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165 Cards in this Set
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Pneumonic name for cranial nerves |
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How!
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What is Cranial Nerve I
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Olfactory Nerve
sensory nerve for smell |
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What is Cranial Nerve II
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Optic Nerve
sensory nerve of vision |
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What is Cranial Nerve III
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Oculomotor Nerve
motor - eye mover for 4 of 6 entrinsic eye muscles that moves the eye in the orbit (inferior oblique, superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles) |
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What is Cranial Nerve IV
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Trochlear
motor "name means pulley" extrinsic eye muscle |
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What is Cranial Nerve V
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Trigeminal
three branches from the largest of the cranial nerves motor to the chewing musles sensory fibers to the face |
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What is Cranial Nerve VI
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Abducens Nerve
motor to extrinsic eye muscle that turns it laterally |
ab
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What is Cranial Nerve VII
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Facial nerves
both motor and sensory motor to muscles of facial expression sensory from part of tongue |
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What is Cranial Nerve VIII
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Vestibulocochlear Nerves
sensory nerve for hearing and balance |
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What is Cranial Nerve IX
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Glossopharyngeal
both motor to pharyngeal muscle and sensory from part of tongue |
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What is Cranial Nerve X
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Vagus
Only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck region both motor to the heart, lungs, and abdominal visceral organs; sensory from the thorasic & abdominal viscera, aortic arch, carotid and aortic bodies, taste buds of toungue and pharnyx |
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What is Cranial Nerve XI
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Accesory
motor to trapezuis & sternocleidomastoid neck muscles |
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What is Cranial Nerve XII
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Hypoglossal
motor to tongue muscles |
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Pneumonic name for cramial nerve functions
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Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Believes Bad Boys Marry Money!
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Which nervous system includes all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord?
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peripheral nervous system
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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Perineurium
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Groups of fibers bound into bundles or fascicles by a coarser connective tissue wrapping
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Endoneurium
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it surrounds each axon within a nerve
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Epineurium
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All the fascicles are enclosed by a tough fibrous sheath
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_________ are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS
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ganglia
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Fascicles
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groups of fibers that are bound into bundles
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The spinal nerve contains the fibers of the ______ and _____ neurons.
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1) Sensory 2) Motor
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The ganglion contains the cell bodies of the _____ nerves.
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Sensory
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The gray matter contains the cell bodies of the _____ nerves.
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Motor
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Name the 5 Stimulus Types of Sensory Receptors
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1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors 3) Photoreceptors 4) Chemoreceptors 5) Nociceptors |
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Each plexus gives rise to new combinations of fibers as the _____.
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Peripheral Nerves
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Lumbar Plexus includes
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Genitofermoral, Obturator, and femoral
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Sacrul Plexus includes
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Gluteal nerves, Sciatic nerve
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Subdural Space
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Space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater
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Genitofermoral
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Nerves to the exernal genitallia
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Gluteal nerves (superior and inferior)
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Superior innervates the gluteus medius and minimus, inferior innervates the gluteus maximus
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Obturator
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Nerves to the adductor muscles
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Fermoral
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Innervates the skin and muscles of upper thigh, including the quadriceps
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Extrapyramidal tracts
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Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal (etc) - muscle tone and balance
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Spinothalmic Tract
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Spinal cord to thalmus and cerebral cortex - pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure
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Largest of the nerve bundles of the lumbar plexus
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Femoral
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Cervical Plexus
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The phrenic nerve travels through the thorax to innervate the diaphram.
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____ innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerve
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Brachail Plexus includes:
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Axillery nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Radial nerve, Median nerve, Ulnar nerve
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Axillary nerve
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Innervates the deltoid muscle and shoulder along the posterior aspect of the upper arm.
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Musculocutaneous nerve
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Innervates anterior skin of upper arm and elbow flexors.
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Radial nerve
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Innervates dorsal aspect of the arm and extensors of the elbow, wrist, and fingers, abduction of thumb.
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Median nerve
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Innervates the middle elbow, wrist, and finger flexors, adducts the thumb.
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Ulnar nerve
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Innervates the medical aspect wrist and fingers flexors.
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The spinal cord ends at _____?
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Second lumbar vertebra
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Referred pain
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Caused when the sensory fibers from an internal organ enter the spinal cord in the same root as fibers from a dermatome. The brain is poor at interpreting visceral pain and interprets as it as pain. (somatic area of the dermatome)
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A _____ is an interconnection of fibers which form new combinations.
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Plexus
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What are the 4 voluntary plexuses?
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Cervical plexus, brfachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus
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At _____ places along the spinal cord the dorsal and ventral roots come together to form _____.
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31 Spinal Nerves
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Spinal nerves contain both _____ and _____ fibers, as do most nerves.
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Sensory Motor
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There are 8 _____, 12 _____, 5 _____, 5 _____, and 1 _____ nerves.
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Cervical Thorasic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
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Nerve C1 arises between the _____ and _____ (1st cervical vertebra) and C8 arises between the 7th _____ and 1st ______ vertebra.
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Cranium Atlas Cervical Thoracic
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The spinal cord is?
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The connection center for the reflexes as well as the afferent(sensory) and efferent(motor) pathways for the body below the neck.
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The spinal cord begins _____ and ends _____?
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Brainstem Second lumbar vertabra
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Sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the ____ of the spinal cord.
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Spinal (dorsal root) ganglion
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Regeneration of PNS fibers depends on?
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•Damage must be far from the cell body •Amount of axoplasm lost •Mylein sheath and neurilemma tunnel must be intact •Macrophages must be present and phagocytize protiens
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Anterograde degeneration
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Degeneration destroys the axon distal to the point of damage.
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Retrograde degeneration
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Causes the fiber to degenerate for a distance back toward the cell body.
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Spinal tracts are located in the _____?
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White matter of the spinal cord
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Ascending tracts
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Travel up the spinal cord to the brain (sensory tracts)
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Descending tracts
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Travel down the spinal cord away from the brain (motor tracts)
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Sensory tract names start with _____ and end at _____?
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•Start with spino, •Part of the brain where the Tract leads (eg. spinothalamic Tract)
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Myelin sheaths does?
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Provide insulation, provide faster conduction, provides for the possibility or repairs to PNS fibers (CNS fibers do not mend they form scar tissue)
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Sciatic nerve
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Consists of the tibial and peroneal, innervates most of the leg including the flexors of the knee, part of the adductor magnus for plantar flexion, dorisflexion, and other movements of the foot and toes
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Decending tracts are?
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Coriticospinal, Extrapyramidals, and lateral coriticospinal
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The spinal or dorsal ______ contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord at that region
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Ganglia
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Names of Motor Tracts
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Start with the part of the brain (orginator)e.g. corticospinal - starts in the cerebral cortex
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Fascicles
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Bundles of nerve fibers or axons
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White Matter fibers are surrounded by?
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Oligodendrocytes
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The spinal nerve contains the fibers of the ______ and _____ neurons?
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Sensory Motor
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The cell bodies of nerves are located in _____ or in the _____ matter.
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Ganglion (sensory) Gray (motor)
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The ganglion contains the cell bodies of the _____ nerves.
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Sensory
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A nerve does not contain any _____
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Cell bodies
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The gray matter contains the cell bodies of the _____ nerves.
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Motor
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Spinal tracts are always located in the ________ matter.
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White
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_____ an area of unmylinated neurons where cell bodies and synapses are located.
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Gray Matter
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An area of mylinated fibers in the CNS which contain fiber tracts.
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White Matter
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Cell bodies of the ____ and _____ neurons are found in the _____ matter.
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Interneurons motor Gray
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The axons of sensory neurons travel from the dorsal root into the _____ matter of the spinal cord.
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Gray
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The axons of motor neurons travel through cord through the _____ root.
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Ventral
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The white matter contains the _____ which ascend and descend the spinal cord.
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Spinal tracts
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_____ matter surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord.
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White
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I Olfactory Cranial Nerve
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Type: S
Origin: receptors of nasal mucosa, fibers pass through cribform plate to cortical areas of temporal lobe Function: Smell |
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II Optic Cranial Nerve
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Type: S
Origin: retina of eye to optic chiasma to occipital lobe Function: Vision |
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III Oculomotor Cranial Nerve
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Type: M
Origin: Midbrain Function: four of the six external eye muscles: superior and inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique. Muscles of the eyelids (levator palpebrae superioris): parasympathetic fibers to iris and ciliary bodies |
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IV Trochear Cranial Nerve
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Type: M
Origin: Midbrain Function: superior obliques muscles of the eyes |
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V Trigeminal Cranial Nerve
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Type: Both
Origin: lateral pons Function: Sensory Function: -Ophthalmic Branch: sup, face (nose and up) -Maxillary Branch: oral cavity, ant. 2/3 of tongue, teeth, skin of face from lops to nose. -Mandibular Branch: muscles of mastication (chewing)(masseter and temporalis muscles) |
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VI Abducens Cranial Nerve
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Type: M
Origin: lower pons Function: effector fibers to lateral rectus muscles of eyes; for lateral eye movements |
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VII Facial Cranial Nerve
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Type: Both
Origin: Lower Pons Function: Sensory: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue. Motor: all muscles for facial expression, autonomic fibers to lacrimal glands and submaxillary and sublingual (salivary)glands |
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VIII Vestibulocochlear Cranial Nerve
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Type: S
Origin: organ of Corti withing cochlea and semicircular canals, enters pons. Function: Hearing and equilibrium |
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IX Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve
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Type: Both
Origin: Medulla Function: Sensory: sensation and taste from from posterior 1/3 of tongue. Motor: movements of pharynx and autonomic fibers to paratoid glands (salivary glands) |
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X Vagus Cranial Nerve
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Type: Both
Origin: Medulla Functions: Sensory: afferent fibers from skin of ext. ear, pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera. Motor: effector fibers to pharynx, tongue, larynx, and autonomic fibers to thoracic and abdominal viscera |
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XI Spinal accessory Cranial Nerve
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Type: M
Origin: Medulla Function: efferent fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles for head and shoulder movements |
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XII Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve
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Type: M
Origin: Medulla Function: muscles of the tongue |
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Name three ways to classify sensory receptors:
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1) by the type of stimulus they detect 2) by their body location 3) by their structural complexity
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Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can be located in the spinal cord from _______.
1) the cranial nerves and S2 through S4 2) T1 through L2 3) T12 through L4 4) C1 through S4 |
T1 through L2
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All of the following except _______ are easily observed in a cross section of the spinal cord.
1) gray matter 2) white matter 3) fissures 4) ventricles |
ventricles
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The connective tissue membranes that enclose the spinal cord are called _______.
1) mucosae 2) serosae 3) meninges 4) conis medullaris |
meninges
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Another name for a complex network of spinal nerves is _______.
1) plexus 2) funiculus 3) horn 4) tract |
plexus
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The name of the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates several body activities not generally under conscious control is the _______.
1) central nervous system 2) autonomic nervous system 3) brachial plexus 4) sacral plexus |
autonomic nervous system
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Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in _______.
1) the cranial nerves and S2 through S4 2) T1 through L2 3) T12 through S4 4) T1 through S4 |
the cranial nerves and S2 through S4
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Vagus Nerve's parasympathetic motor fibers are involved in...
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supplying the heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
involved in regulation of heart rate, breathing, and digestive system activity |
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Vagus Nerve's sensory impulses from...
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thoracic and abdominal viscera, aortic arch baraoreceptors, carotid and aortic bodies, and taste buds of posterior tongue and pharynx
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What is the single most important nerve from the cervical plexus?
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Phrenic nerve
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Where does the Phrenic Nerve receive its input from?
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c3 and c4
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Why is the Phrenic Nerve important?
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It supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm which is the chief muscle causing breathing movements.
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What are the components of a reflex arc?
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1) Receptor 2) Sensory neuron 3) Integration Center 4) Motor neuron 5) Effector
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Somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord is called
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spinal reflexes
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Name the major spinal reflexes:
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Stretch Reflex
Golgi Tendon Reflex Flexor Reflex Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
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Stretch Reflex...
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cause muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length
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ipsilateral
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same side of the body
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contralateral
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opposite side of the body
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Golgi Tendon Reflex...
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cause muscle relaxation and lengthing in response to tension
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Flexor or Withdrawal Reflex...
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initiated by a painful stimulous and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part from the stimulous
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Cross-Extensor Reflex...
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accompanies the flexor reflex
complex spinal reflex consisting of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex |
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Plantar Reflex...
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tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2 and determines if the corticospinal tracts are functioning properly
drag a blunt object downward along the lateral sole of the foot |
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What is a normal response to the Plantar Reflex? abnormal?
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downward flexion of the toes
if primary motor cortex or corticospinal tracts are damaged it is replaced by an abnormal reflex called a babinski's sign |
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What is a babinski's sign?
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The great toe dorsiflexes and the smaller toes fan out. This is normal up to age 1.
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Abdominal Reflex...
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stroking the skin of the abdomen - a contraction of the abdominal muscle toward the stimulated site
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Site of stiumlous action
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receptor
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transmits afferent impules to CNS
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sensory neuron
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may be a single synapse between sensory neurons and a motor neuron
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monosynaptic relex
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may be a multiple synapses with chains of interneurons
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polysynaptic reflex
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Where synapes occur in the CNS
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integration center
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conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ
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motor neuron
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muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses
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effector
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reflexes that activate skeletal muscle
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somatic reflexes
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reflexes that activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)
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autonomic reflexes
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1.1 Mechanoreceptors
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sound
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1.2 Thermoreceptors
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hot or cold
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1.3 Photoreceptors
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light on the retina
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1.4 Chemoreceptors
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smell
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1.5 Nociceptors
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pain
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2.1 Meissner's corpuscles
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Surrounded by Schwann cells
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2.2 Krause's end bulbs
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In the mucus membranes
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2.3 Merkel discs
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Deep epidermis
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2.4 Pacinian corpuscles
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In the mucus membranes
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2.5 Ruffini's corpuscles
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In the dermis and joint capsules
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Sensory neuron cell bodies
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Ganglia associated with afferent fibers
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Autonomic motor neurons
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Ganglia associated with efferent fibers
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Endoneurium
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Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon
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Perineurium
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Coarse connective tissue which binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles.
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Epineurium
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The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles.
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Receptor
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Site of the stimulus action
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Sensory neuron
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Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
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Integration center
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In simple reflex arcs, may be a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron...or may have multiple synapses with chains of interneurons
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Motor neuron
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Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ
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Effector
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Muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
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Olfactory
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F. Sense of smell
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Optic
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B. Sensory nerve of vision
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Oculomotor
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A. Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles
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Trochlear
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E. Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit
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Trigeminal
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C. Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers for mastication (chewing muscles)
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Abducens
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D. Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball
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Stretch reflexes
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B. Stretched and excited by external force or by activating motor neurons, causing muscles to contract
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Flexor reflex
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C. Initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened part
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Golgi tendon reflex
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E. Causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to contraction
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Crossed extensor reflex
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D. A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance
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Plantar reflex
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A. Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes
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Facial
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F. Innervates muscles of facial expression
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Vestibulocochlear
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A. Sensory nerve for hearing and balance
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Glossopharyngeal
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D. Innervates the tongue and pharynx
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Vagus
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E. Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen
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Accessory
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C. Has a cranial root and a spinal root.
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Hypoglossal
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B. Innervates some tongue-moving muscles
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