Podiatric Pearls - Biostat/law/misc

Front 1

define biostatistics

Back 1

the study of methods and procedures for collecting, summarizing and analyzing data about health and disease; also making inferences from such data

Front 2

differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention

Back 2

-primary; prevent disease before it occurs
-secondary; screening for dz precursors b4 symptoms present
-tertiary: retard the effects of a condition

Front 3

who provides the majority of public health services in the US

Back 3

goovernment

Front 4

what are todays leading causes of death

Back 4

1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke
4. accidents

Front 5

what are 3 components of all disease

Back 5

1. host
2. agent
3. environmental components

Front 6

how are risk categories for health workers defined

Back 6

category 1: frequent, direct contact with blood and body fluids
2. infrequent (xray techs, EKG tech)
3. seldom (receptionist)

Front 7

what is the largest govt agency involved in health care and when was it formed

Back 7

-Dept of health and human services in 1979

Front 8

what are the major components of DHHS

Back 8

-office of human development
-public health service
-health care financing admin
-SSA

Front 9

how does the health care financing admin (HCFA) function

Back 9

its primary function is to run medicare and medicaid

Front 10

what major health programs were provided for in the 1965 amendments to the Social Security Act

Back 10

Title 18 - medicare
Title 19 - medicaid

Front 11

what is Medicare part A and B

Back 11

A - (involuntary) inpatient care, home health and outpatient diag services
B - (voluntary with monthly premium by pts) for doctors fees

Front 12

who does Title 19 Medicaid cover

Back 12

-families of dependent children
-blind
-disabled

Front 13

prospective study

Back 13

follows a group of patients forward in time

Front 14

what is a PRO

Back 14

professional review organization
-determines medical necessity
-quality of care
-appropriateness of care
-tied to DRG's

Front 15

retrospective study

Back 15

begins at present time and looks backward

Front 16

list common types of clinical studies

Back 16

-prospective
-retrospective
-descriptive
-observational
-interventional
-clinical trials
-case controlled studies (retro and observational)
-cohort studies

Front 17

prevalence rate

Back 17

all cases of dz at given time/estimated population x 1000

Front 18

incidence

Back 18

new cases of disease per unit time/estimated population x 1000

Front 19

false positive

Back 19

persons w/o disease that tested positive/total non diseased

Front 20

false negative

Back 20

persons with dz that tested negative/total diseased

Front 21

sensitivity (true positive)

Back 21

number positives with disease/total with disease present

Front 22

specificity (true neg)

Back 22

number negatives without disease/those without disease

Front 23

differ mean, median, mode

Back 23

mean: numerical average
median; middle value in a set of numbers
mode: most frequently occurring value

Front 24

measures of variability are used to measure scatter or dispersion (range and std dev); describe them

Back 24

range: the largest value minus the smallest value
std dev: normal curve where data lies

Front 25

how much data lies in 2 std dev, 3 std dev?

Back 25

2 std dev = 95.45%
3 std dev = 99%

Front 26

what does statistical significance mean

Back 26

a result that cant be explained by chance

Front 27

null hypothesis

Back 27

negative reasoning that treatment A is no different then treatment B

Front 28

what is a chi squared test

Back 28

demonstrates whether or not there is an assoication b/w a factor and an outcome

Front 29

who issues an indictment

Back 29

a grand jury; the accused is absent

Front 30

who issues a license to practive pod med

Back 30

state medical board

Front 31

Due Process of Law prevents revocation of DPM license without...

Back 31

"hearing after notice"

Front 32

what entity issues an indictment; is the accused present

Back 32

grand jury, no accused is not present

Front 33

what is the diff between a "claims made" malpractice insurance policy and a "occurence" policy

Back 33

-occurence covers you even if you changed insurance companies
-"claims made" policy must be in force when the claim is filed, not when malpractice occurred

Front 34

what is tort

Back 34

a private wrong not based on contract

Front 35

what is an injunction

Back 35

a court order to do or to refrain from doing a specific act

Front 36

when are punitive damages awarded

Back 36

only when intentional torts are involved (a private wrong not based on contract)

Front 37

a malpractice case will not be tried before a jury unless..

Back 37

either party demands a jury

Front 38

when may a civil malpractice caw be tried in US district court (division of fed court)

Back 38

when the matter is over $75K

Front 39

on whom is the burden of proof in a malpractice case

Back 39

on the plaintiff, by a "preponderance of the evidence"

Front 40

under what rule may a doctor be responsible for his nurses negligence

Back 40

under the rule of respondeat superior

Front 41

what is the degree of care required by a podiatrist

Back 41

the national std of care

Front 42

what is the primary fxn of an expert witness

Back 42

to render an opinion regarding proximate causation(event sufficiently related to an injury)and standard of care

Front 43

is a doctor who exercises the utmost care but gets a bad result, still liable

Back 43

only if he promised or guranteed a result that wasnt acheived

Front 44

if the doctor didnt get a consent signed, what is the doctor guilty of

Back 44

battery

Front 45

what are the elements of malpractice

Back 45

there must be:
-a duty
-a breach of duty
-damage
-causal relationship between the breach of duty and the damage (proximate cause)

Front 46

Voir Dire

Back 46

the selection and questioning of jurors

Front 47

stare decisis

Back 47

the rule that a court tends to follow, from previous decision based on similar facts

Front 48

threat of physical harm

Back 48

assault

Front 49

slander

Back 49

false, malicious, spoken, publicized statement

Front 50

can punitive damages be awared in a successful slander suit

Back 50

yes

Front 51

what is the first document filed in a a court, in a malpractice case

Back 51

the complaint

Front 52

how is the doctor pt relationship usually established

Back 52

by implied contract, without verbally expressed terms

Front 53

which medicare is supplemental

Back 53

medicare part B, for which the policy holder pays a premium

Front 54

what is the diff b/w a crime and a tort

Back 54

-crimes are violations of statute or ordinance against the govt ot public
-torts are private wrong not based on contract

Front 55

what are the classifications of controlled substances

Back 55

Schedule I: high abuse potential, no medical use
2: high abuse potential, accepted medical use
3: high abuse potential, but lower then schedule 1 and 2
4: low abuse potential, abuse may cause limited dependence
5; same as 4 but to lower degree

Front 56

where do narcotics fall on the controlled substances schedules

Back 56

2,3,4

Front 57

when is "convenant not to compete" vaild

Back 57

-when it is reasonable as to duration and geographic event

Front 58

the governmental power to regulate the practice of PodMed is derived from what power of the state

Back 58

the states police power

Front 59

is residence in a state required to get a license for pod med in that state

Back 59

no

Front 60

in a malpractice case based on negligence, what types of damages are awarded

Back 60

-compensatory damages
-possibly loss of consortium (loss of relationship with family, spouse sexual relationship, etc)

Front 61

if u treat a pt at the scene of an accident, can u be liable

Back 61

no, as long as no compensation was paid to you or expected

Front 62

what is libel

Back 62

written defamatory statement

Front 63

what is slander

Back 63

spoken defamation

Front 64

can a doctor shelter his assets from malpractice claimant, after a claim is filed by transferring his assets

Back 64

no, he may be subject to both civil and criminal liability

Front 65

what is the generic term for civil wrongs other then breach of contract

Back 65

tort

Front 66

what is the statute of limitations, is it the same in every state

Back 66

-the time period in which a malpractice suit can be filed
-it is not the same in every state

Front 67

under what circumstances can the staute of limitations be extended

Back 67

-when the pt is a minor
-when the doctor is out of state
-where the dr conceals the pts true condition
-where the pt did not promptly discover the condition

Front 68

what is an interrogatory

Back 68

-technique of discovery inwhich one party answers written questions fromt eh other party

Front 69

what is a depostion

Back 69

technique of discovery in which witnesses and parties are orally questioned and cross examined

Front 70

subpoena duces tecum

Back 70

technique of discovery that requires production of books and records for examination by the other party

Front 71

what is a motion

Back 71

a document filed with the court in which the moving party asks the court to take some action

Front 72

motion of summary judgement

Back 72

- a common motion in malpractices cases
-one party (usually the defendant) asks the court to decide the case based on the law only, as there is no dispute concerning the fact: settled w/o jury/trial (ex, can be used if the plaintiff cant find an expert witness to prove their case)

Front 73

doctrine of res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself)

Back 73

-the plaintiff tries to show a breach of the std of care w/o direct evidence
-ex; forceps found in a pts abdomen