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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Individual Behavioral Tradition
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Emphasis in on studying individual voting behavior
Based on social surveys and percent found Political Science adopted this in 1920s from psychologists Broke with historians over this Eisenhower and Stevenson elections of 1952 and 1956 first strong use of national surveys Based on Trilogy 1. Party Id *found to be the most stable 2. Issue Orientation 3. Candidate Image *least stable aspect |
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Group Ecological Tradition
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Emphasis on regional and/or group behavior within electoral framework or structure
Election return based and therefore more historical in focus More political/electoral systems orientated Aggregated data over areas |
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Normal Vote
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Normal Vote – election where people vote their party leaning
Based on underlying patterns of party loyalty or party affiliation Long Term Forces – depend on party loyalties Short Term Forces – based on candidates and election specific issues |
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V.O. Key
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1. Maintaining Elections – continue normal vote (stay at home vote)
2. Deviating Elections – short term deviation from normal vote (voter on vacation) 3. Realigning Election – shift in normal vote Voter Migration Long term movement from party |
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Different types of electoral systems
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• Single Member District Plurality
• Multimember District Plurality • Weight Plurality System • Preferential Voting in Single Member Districts Systems • Multimember District List System |
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Single Member District Plurality
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One winner take all. UK and some parts of US use this. No majority necessary.
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Multimember District Plurality
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Proportional representation. No majority Necessary.
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Preferential Voting in Single Member Districts Systems
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Voters rank who they want to win from top to bottom and the votes are counted. Australia uses this
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Multimember District List System
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Parties are listed and you vote that way. Most European Countries in the EU use this
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Electoral System
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elect electors (= to number of reps and senators of each state) to represent that states votes
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Early problems with the Electoral System
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They College, as designed, would rarely produce a clear winner
Voters used to have 2 votes, 1 for pres 1 for vice pres No standard on how the person should choose their vote Most votes doesn't mean win |
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Election in which not enough votes to get presidency happened
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1824- Adams won
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Years where popular vote and winner were different
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1876, 1888, and 2000
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Electoral College Today
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Meet at state govts. After the election
Must meet separately so they don’t argue or sway anyone They don’t have to choose the winner Even states have all adopted ways to distributing votes All but Nebraska and Maine go by winner take all NE and Maine choose by Congressional District Make 2 votes, 1 for president and 1 for VP They meet on Dec. 13th and give Congress their results Jan. 6th Congress meets and unveils results Senate chooses VP from top 2 vote getters (need majority) House chooses President from top 3 vote getters (need a majority) |
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Major Geographical Causes of the American Revolution
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Proclamation Line of 1763 – limited British colonization to east of the Appalachian Mountains
7 Years War First truly World War, with Europeans battling over colonial holdings all over the world French vs. English in America, French lost most of its colonial holdings Quebec Act 1774 – turned over areas around the Great Lakes to the authority in Quebec (under British control) ***1 Major cause for American Revolution was land or the need for land west of the Appalachian Mountains |
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Virtual Representation
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Basically the english idea that anyone can represent everyone no matter where they are. This clearly isn't the most effective way.
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Political Culture Matrix
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Taking the ideas of Commonwealth (group) and Marketplace (individualistic) ideals and mapping them out. 1. Efficiency – least resource cost
2. Legitimacy – value of support of citizens 3. Commerce – private market economy 4. Agrarianism – commonwealth of freeholders, common citizens, or Jeffersonian economy power effic legit justice commer agrar |
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Daniel Elazar’s Political Cultures
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1. Individualistic
2. Moralistic 3. Traditionalistic |
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Individualistic Political Culture
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Marketplace Democracy (based strongly on economic strength)
Will not change politics unless there is a high demand by public opinion Leszie Faire Use govt. least as possible to better oneself Big city machine politics perspective This has in some ways, become the most dominate political culture in the U.S. today |
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Moralistic Political Culture
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Based on idea as a commonwealth
Govt. is seen as a positive interest to better society All members in society should participate in government Much like the Town Meetings in New England Govt. believed to help the common interest in order to better it |
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Traditionalistic Political Culture
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Ambivalent attitude toward marketplace
Should maintain the existing order of things Hope to maintain elite traditional order of things Initiate things in government only if it will serve the interest of the elite View government negatively Government should be run by the elite Good Old Boys mentality |
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Where are the political cultures located?
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Individualistic- East Coast
Moralistic- North U.S. Traditionalistic- South U.S. |
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Frontier
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Where the “Frontier” is helps understand where political culture moves toward
Started out the frontier was physical land out west, then land, then technology, and now cybernetic |
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Historical significance of frontier
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Louisianna Purchase,
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History of seats in the house
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Seats moved from 105 to 435 based on population and geographic growth of the U.S.
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Webster Model
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Take a set number of people (ex. 30,000) and then take the amount of people in the state divide the 2 and there is how many seats you get
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Huntington-Hill Model
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– state’s population is divided by the nation’s population and then multiplied by 435
One problem is that this will lead to uneven representation |
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Reapportionment
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- the redistribution of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives between
states in relation to population changes following a Census of population |
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Redistricting
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- redrawing of legislative district boundaries
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Malapportionment
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- refers to unequal populations in different constituencies for the same
legislative body |
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Gerrymandering
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- the manipulation of geographical constituency boundaries for partisan or
interest group advantage |
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1. Stacked Gerrymander –
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constituencies have been given grotesque shapes in order to seek out pockets of strength for the advantaged party
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2. Excess (Packed) Vote Gerrymander
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– voters who are likely to support the opposition party are geographically concentrated in as few districts as possible, usually producing landslides for winning opposition candidates
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3. Wasted (Dilution) Vote Gerrymander
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– voters who are likely to support the opposition party are divided up among several districts to split opposition strength, usually resulting in opposition votes being wasted on candidates who have no hope of winning
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4. Silent Gerrymander
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– districts are not changed with shifting patterns of population distribution, essentially a form of malapportionment
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Wesbury vs. Sanders (1963)
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Case where districts were uneven in population by ALOT, had to redistrict
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Maryland Committee for Fair Representation vs. Tawes (1964)
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State had to redraw lines because they were unequal
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1993: Shaw vs. Reno
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Racial Gerrymandering in N.C.
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1965: Voting Rights Act
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- abolished literacy tests and other measures restricting voting by
African Americans |
