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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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International Relations (IR)
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-involve relationships among the world's state gov'Ts
-are anarchic in nature with no overruling authority -closely connected with other actors such (UN), with other social structures (economics), and with geographical and historical influence |
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International Political Economy (IPE)
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-became a field of study in the 70s and 80s as economics became increasingly central to IR
-involves the study of politics of trade, monetary, and other economic relations among nations and their ceonnection to their transnational forces |
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State
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-a territory populated by people with a shared history and ideals and an authoritative govT
-soverign -must be able to maintain order, fulfill international obligations, and extract resources from their ppl -NZ is an ex. |
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United Nations (UN)
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-organization of nearly all the world states
-created after WWII to promote collective security -based on the principles that states are equal, have soverignty over their affairs, enjoy independence and fulfill international obligations -191 members as of '06 |
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Sovereignty
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-developed fm treaty of westphalia 1648
-state has the right to do whatever it wants within its own territory -recognized thu diplomatic relations and membership of the UN |
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Diplomatic Recognition
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-process defines the status of embassies and of an ambassador as an offical state rep.
-diplomats must be accredited to each other's govTs and thereafter have the right to occupy an embassy in the host country as tho it were their own state's territory |
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Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)
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-transnational groups or entities that interact with states, mulinational corps, other ngos and intergovernmental organizations
-represent political humanitarian and economic interests -greenpeace or catholic church are ex. |
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Nation
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-a population that shares an identity, usually including lang. and culture
-this concept lead to self determiniation which implies that ppl who identiy as a nation should have the right to form a state and exercize sovereignty over their affairs -when borders of perceived nations dont match the states conficts arise (sudan) |
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Country
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-geographical entity/ territory
-commonly associated with the notions of state or nation -dozens of nonsovereign territories which are geographical countries but not sovereign states -have their own govt, administration and laws, constitution, military, police, tax, and a population -NZ is an ex. |
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International System
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-system of states that act regularly in an anarchic manner
-founded upon the treaty of westphalia -establishes a set of norms that states are expected to follow but no enforcement is in play |
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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-the size of a states total annual economic activity
-large gap between highest and lowest GDP -the US is largest with $12 trillion |
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Nonstate Actors
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-a variety of actors which operate below a state of across boundaries
-they can exist as groups within states that influence a state's foreign policy (substate actors) -could also be businesses who buy, sell, invest in a variety of countries (transnational actors) |
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Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)
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-organizations whose members are national govts
-created by states to provide some function that those states find useful -world trade organization is an ex. it was created to facilitate negotiations about lowering trade barries |
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North-South Gap
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-global gap between the rich industrialized countries (north) and the poor countries (south)
-most significant geographic element at the global level of analysis -south are developing countries (south africa) -north are developed countries (US) |
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Imperialism
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-acquisition of colonies by conquest or other
-Lenin's theory said european capitalists were investing in colonies where they could earn big profits and then using part of these to buy off the working class at home -european imperialism started in the 15th century with development of oceangoing sailing ships -with superior military technology they gained control of coastal cities and major trade routes -had drastic affects on indigenous ppl |
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Nationalism
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-devotion to the interests of ones nation
-considered one of the most important forces of world politics in the past 2 centuries -establishes a national identity as a persons's primary affiliation in much of the world |
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Industrialization
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-use of energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of the machinery along with the products created by it
-18th century industrial revolution came with the invention of the steam engine, cotton gin, mechanized thread spinner -tired to britain's emerging leadership role in the worlds economy |
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Free Trade
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-flow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions
-key aspect of britains policy after 1846 and us policy afer 1945 |
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Arms Race
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-reciprocal process in which 2 or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other
-since each side wants to act prudently to prevent a threat the arms production grows out of control -us vs. soviet union during cold war is best ex. |
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balance of power
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-one or more states being used to balance that of another state or group of states
-theory argues that such counterbalancing occurs regularly and maintains the stability of the int'l system -system is stable if sovereignty maintains in tact and a universal empire doesnt take over |
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Civil War
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-war between 2 factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new govt for the entire state or some territorial part of it
-trying to change the system of govT, replace the ppl within it, or split off into a new state -us civil war in 1860s is ex. of secessionist civil war |
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Cycle Theories
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-effort to explain tendencies toward war in the int'l system as cyclical
-kondratieff cycles: by linking wards with long waves in the world economy of about 50yr duration -another approach links the largest wards with a 100yr cycle based on the creation and decay of world orders |
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Deterrence
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-threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain nevative action (esp. attacking ones own state or their allies)
-if it works the effects are invisible -its success is measured in attacks that did not occur |
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Geopolitics
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-use of geography as an element of pwr and the ideas about it held by pol. leaders and scholars
-states increase their pwr to the extent they can use geography to enhance their military capabilities -most important consideration is location |
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Guerilla War
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-warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and oftern hidden or protected by, civilians
-dont directly confront an enemy army but harass and punish it so it gradually limits operation and effectively liberate territory from its control -iraqi paramilitary forces during iraq war 03-05 |
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Hegemonic War (world war, global war, general war, systematic war)
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-war over control of the entire world order-the rules of the int'l system as a whole
-WWII was the last hegemonic war and couldnt happen again without destroying civilization bc of the power of modern weaponry |
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Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
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-the longest range ballistic missiles, able to travel 5000miles
-unlike airplanes theyre extremely difficult to defend against -main strategic delivery vehicles are ballistic missiles -fired from fixed sites or mobile |
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Limited War
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-military actions carried out to gain some objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
-many border wards have this character: after occupying the land it wants, a state may stop short and defend its gains (US led war against Iraq in 1991) |
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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-the possession of second strike nuclear capablities
-ensures that neither of the 2 adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all out war -developed during cold war -application of deterrence theory |
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Non-Proliferation Theory (NPT)
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-1968
-created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise -some of the potential nuclear states have not signed the npt (israel) -includes the international atomic energy agency (IAEA): UN agency in Vienna that is charged with inspecting nuclear power in NPT member states to prevent secret military diversions of nuclear materials |
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Power
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-actor's ability to make others do things that they wouldnt otherwise do
-not influence itself but the ability or potential to influence the others behavior -measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics -power resources (GDP) and power capabilities (military) |
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Proxy Wars
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-wars in the 3rd world, often civil wars, where the US and Soviet Union jockeyed for position by supplying and advising opposing factors
-alignments are often arbitrary (us backed ethiopia, soviets backed somalia but ethiopian govT had to seek soviet help so US switched to somalia's side 70s) |
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Total War
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-warfare by one state wages to conquer and occupy another
-originated in the Napoleonic Wars which relied upon conscription on a mass scale -goal is to reach capital city and force govT to surrender -evolved with industrialization -2003 iraq war |
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Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
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-nuclear, chemical and biological weapons all distinguished from conventional weapons by their enormous potentional lethality
-lack of discrimination in whom they kill (mass fatality) |
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Alliances
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-coalition of states that coordinate their actions to accomplish some end
-most are formalized in written treates, concern a common threat, and endure across a range of issues and period of time -north atlantic treaty organization is most prominent alliance |
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Anarchy
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-lack of central govt that can enfore rules
-IR are conducted in an anarchic manner bc there is no overruling organization -on the int'l scene it means that power of one state is counted only by the power of another |
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Century of Humiliation
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-100yrs before the founding of the peoples republic of china in 1949
-began with chinas defeat at the hands of western forces during the opium wars of the mid 19th century -that initiated partial colonization of areas of china via a series of "unequal treaties" |
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Cold War
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-ideological conflict between US and soviet union from 1945-1990
-us initiated a foreign policy of containment towards communism and has based much of its foreign policies and military build up upon this |
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Containment
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-policy adopted in 1940s by the US to stop the global expansion of soviet influence on several levels (military, pol., ideological, and economic)
-most foreign policy from foreign aid to military invention and diplomacy are based upon goal of containment |
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Democratic Peace Treaty
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-proposition that democracies almost never fight wars against eachother
-strongly supported by empirical evidence -checks and balances limit authority of one force (Kant) -their trade relations amongst the capitalist states create strong interdependence |
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Hegemony
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-one state has predominance power in the int'l system
-it can single handedly dominate the rules and arrangements in which int'l policitcal and economic relations are conducted -us right now can be argued to be one |
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Hegemonic Stability Theory
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-regimes are most effective when power in the int'l system is most concentrated
-a hegemon maintains world order and prevents other states from destabilizing the int'l system -this theory is part of the war on terror laid out in the bush doctrine |
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Idealism
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-approach that emphasized int'l law, morality, and int'l organization rather then power alone as the key influence
-human nature is basically good -int'l system is a community of states that have the potentional to ovecome mutual probs |
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National Interests
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-overall interest of the state not just the parties or factions within a state's interest
-realists believe the exercise of power attempts to advance the national interest -us's would be suppresing terrorist groups worldwide |
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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-us led military alliance formed in 1949 with mainly western european members
-formed to oppose and deter soviet power in europe -it is currently expanding into the former soviet block and has 26 members |
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Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
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-the central govT of China and was established in 1949
-it's legitimacy led to the end of the century of humiliation |
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Preemptive Defense
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-attacking of another state to prevent an imminent threat that they present
-laid down by bush doctrine and was the justification of the invasion of iraq -goal was to capture alleged weapons of mass destruction before they could be used against the us and allies |
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Rational Actors
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-actors conceived as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, rank their interests
-can perform cost-benefit analysis which is calculating the costs incurred by a possible action and benefits its likely to bring |
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Realism
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-view of IR that explains interactions in terms of power
-pessimistic about human nature and believe that states are selfish in their actions -provided a theoretical background for cold war policies of containment |
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Succession
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-effots by a province or region to secede from an existing state and create their own borders within that will be a new state entirely
-most attempts fail -the mainly muslim republic of Chechnya tried to split away from russia in 90s |
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Security Dilemma
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-situation in which states action taken to assure their own security tend to threaten the security of other states
-the responses of the other states in turn threaten the first state -us missile defenses have worried china and possibly caused proliferation of more nuclear weapons, ex. |
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Shanghai Communique
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-important diplomatic document issued by the us and the PRC in '72
-pledged that it was the interest of all nations for the us and china to work towards normalization of relations -laid out the One China Policy which est. that taiwan was under chines governance |
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Spratly Islands
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-dispute between china, vietnam, malaysia, philippines over these islands bc may hold oil reserves
-claimed in part or in full by all these countries -may signal china's intentions as a rising great power |
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Strategy
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-combination of ends, ways, and means
-ends are goals, ways are courses of action and means are available resources -pol. strategy are bargaining, reciprocity, and leverage |
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Taiwan
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-regerred to as state or country but not formally recognized as a soverign state
-operates independently but is claimed by china and is not a member of the UN -us will defend taiwan from chinese military takeover but not interefere with peaceful diplomacy between the two |
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Terrorism
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-pol. violance that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately
-wants to demoralize a civilian population as leverage to discontent national govts -al Qaeda on twin towers 9/11/01 made fighting terrorists a national interest of US |
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Treaty of Westphalia
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-1648
-ended 30yrs war are the 8yrs war -foundation for the concept of sovereign states and many european nations set up boundaries thru this treaty -led to intl system working in an anarchic manner |
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Unilateralism
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-any doctrine or agenda that supports one side
-occurs when one state decides to single handedly negotiate with another state -us often does this, iraq's invasion of kuwait both ex. |
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Warsaw Pact
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-soviet led Eastern European military alliance founded in 1955
-formed to oppose the NATO and US troops occupying europe during the cold war |
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WWII
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-began in 1939 when germany invaded poland
-lead to france and britain to join against germany -germany then invaded russia but lost from the east and us had allied forces on west -leaders pledged to never allow it to occur again bc of the how bad the war crimes committed were |
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Zero Sum Game
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-part of game theory which predicts bargaining outcomes between two diff players
-one players gain is by definition equal to the others loss, therefore no point in communication or cooperation between them bc their interests are diametrically opposed |
