup of Chnag Myon’s government “entirely bloodless and well-supported?
- The Korean people were tired of political instability and welcomed Hee as pres
- No econ growth and political instability
- Economic hardships were hard on common people
What were the major factors that led Hee to set up the Yushin systerm, an authoritarian turn?
- US Containment policy was failing
- Nixon and Kissinger visit China
- US withdraws from Vietname
- Nixon takes 20,000 American troops from South Korea
- Park feared communism could spread to SK and the US wouldn’t stop it, so authoritarian measures instituted to stop communism from entering SK gov’t
Explain why many Koreans blame the United States for the suppression of the Kwangju
- Protest in Kwagju in May 1980 protesting martial law, drove army out of city
- US didn’t help, just gave SK permission to use its own troops
- Koreans blame US for not intervening and allowing martial law to continue.
Why did President Kim Dae Jung believe that “the way out of the (Asian financial) crisis was to reform the government-business nexus” (398)? What reforms of chaebol did he enact? Why did he not try to dismantle the conglomerates?
- Thought military dictatorships only concentrated on econ dev, which hurt democracy
- This leads to bonds between business and government, which is what caused crisis
- Chaebol: eliminate intersubsidiary loans guarantees, lower dept-to-equity ratios, and improve transparency (TID)
- Conglomerates too big, controlling, and important to economy to get rid of
Explain what factors helped lead to executive dominance
- Rhee continually ignored the National Assembly’s laws that they passed, forced NA to pass laws, sometimes at gunpoint
- Exec controlled all resources from US
- Korean War weakened social structures – president centralized power
- Practices of new regime become institutionalized
To Kang, what explains the weakness of political parties?
- PP weak because executive is so strong and legislature is weak, can’t influence policy
- Top-centered PPs, not grassroots – leaders create and shift often
- The threat from North Korea forced almost every politician to a rightist, Pro-American stance
Explain, in Kang’s view, what the effect of weak political parties has been “on the ways in which voters or interest groups … could attempt to influence policy” (89).
- Voters have no one to go to b/c parties have so little power
- Voters could either stand by, knowing that their rights are being infringed upon, or they could engage in violent mass protests
- Mass demonstration have worked surprisingly well in SK in changing the electoral system and getting people removed from power
Explain the connection between weak parties and corruption
- PP leaders need to develop/sustain their own party  finance options?  big business
- PP must “court” big business with promise of favorable economic practices
- Hee exchanged economic policy for bribes from big business and hand out loans
- If business wouldn’t donate, Park dismantled it
What policies did the government enact that helped create a boom in investment that preceded the financial crisis and why did the Korean government enact them?
- Sam administration used aggressive macroeconomic policy to help “sluggish” economy
- Stimulus package that cut interest rates, increased gov’t projects, etc.
- DEREGULATION leads to increased facility investment
- Same advisors knew his ambitious economic and political programs would not succeed without a robust economy
According to Haggard and Mo, why did the chaebol seek to expand investment prior to the Asian Financial Crisis?
- Liberalization policies discouraged non-bank financial institutions (who financed chaebol investments) from carefully monitoring their loans
- Banks increased investment on global market because they were now allowed to borrow increasingly from foreign investors.
- With increased willingness of banks to lend, resulting from liberalization policies, the chaebols naturally increased investments.
What political factors constrained the government’s push to stabilize the economy?
- Two main political factors restricting economic expansion and promoting stabilization:
- First, slow growth of small and medium enterprises (SME’s)
- recovered slowly from sluggish economy
- stimulated economy to push liberalization reforms and prop up small business
- Sam’s reforms helped them but ultimately led to crisis
- Second, government’s anticipation of National Assembly election in April ‘96
- Deflating economy never good when trying to get re-elected
. How did the Kim opposition block the passing of bills even though the ruling party managed to gain a majority in the National Assembly by attracting “large number of defectors from the opposition parties”?
- They boycotted and took it to the streets – like a filibuster in the US – so there weren’t enough people to vote
- It was the NCNP and the ULD vs. GNP (GNP boycotted)
- GNP threatened members with expulsion from the party is they voted with the NCNP and boycotted the National Assembly
What is the basis for this power of the leader over the party? What sort of punishments might a legislator face if he disobeys the party?
- “Parties don’t create leaders, leaders created the party”
- One-man party/boss party: party leader holds the financial burden/fundraising AND right to nominate/selection candidates AND decision making procedures
- Punishments is legislator disobeys party: sanctioned by the party committee and may lose his position or promotion in the party; some asked to leave party; hurts chances of becoming a chairman/candidate for following elections.
Why does the president’s control over the ruling party hinder “negotiations and compromise among the parties” in the legislature?
- Strict top-down hierarchy
- Ruling/president’s party elite are subjugated by president and always vote with him since they owe seat to him
What was the basis for factions within Kim’s NCNP? Why were the factions important in understanding official appointments? Why does the author believe that this system was “unfair” and particularly ineffective in the implementation of new policy?
- Factionalism causes inability to pass legislation
- Not appointed on merit but on connection with president
- Favors region of president because president will appoint only people from his region, high school, etc
- Official appointments unfairly concentrated to president; no human resource department in party to suggest highly competent personnel (not institutionalized)
Explain why the “highly centralized power among the elites fails to provide the essential linkage between the state and the citizen” (383).
- When elections are held, ruling party will suffer the consequences of negative judgment from citizens
- avoiding highly centralized power among the elites and creating linkages between mass opinion and public decision will help the party to gain legitimacy/ popular support and consolidate internal power
How has President Lee tried to “overturn the party’s power structure” and “take full command of the GNP”? Who is Park Geun-hye, and why can she “put the brakes on Lee’s arbitrary ways”?
- Lee tried to overturn the party’s power structure by the slating of candidates for the parliamentary elections in 2008, and managed to put hi men on the ballot en masse
- Tried to replace the party leadership with his men
- Park is the daughter of former president and the former GNP head, Lee’s rival for the party’s presidential nomination
- Very powerful political figure with “aura of her father behind her”
The author argues that the UDP lost power and became a minority party because “the party lost what people call sincerity and faithfulness.” Explain what the author means by this
- Presidents Kim and Roh fell far short of expectations due to lack of experience
- Bureaucrats only self-interested and had no intentions to try to improve the lives of middle-class and working poor or bring about social reform
How does term limits help contribute to the “decline of the strong presidency in policy control?
- Political democratization and economic internationalization have diminished influence on bureaucracy, business and policy control
- Fixed terms will alter bureaucratic and other social actors’ perception of reward and loyalty.
- Also alters executive-bureaucratic relations: long-term bureaucrats wary to dedicate themselves to short-term presidential initiatives. (Loyalty ≠ positive career prospects)
What do Hahm and Lee mean about presidents being “minority president” (188)? How does regional politics in South Korea affect their public support for their policy agendas?
- They mean that no president has received more than 50% of the popular vote in elections since 1987
- Regional politics implies the firmly established pattern of regionalist voting in which voters identify themselves with a political leader from their home province
- Makes it difficult for the minority president to expand his constituencies across provinces, thus failing to form a strong coalition and carry out their policy agendas
- This has created a series of failed presidencies and the need for a majority presidency with popular support across all regions in order to develop the presidential system institutionally
What qualities do Koreans would like to see in their presidents? Why, in general, do presidents fall short of these expectations?
- Needs to provide solution to problems such as political gridlock and poor macroeconomic performance
- Want someone who competent, with high morality, a clear vision and great experience in administration
- Fall short due to regionalism and money-oriented political change
- President seen as “person” rather than institution
What policies did Roh Moo-hyun pursue to abolish the “imperial presidency”? What effect did they have on the presidency?
- Emphasized the de-politicization of internal security institutions, intentionally did not intervene in the operation of the ruling party (complete 180 from predecessors), attempted to destroy the impression perceived by the public that a president is no less than an emperor
-Presidents no longer benefit as much from personal charisma and election finance as far as maintaining his/her influence on party discipline and policy-making process is concerned\
In Hahm and Lee’s view, what is the danger of poor presidential leadership on Korea’s consolidation of democracy?
- Past presidents including RMH failed to exhibit the type of presidential leadership necessary and this will negatively affect the consolidation process of democracy in SK by increasing the public’s distrust of the government as a whole. As a result, the public will increasingly blame poor presidential leadership for the resulting “paralysis”
- Will undermine public perceptions of the legitimacy of civilian presidential leadership, which exacerbates “paralysis”
How has the nature of the civil-society groups changed “since the democratic transition”? Compare the minjung movement that helped lead to the democratic breakthrough in 1987 to the civil-society groups in the 1990s and later.
- During authoritarian phase, civil-society groups existed but were not free from state control and state-society relations shifted from the conflict model of “a strong state and contentious society” into the more complex and dynamic model of interaction between a democratic state and activated civil-society groups.
- This opposition between state and society in the 1980s was the minjung (popular masses) movement.
- Largely lead by university student-led pro-democracy groups that joined with workers to demand labor rights to collective bargaining and improvement in work conditions
- Movement also attributed to Latin American “liberation theology” influencing many Catholic leaders
- The 1990s saw more specialized functional civil-society groups emerge, like citizens’ movements for electoral reform and “clean government” and against political corruption
- The premier example is the newspaper industry that has come to enjoy the legal rights and freedoms of speech and the press and the number of periodicals tripled in this time period.
- More recently participants in the citizens’ movement groups have been primarily middle class citizens emphasizing gradual institutional reform by relying legal and nonviolent methods
- Most prominent modern example of civil-society groups active in Korea’s political process was the Citizens Council for Fair Elections (CCFE) which has investigated elections in the last five years