Pod Final

Front 1

chronic myeloid leukemia

Back 1

c-ABL and BCR fusion gene --> unregulated tyrosine kinase acitivity.

Front 2

neuroblastoma and Burkitt lymphoma

Back 2

overexpression of MYC.

Front 3

Mutation in Cyclin D

Back 3

Activate CDK4 + CDK6
Phosphorylate Retinoblastoma protein
Release EF2
G1 --> S phase
Stimulate cell growth

Front 4

Example of point mutation

Back 4

Ras proto-oncogene.

Front 5

Example of chromosomal rearrangement mutation.

Back 5

Burkitt Lymphoma (c-MYC translocate close to proximity to the Ig heavy chain gene)

Myelogenous leukemia (c-ABL + BCR fusion)

Front 6

Example of gene amplication that convert protooncogene --> oncogenes.

Back 6

c-ERB2 in breast cancer.

Front 7

CDK 4 + MYC

Back 7

growth promoting genes

Front 8

BCL2

Back 8

anti-apoptosis gene

Front 9

BAX

Back 9

apoptosis gene.

Front 10

miRNA in tumorigenesis

Back 10

increased of miRNA that target tumor suppressor gene --> reduced tumor suppressor protein (increased translational repression)

decreased activity of miRNA that inhibit translation of oncogene --> increased oncogene proteins (decreased translational repression)

Front 11

APC gene

Back 11

Tumor Suppressor Gene
Colon Cancer
Mutated APC can't degrade Beta-cantenin in cytoplasm --> cell proliferation.

Front 12

Neurofibroma type 1 gene (NF-1)

Back 12

Tumor Suppressor Gene
Loss of NF-1 impair conversion of GTP-bound ras to GDP-bound ras.

Front 13

Cause of hereditary nonpolypopsis colon cancer (HNCC)

Back 13

mutated hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes

DNA mismatch repair not working

Front 14

Cause of xeroderma pigmentosum (skin cancer due to UV light)

Back 14

defected nucleotide excision repair gene (ERCC)

Front 15

Vascular endothelial growth factor
basic fibroflast growth factor
angiostatin
endostatin
vasculostatin

Back 15

tumor angiogenic factor.

Front 16

definition of "differentiation antigens"

Back 16

antigens are expressed in some normal cells and in cancer derived from such tissues.

Front 17

MAGE-1 gene

Back 17

Tumor specific shared antigens

Expressed on many tumor cells, but not on any normal tissues.

Front 18

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

Back 18

Endocirnopathies
Hypercalcemia (most common)
Acanthosis nigricans
Thrombotic diatheses

Front 19

Histologic Grading of Tumors

Back 19

degree of differentiation
number of mitoses

Front 20

UICC Clinical Staging of Tumors.

Back 20

T (1-4)
N (1-3)
M (1-2)

Front 21

AJC Clincal Staging of Tumors

Back 21

0-IV
size of pirmary lesion, presence of nodal spread, and distant mestatses

Front 22

hyaluronidase, streptokinase, coagulase

Back 22

toxins that act outside the cell

Front 23

hemolysin, leukotoxin, lecithinase

Back 23

toxins that act at the cell surface

Front 24

plasmodium in RBC
Leishmania in macrophages
Giardia lamblia in intestine

Back 24

protozoas

Front 25

diphtheria toxin

Back 25

blocks protein protein synthesis by ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 subunit.

Death by asphysiation and hemorrahge

Attack respiratory cells

Front 26

infant botulism

Back 26

floppy baby syndrome

honey + nonacidic digestive juice of infants + warm body temperature + anaerobic environment = ideal medium for botulinism spores to grown and produce toxin.

Front 27

liver like consistent lung lobe.

Back 27

bacterial pneumonia

Front 28

HACEK group of bacteria is responsible for what disease?

Back 28

Endocarditis.

Front 29

Poor dental hygeine isassociated with what disease?

Back 29

Endocarditis

Front 30

Symptoms of endocarditis

Back 30

necrosi of fingers
heart mumur
stroke

Front 31

Marasmus

Back 31

insufficient calories
Affect somatic protein compartment
muscle wasting
growth retardation
head appears too large for the body.

Front 32

Kwashiorkor

Back 32

protein malnutrition
affect visceral protein compartment
Hypoalbuminemia --> generalized edema
damaged kidney.

Front 33

Vitamin B12

Back 33

folate metabolism and DNA synthesis

Front 34

Vitamin C

Back 34

hydroxylation of collagens

Front 35

Folic Acid

Back 35

nucleic acid synthesis

Front 36

Fetal hypoxia is associated with what?

Back 36

Smoking

Front 37

heat cramps

Back 37

loss of electrolytes through sweating.

Front 38

heat exhaustion

Back 38

failure of cardioovascular system to compensate for hypovolemia

Front 39

heat stroke

Back 39

failure of thermoregulator mechanism, sweating ceases, core body temperature reise.

Front 40

Repeated associated siRNA (rasiRNA)

Back 40

Transcriptional silencing

Front 41

scnRNA

Back 41

scan and eliminate DNA

Front 42

ex. of deletion mutation

Back 42

glycosyltransferase gene (ABO blood group)

Front 43

ex. of replacement mutation

Back 43

sickle cell anemia
beta-thlassemia

Front 44

ex. of 3 base deletion mutaiton

Back 44

cystic fibrosis
deletion of phenylalanine
not a frameshift mutation.

Front 45

ex. of 4 base insertion mutation

Back 45

Tay-Sach (lipid storage disorder)

Front 46

Tay-Sach

Back 46

Lipid storage disorder
4 base insertion in HEXA gene
Accumulation of ganglioside in brain.

Front 47

hypercholesterolemia

Back 47

autosomal dominant disorder

Front 48

autosomal recessive disorder

Back 48

lysosomal storage disorder
glycogenoses

Front 49

ex. of sex-linked (x-linked disorder)

Back 49

hemophilia (inability to cloth blood).
Factor 8 + 9 deficiency

Front 50

Vitamin D - Resistant Rickets

Back 50

X-linked DOMINANT disorder.

Front 51

Fragile X syndrome

Back 51

CGG repeats
Triple repeat mutation

Front 52

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Back 52

Mutations in the mitochondiral genes

Front 53

Prader Willi Syndrome

Back 53

Genomic Imprinting (uniparental disomy)

deletion of ban q12 in the long arm of chromosome affect the paternally derived chromosome

mother's form is only expressed.

Front 54

Chromsomal (Cytogenic) Disorder due to...

Back 54

Number of chromosome
Structure of chromosomes

Front 55

Turner's Syndrome

Back 55

Monosomy

Front 56

Down Syndrome

Back 56

Trisomy 21

Front 57

caput succedaneum

Back 57

birth injury

accumulation of interstitial fluid in the soft tissue of the scalp.