Pod Test 1, Basic Bacteriology, Elder

Front 1

Spherical bacteria are called?

Back 1

coccus

Front 2

rod-like bacteria are called?

Back 2

bacillus

Front 3

what are the types of rod-like bacteria?

Back 3

1. filamentous
2. coccobacilli
3. fusiform

Front 4

bacteria that are snake-like or corkscrew in appearance are called?

Back 4

spirillum

Front 5

new bacterial growth in planes at 90 degrees are called?

Back 5

clusters

Front 6

new bacterial growth in planes at 180 degrees are called?

Back 6

chains

Front 7

what is an example of a bacteria which growth occurs in clusters?

Back 7

staphylococci

Front 8

what is an example of bacteria where growth is in a chain?

Back 8

stretocci

Front 9

what is the importance of gram staining?

Back 9

predicts how organisms will respond to antibiotics and the pathogenicity of the organism

Front 10

a bacteria that is gram positive has what color?

Back 10

purple because its thick peptidoglycan layer binds crystal violet

Front 11

an bacteria that is gram negative has what color?

Back 11

pink/red because crystal violet is washed off due to a thing peptidoglycan layer and red safranin counterstain shows up instead

Front 12

gram staining does not work well on bacteria which are in what condition?

Back 12

starved

Front 13

gram staining does not work for which two types of bacteria?

Back 13

1. those without peptidoglycans
2. those with a thick lipid coat

Front 14

what is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

Back 14

peptidoglycans

Front 15

which antiboitics result in premature release of aberrant protein and are bactericidal?

Back 15

aminoglycosides

Front 16

which antiboitics prevent polypeptide elongation, are bacteriostatic, and bind at the 30S subunit?

Back 16

tetracyclines

Front 17

which antiboitics prevent polypeptide elongation, are bacteriostatic, and bind at the 50S subunit? (3)

Back 17

1. macrolides
2. lincosamides
3. chloramphenicol

Front 18

which antiboitics inhibit the formation of initiation complex at 30S subunit, are bacteriostatic, and bind to the 50S subunit?

Back 18

oxazolidinones

Front 19

what secretes the peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall?

Back 19

the cytoplasmic membrane

Front 20

what is the antibiotic active on gram-positive cell membranes?

Back 20

daptomycin

Front 21

what are the invaginations of the plasam membrane in prokaryotes which may serve to increase surface area for respiration and secretion as well as provide regions for DNA replication and segregation?

Back 21

mesosomes

Front 22

does a gram neg. or pos. have a outer membrane?

Back 22

only gram negative does

Front 23

what are the acids contained in the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells?

Back 23

1. teichnoic acid
2. lipoteichoic acid

Front 24

what is present in many body fluids which is capable of breaking down the gram positive peptidoglycan layer?

Back 24

lysozyme

Front 25

how does the body begin an immune response against invading gram positive cells?

Back 25

the innate immune response can recognize the the thick peptidoglycan layer and cause cytokine release which then activated the adaptive immune response

Front 26

what is the function of teichnoic acid and lipoteichoic acid for gram positive bacteria?

Back 26

cell adhesion

Front 27

how do teichnoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in gram positive bacteria betray there presence to the immune system?

Back 27

they are recognizable by the innate immune system (cytokine response) and are antigenic (cause formation of antibodies)

Front 28

what is the function of the peptidoglycan layer in gram positive cells?

Back 28

provide support and osmotic stability

Front 29

what is the protein in S. pyogenes which helpes prevent phagocytosis of the bacteria?

Back 29

M protein

Front 30

where is the M protein found in S. pyogenes?

Back 30

in the peptidoglycan layer

Front 31

what is the basis of serological classification for streptococcie?

Back 31

presence of polysaccharide antigens associated with the gram positive peptidoglycan layer

Front 32

which sp. is the only one to have sterol in the cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 32

Mycoplasma sp.

Front 33

where are mesosomes located?

Back 33

in the cytoplasmic membrane

Front 34

goind from the extracellular space inward, describe the layers passed through in a gram negative cell?

Back 34

1. outer membrane
2. periplasm
3. cytoplasmic membrane

Front 35

where is the peptidoglycan layer located in gram negative cells?

Back 35

immediately external to the cytoplasmic membrane, but under the periplasmic space

Front 36

what are the acids contained in the peptidoglycan layer of the gram negative bacteria?

Back 36

the don't have any

Front 37

describe the functions of the periplasmic space? (3)

Back 37

1. contains metabolically active regions
2. contains hydrolitic enzymes involved in metabolism, virulence, and antibiotic resistance
3. contains proteins for sugar uptake

Front 38

how does having a outmembrane help gram negative cells? (3)

Back 38

1. blocks macromolecules such as lysozyme
2. maintains bacterial structure
3. protects bacteria from harsh conditions

Front 39

what aids in the recognition of gram negative receptors that is found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

Back 39

toll-like receptors in patterns recognizable by innate immune cells

Front 40

describe the properties of the inner and outer leaflets of the outer membrane bilayer?

Back 40

inner is like a normal bilayer, but outer is amphipathic because it has lipopolysaccharide molecules dispersed among the posphate head groups

Front 41

what are the sites at which the outer membrane is bound to the cytoplasmic membrane in gram negative cells?

Back 41

adhesion sites

Front 42

what attaches the outer membrane to peptidoglycans?

Back 42

lipoproteins

Front 43

what class of antiboitics targes the outer membrane of gram negative antibiotics?

Back 43

polymyxins

Front 44

what allow for dissusion of smaller hydrophilic molecules through the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

Back 44

porin protiens

Front 45

what are the 3 parts of the LPS component?

Back 45

1. Lipid A
2. Core polysaccharide
3. O antigen

Front 46

which part of the LPS component contains endotoxin activity?

Back 46

Lipid A

Front 47

what is the bacterial capsul made of?

Back 47

loose polysaccharide layer

Front 48

what is the main purpose of the "slime layer" for bacteria?

Back 48

acts as an antiphagocytic virulence factor for extracellular bacteria and also may play a minor role in adhesion

Front 49

how does the body handle the bacterial capsul?

Back 49

it can create antibodies against the capsul and therefor initiate phagocytosis

Front 50

how are flagella anchored in the bacterial membrane?

Back 50

by a hook and basal body

Front 51

what is the driving force for flaggelum?

Back 51

membrane potential

Front 52

what are the hairlike structures on the external surface of cells?

Back 52

fimbriae

Front 53

what are the protein subunits of fimbriae called?

Back 53

pilin

Front 54

what is the main function of fimbriae?

Back 54

adhesion - very important for virulence

Front 55

what is the plasma encoded structure the promotes the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via conjugation?

Back 55

F (sex) Pili

Front 56

what is the key adhesion molecule for E. coli in adherence to uroepithelial cells

Back 56

P fimbriae

Front 57

people are more likely to develope reccurent UTI's when the express higher levels of what on blood cells?

Back 57

P antigen

Front 58

where are the precursors for peptidoglycans made?

Back 58

cytoplasm

Front 59

how are the cytoplasmic precursors of peptidoglycan transported across that bacterial membrane?

Back 59

bactoprenol

Front 60

how are cytoplasmic precursors of peptidoglycans attached to preexisitng peptidoglycans?

Back 60

activated with high energy posphate bonds

Front 61

what are the repeating units of peptidoglycans?

Back 61

NAG and NAM

Front 62

what joins adjacent rows of NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM-etc... together?

Back 62

amino acid bridges

Front 63

what projects of of NAM?

Back 63

a tetrapeptide

Front 64

what connects the tretrapetide chains extending from NAM?

Back 64

pentaglycine bridge?

Front 65

of the AA's of the NAM tetrapeptide, which is used to form a bond to the the next peptidoglycan?

Back 65

the 3rd AA is critical for transpeptidation

Front 66

how many amino acids are there on the chain sticking off of NAM before transpeptidation?

Back 66

5

Front 67

what are the last two AA in the chain sticking off of NAM before tramspeptidation?

Back 67

D alanine

Front 68

what is the antibiotic which binds the 5th AA (D-alanine) and stops peptidation from occuring between peptidoglycans?

Back 68

vancomycin

Front 69

vancomycin can only work against which bacteria, gram positive or negative?

Back 69

gram positive

Front 70

describe the 3 steps in peptidoglycan synthesis?

Back 70

1. formation of peptidoglycan precursor in cytoplasm (NAM)
2. attachment and transport of NAM by bactroprenol and the addition of NAG
3. translocation of disaccharide pentapeptide precursor outside of cell and attachement by transpeptidation to exisitng peptidoglycans

Front 71

what is the name of the family of enzymes which facilitate transpeptidation and removal of 5th AA (D-alanine)

Back 71

Penicillin Binding Proteins

Front 72

what antibiotic irreversibly binds PBP's?

Back 72

beta lactam antibiotics

Front 73

how do cell wall-active antibiotics take advantage of of a bacterial cells own autolysins?

Back 73

the weaken cell walls by stoppin transpeptidation and the autolysins keep breaking down the cell walls which eventually causes the bacteria to lyse

Front 74

what triggers binary fission?

Back 74

DNA replication in bacteria

Front 75

how are mesosomes involved in binary fission?

Back 75

they hold onto the chromosome copies so when cells divide a copy is held into each half

Front 76

what is necessary for septum formation in binary fission?

Back 76

peptidoglycan formation over invaginations of the plasma membrane which occurs via transpeptidation of peptidoglycans

Front 77

drugs that inhibit peptidoglycan formation cause what to happen when the cell undergoes binary fission?

Back 77

long rodlike cells that are the result of chromosomal replication without cell division because cells could not complete the septum

Front 78

what are the two bacteria that genetically lack a cell wall?

Back 78

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Front 79

what are the two bacteria which lack a cell wall?

Back 79

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Front 80

what abnormal molecule is contained in the cell membranes of mycoplasma and ureaplasma that is not found in other bacteria?

Back 80

sterol

Front 81

what antibiotics in ineffective against mycoplasma and ureaplasma bacteria?

Back 81

ones that target cell walls

Front 82

how do some bacteria escape antibiotics which target cell walls?

Back 82

they temporarily remove cell walls until antibiotic is gone then they regrow them and recolonize

Front 83

which bacterial type (gram- or gram+) produce spores?

Back 83

gram+

Front 84

which gram+ bacteria produce spores?

Back 84

clostridium and bacillus

Front 85

where does the full set of chromosomal information contained in a spore come from?

Back 85

origina chromosomes are replicated and the replicated ones go into the spore and the originals are degraded after spore formation

Front 86

what happens to the newly formed spore just after the septum is completed?

Back 86

it is engulfed by bacteria that made it and peptidoglycans are secreted onto its surface

Front 87

what are the iron sequestering proteins of bacteria?

Back 87

siderophores

Front 88

what are bacteria which can grow in oxygen and without oxygen?

Back 88

facultative anaerobes - have multiple metabolic pathways which allows for this to happen

Front 89

what helps aroebic bacteria survive oxygen radical formation during respiration?

Back 89

supreoxide dismutase and catalase

Front 90

bacteria that derive energy from oxidation of metals are called?

Back 90

chemotrophs

Front 91

describe the energy source for most human pathogens?

Back 91

metabolism of sugars, fats, and carbohydrates

Front 92

what is the product of fermentation?

Back 92

ethanol, ATP, and NADPH

Front 93

the nucleic acids that are products of the pentose phosphate shunt are known as?

Back 93

purines

Front 94

what drugs interupt the production of thymine? (2)

Back 94

sulfamide antibiotics and trimethoprim

Front 95

what is the action of sulfamide antibiotics and trimethoprim?

Back 95

stops the production of tetrahydrofolic acid

Front 96

what is the action of rifampin?

Back 96

binds RNA polymerase and halts transcription which makes the bacteria vulnerable to other antibiotics

Front 97

what serves as the docking site for RNA polymerase alone a strand of DNA?

Back 97

sigma factor

Front 98

what are the antibiotics which bind the 30s subunit? (2)

Back 98

1. aminoglycosides
2. tetracyclines

Front 99

what are the 4 antibiotics which bind the 50s subunit?

Back 99

1. cloramphenicol
2. macrolides
3. lincosamides
4. oxazolidinones

Front 100

are antibiotics which bind the 50s subunit primarily bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Back 100

bacteriostatic

Front 101

in what phase are bacteria most vulnerable to antibiotic action?

Back 101

exponential growth phase

Front 102

what is the direction of extension of the lagging strand of DNA?

Back 102

5' -> 3'

Front 103

toperisomerase is the target of which antibiotic?

Back 103

quinolones

Front 104

are quinilones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Back 104

bactericidal

Front 105

a transition base pair mutation involves?

Back 105

prurine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine

Front 106

a travservsion involves what?

Back 106

purine is substituted for pyrimidine and vice versa

Front 107

what is a null mutation?

Back 107

extensive recombination or trasnpositional events leading to the destruction of gene function

Front 108

what is the DNA repair that is independent of template and involves replication across stops that would normally halt other polymerases?

Back 108

SOS response

Front 109

what is the last-ditch effort to repair broken DNA without a template that involves replacing missing DNA with random sequence?

Back 109

error-prone repair

Front 110

what is the term used to describe the passing of genes between bacteria which can involve resistance and virulence genes?

Back 110

horizontal gene trasnfer

Front 111

how does genetic material transferred to a bacteria come to be expressed by that bacteria?

Back 111

homologous and non-homologous DNA recombination allows information to enter the genome

Front 112

plasmids which are unable to integrate into chromosomes are termed?

Back 112

episomes

Front 113

what are some examples of enzymes that recognize special sites on DNA that allow for non-homologous recombination?

Back 113

transposases and integrases

Front 114

what DNA segments which can move around in DNA sequences be be any type of recombination? (jumping genes)

Back 114

transposons

Front 115

what are transposons flanked by?

Back 115

insertion sequences

Front 116

what is the simplest transposable element?

Back 116

the insertion sequence

Front 117

recombination is mediated by enzymes called?

Back 117

site-specific recombinases

Front 118

what allows for rapid acquisition of antibiotic resitance genes in bacteria?

Back 118

site-specific recombination involving intergrases

Front 119

what are large chromosomal regions containing genes which code for multiple virulence factors called?

Back 119

pathogenicity islands

Front 120

what is necessary to build a pathogenicity island?

Back 120

integrases and non-homologous recombination

Front 121

what is that act of a living bacteria binding and taking up DNA from a dead bacteria?

Back 121

transformation

Front 122

what is necessary to keep DNA aquired by transformation intact within the recipient cell?

Back 122

recombination of that DNA in recipient genome

Front 123

what is the important bacteria that has gained penicillin resistance via trasnformation?

Back 123

normal penicillin resistance strep from the mouth gave streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance

Front 124

what is the term that refers to the passage of DNA directly between cells during contact? (bacterial sex)

Back 124

conjugation

Front 125

what allows for the transfer of DNA between the cells during conjugation?

Back 125

mating bridges

Front 126

what does the term self-transmissible refer to?

Back 126

the ability of a plasmid to form a mating bridge from the proteins encoded in it

Front 127

what does the term mobilizable refer to in regards to conjugation?

Back 127

a plasmid which can cleave itself at the OriT and make use of a mating bridge established by a sel-transmissible plasmid

Front 128

the state of F factor, F- means what?

Back 128

no self-transmissible plasmid

Front 129

the state of F factor, F+ means what?

Back 129

autonomous plasmid with plasmid genes only that is capable of self-replication

Front 130

the state of F factor, Hfr means what?

Back 130

the plasmid is incorperated into a chromosome

Front 131

the state of F factor, F' means what?

Back 131

autonomous plasmid with some chromosomal genes and capable of self-replication

Front 132

gram negative organisms use which structures to facilitate conjugation?

Back 132

sex pilus

Front 133

gram positive organisms use which structures to facilitate conjugation?

Back 133

surface adhesion molecules

Front 134

what is conjugation dependent on?

Back 134

the presence of a conjugative plasmid

Front 135

what are the essential components a conjugative plasmid must contain? (2)

Back 135

1. ability to make sex pilus
2. ability ot initiate DNA synthesis at transfer origin (OriT)

Front 136

tetracycline resistance was first recognized to be transferred by?

Back 136

transposons

Front 137

describe the prevelance of replication of trasnposons?

Back 137

not often replicated so donor looses transposon

Front 138

what are the 2 possilbe outcomes of a bacteriophage attack on a bacteria?

Back 138

1. lytic infection
2. lysogenic infection

Front 139

describe generalized transduction?

Back 139

occurs during a lytic infection when produced bacteriophages accidentally incorperate bacterial DNA and distribute is to other bacteria

Front 140

describe transduction via lysogenic infection?

Back 140

Phage integrates in host genome, but eventually excises itself and causes cell lysis. If excision is sloppy it can include bacterial DNA which is transferred to other bacteria upon infection.

Front 141

what type of bacterial genes are commonly tranduced via lysogenic transduction?

Back 141

toxin genes

Front 142

what is a major nosocomial (hospital infections) pathogen that is normal in gut flora, but causes UTI's skin and soft tissue infections, and bloodstream infections?

Back 142

enterococcus sp.

Front 143

which bacteria is a colonizer of nares, skin, GI tract, GU tract with a sixty year history of antibiotic resistance?

Back 143

staphylococcus aureus - highly virulent and invasive extracellular pathogen

Front 144

how does MRSA become vancomycin resistant?

Back 144

vancomycin resistant enterococcus passes resistance plasmid via conjugation to MRSA which then becomes incorperated into stable plasmid in MRSA to make MVRSA

Front 145

the ability of an organism to cause disease is known as?

Back 145

pathogenicity

Front 146

a quantitative measure of pathogenicity is called?

Back 146

virulence

Front 147

properties of an organism that enable it to establish itself and enhance ability to cause disease are called?

Back 147

virulence factors

Front 148

describe quorum sensing?

Back 148

corrdinated expression of virulence genes in response to overpopulation of bacteria that allows a certain bacteria to fight off others

Front 149

what are some examples of virulence factors under quorum sensing control?

Back 149

expression of exopoteases, exotoxins, siderophores, and biofilms

Front 150

what are the proteins that are expressed by Gp. A strep which protects it from phagocytosis?

Back 150

M proteins

Front 151

what prevents bacterial from bing removed from a surface during washing?

Back 151

fimbrae adhesins

Front 152

which kind of bacteria (- or +) produces type I exotoxins?

Back 152

gram positive

Front 153

what is a type I exotoxin?

Back 153

superantigens

Front 154

what is toxic shock caused by?

Back 154

staph aureus exotoxins

Front 155

toxin-mediated diarrhea is caused by?

Back 155

staph aureus exotoxins

Front 156

scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis or toxic-shock are all caused by which bacteria?

Back 156

strep pyogenes

Front 157

what is the action of Type II toxins?

Back 157

membrane disrupting

Front 158

what are the 2 types of exotoxin?

Back 158

pore-forming and phospholipases

Front 159

what bacteria releases a phospholipase that lysis blood cells and endothelial cells resulting in massive hemolysis and bleeding?

Back 159

Clostridium perfringens

Front 160

what is the most serious presentation of a Clostridium perfringens infection?

Back 160

myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

Front 161

describe the structure of Type III exotoxins?

Back 161

A-B structure where A is toxin and B is binding protein

Front 162

what is an example of an A-B toxin?

Back 162

diptheria toxin

Front 163

what does diptheria toxin do?

Back 163

stops interaction between tRNA and mRNA meaning all protein production stops

Front 164

how lethal is diptheria toxin?

Back 164

only one molecule is sufficient to kill one cell

Front 165

how do vaccines against diptheria toxin work?

Back 165

they help the body make antibodies which bind the B part of the A-B structure to keep it from binding to cells

Front 166

what are the main bacteria (gram - or +) that use type IV toxins?

Back 166

gram negative

Front 167

what actually causes the damage done to tissue at the site of type IV exotoxins?

Back 167

inflammatory cell that send out degrading enzymes into the bystander tissue

Front 168

what is the result of Type IV exotoxin release in tissues?

Back 168

granulomas

Front 169

describe immunologic damage to tissues?

Back 169

cross-reactive antibodies are made to a pathogen that also are able to recognize self-tissue and attach to it

Front 170

the cross-reactive antibodies responsible for heart damage with rheumatic fever are originally made for?

Back 170

strep pyogenes

Front 171

the cross-reactive antibodies responsible for joint, CNS, and blood antigens reactionsr are originally made for?

Back 171

mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 172

what disorder is characterized by creation of antibodies which react with gangliosides in the nervous system

Back 172

Guillain-Bar syndrome