Pod: Basic Bacteriology

Front 1

3 main methods used in bacterial classification.

Back 1

1. Phenotypic
2. analytic
3. Genotypic

Front 2

What are some phenotypic characteristics used for clasification?

Back 2

1. Gram stain
2. shape
3. spores
4. oxygen requirement

Front 3

What are some analytical classification methods?

Back 3

1. cell wall fatty acids
2. analysis of whole cell lipids, proteins, enzymes.

Front 4

Types of genotypic classification methods (the gold standard).

Back 4

1. GC ratio
2. DNA hybridization
3. sequencing

Front 5

What method should be used to classify subspecies and when is this necessary?

Back 5

Genotype
during outbreaks

Front 6

List main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Back 6

1. prokaryotes has no nuclear membrane.
2. single strand DNA
3. 70s ribosomes
4. no steroids in plasma membrane, has cell wall
5. binary fission

Front 7

What morphorlogical terms are associated with the following shapes:
1. spherical
2. Rod-like
3. corkscrew

Back 7

1. coccus
2. bacillus: filamentous, coccobacillu, fusiform
3. spirillum/spirochete

Front 8

Growth planes associated with each of the following:
1. clusters
2. chains

Back 8

1. plane at 90 degree ex. staphylococci
2. plane at 180 degree ex. streptococci

Front 9

Gram positive bacteria stain ___ color.
A. purple
B. pink

Back 9

A

Front 10

Gram negative bacteria stain ___ color.
A. purple
B. pink

Back 10

B

Front 11

Why is the violet stain not removed for gram positive bactera during Gram stain test?

Back 11

color complexed with thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.

Front 12

What is the name of the bacteria that lacks peptidoglycan?

Back 12

mycoplasma
ureaplasma

Front 13

What are some good target for designing antibiotics for bacteria?

Back 13

1. cell wall
2. ribosome 70s
3. single stranded circular DNA

Front 14

Why are some bacteria with peptidoglycans don't stain purple?

Back 14

1. starvation, so no synthesis
2. has thick lipid layer that blocks peptidoglycans.

Front 15

Describe the difference in cell walls of gram+ and gram- bacteria.

Back 15

gram+: thick peptidoglycan with different associated molecules (teichoic acid, LPA, surface proteins...), no outer membrane.

gram-: thin peptidoglycan without teichoic acid/LPA, outer membrane.

Front 16

what is the area where supercoiled bacterial DNA is located called?

Back 16

nucleoid

Front 17

What is the name of the antibiotic that bind 30s ribosome and cause premature release of proteins or release of missense proteins?

Back 17

aminoglycosides (gentamycin, tobramycin)

Front 18

What is the name of the antibiotic that bind 30s ribosome and stops poplypeptide elongation?

Back 18

tetracyclins

Front 19

What does tetracyclin do?

Back 19

Bind to 30s, stop elongation of polypeptide.

Front 20

What does gentamycin do?

Back 20

Bind to 30s, cause missreading of mRNA.

Front 21

Are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 21

bactericidal.

Front 22

Are tetacyclins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 22

bacteriostatic

Front 23

What antibiotic binds to 50s ribosome and inhibit formation of initiation complex with 30s?

Back 23

oxazolidinone/linezolid (bacterostatic)

Front 24

Are oxazolidinone/linezolid bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Back 24

bacteriostatic

Front 25

What antibiotic binds to 50s ribosome and prevent elongation?

Back 25

macrolids (erythromycin)
lincosamide (clindamycin)
chloramphenicol

<bacterostatic>

Front 26

List antibiotics that bind to 50s ribosome.

Back 26

oxazolidinone/linezoid
macrolide (erythromycin)
lincosamide (clindamycin)
chloramphenicol

Front 27

List antibiotics that are bacterostatic

Back 27

tetracyclin
oxazolidinone/linezoid
macrolide (erythromycin)
lincosamide (clindamycin)
chloramphenicol

Front 28

Which antibiotic is bactericidal?

Back 28

aminoglycosides: gentamycin, tobramycin

Front 29

Why do mycoplasma contain sterols in plasma membrane?

Back 29

They don't have cell wall give then structure/shape.

Front 30

What's the siganificance of mesosome?

Back 30

1. site of DNA replication and segragation (binary fission)
2. metabolic active
3. increase surface area for enzymes

Front 31

List functions of bacterial plasma membrane.

Back 31

1. nutrient transport
2. energy generation: e transport chain
3. synthesis of peptidoglycans
4. secretion

Front 32

Effect of daptomycin.

Back 32

Act on gram+ cell membrane.
Can't get through outer membrane of GN bacteria.

Front 33

What antibiotic target bacterial plasma membrane?

Back 33

daptomycin: inserts into PM, do not cause cell lyse

Front 34

Which feature of bacteria give itself structure and shape?

Back 34

cell wall:
peptidoglycans of GP bacteria
outermembrane of GN bacteria

Front 35

What molecules do thick peptidoglycan layer contain?

Back 35

surface protein
teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid
polysaccaride antigens-serological classification

Front 36

Functions of peptidoglycan of GP bacteria.

Back 36

1. structural stability
2. cause disease
3. innate immunity: target for inflammation,stimulate cytokines, TLRs.
4. can be degraded by lysozyme which break the bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.

Front 37

Functions of teichoic acid and LPA.

Back 37

1. adhesin to cause desease
2. recognized by innate immune system(TLRs).
3. antigenic, stimulate antibody formation

Front 38

What receptor in innate immunity recognize peptidoglycan components?

Back 38

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

Front 39

What molecules are linked to form Teichoic acid?

Back 39

polyribitol phosphate-peptidoglycin

glycerol phosphate-peptidoglycin

Front 40

What anti-phagocytic protein is associated with peptidoglycan of S. pyrogenes?

Back 40

M-protein, interfere with alternative complement pathway.

Front 41

What are the 3 layers in the GN bacteria cell wall?

Back 41

1. outer membrane (LPS-lipidA-O antigen)
2. periplasm
3. peptidoglycan

Front 42

What does periplasmic space contain?

Back 42

1. hydrolytic enzymes of metabolism, antibiotic resistence, virulence
2. sugar transport system
3. toxins

Front 43

Antibiotic resistance lies in which region of GN bacteria?

Back 43

periplasm and porin proteins

Front 44

Is periplasm metabolically active?

Back 44

Yes

Front 45

List structures in the outleaflet of the outer membrane in GN bacteria.

Back 45

1. LPS
2. Porin: passage of small hydrophilic molecules.
3. structural and receptor proteins

Front 46

What's different between the inner and outer leaflet of the outer membrane in GN bacteria?

Back 46

inner leaflet: traditional
outer leaflet: amphipathic, has LPS and porin

Front 47

What's the taget for polymyxin?

Back 47

outer membrane of GN bacteria
toxic to kidney

Front 48

How is outermembrane tied to peptidoglycan?

Back 48

lipoproteins

Front 49

Where does lysozyme act on a bacteria?

Back 49

Break the bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.

Front 50

LPS components.

Back 50

1. Lipid A: required for viability
2. Core sugar: contain KDO sugar, required for viability
3. O antigen: selogical typing

Front 51

Which two components of LPS are required for organism viability?

Back 51

1. Lipid A: endotoxin
2. Core sugar

Front 52

Which bacteria's capsule is not made up of polysaccharides?

Back 52

Bacillus anthracis: made up of protein

Front 53

Function of a bacterial capsule.

Back 53

antiphagocytic for extracellular bacteria

Front 54

Function of flagella

Back 54

1. chemotaxic:random walk pattern, directed movement.
2. virulence

Front 55

Function of fimbriae

Back 55

1. Adhesion: lectin, aggresins. Bind to sugar receptors.
2. virulence

Front 56

F pili's function

Back 56

transfer of genetic material during conjugation

Front 57

What kind of fimbriae is on E. Coli?

Back 57

p-fimbriae, cause urinary infection.

Front 58

T/F: people who express more P-antigen on their blood cells are more likely to have recurrent UTI?

Back 58

T

Front 59

How does precursor peptidoglycan get across plasma membran?

Back 59

Attach to conveyer belt(bactoprenol).

Front 60

What does a pentaglycin bridge link?

Back 60

tetrapeptides

Front 61

Areas could be used to do serological classification:

Back 61

1.peptidoglycan (GP)
2.O-antigen of the outer membrane (GN)

Front 62

Action of vancomycin:

Back 62

Prevent bridge formation between tetrapeptides by attaching to 5th D-alanine molecule.

Front 63

How does beta lactam antibiotics work?

Back 63

block PBP enzymes that crosslinks tetrapeptides.

Front 64

List two action sites of PBP:

Back 64

1. cleave 5th D-alanine to provide energy for crosslinking.
2. link 3rd peptide on one chain to 4th peptide on the other chain

Front 65

During peptidoglycan synthesis, what is produced in the cytoplasm?

Back 65

UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide.

Front 66

During peptidoglycan synthesis, what's added onto the precursor while being on the conveyer belt?

Back 66

N-acetyl glucosamine

Front 67

Crosslinking step of the peptidoglycan synthesis happens in which of the following area:
A. cytoplasm
B. cytoplasmic membrane
C. external to cytoplasmic membrane

Back 67

C.

Front 68

What's the lysozyme in the bacteria that degrade peptidoglycan called?

Back 68

autolysin

Front 69

Beta lactams or vencomycin are ineffective in treating what bacteria?

Back 69

mycoplasma and ureaplasma (no cell wall)

Front 70

What are the two L-form bacteria?

Back 70

1. spheroblasts
2. protoplasts

Front 71

Give an example of bacteria that try to survive antibiotics by losing its cell wall?

Back 71

L-form bacteria: spheroblasts, protoplasts

Front 72

T/F: Protein coat is absent in an endospore.

Back 72

F.

Front 73

Which bacteria protein sequester iron as nutrients?

Back 73

Siderophore

Front 74

Sulfonamide and trimethoprim inhibit the synthesis of what molecules?

Back 74

Thymine.

Front 75

What antibiotic acts on bacterual RNA polymerase?

Back 75

Rifampin.

Front 76

Is rifampin bacteriocidal or bacteristatic?

Back 76

Bacteriocidal

Front 77

Antibiotics target which phases of bacterial growth?

Back 77

lag and exponantial phase.