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166 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Scope
Schedule
Cost
What are the 3 project constraints?
1-Initiating
2-Planning
3-Executing
4-Controlling
5-Closing
5 Project Management Processes
Project Management Professionals
PMP
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
Definition of a "project"
EV – AC (BCWP – ACWP)
Cost Variance (CV) Formula
EV – PV (BCWP – BCWS)
Schedule Variance (SV) Formula
EV/AC (BCWP/ACWP)
Cost Performance Index (CPI) Formula
EV/PV (BCWP/BCWS)
Schedule Performance Index (SPI) Formula
Tells how much is budgeted for the total project. BAC is the budget at completion, the total project. BAC is the budget at completion, the total budgeted cost.
Budget at Completion (BAC)Definition
n(n-1)/2
Calculation to determine the number of communication paths.
TS = LF-EF =LS-ES LF = Late Finish EF = Early Finish LS = Late Start ES = Early Start TS=0 is the critical path
Total Slack (TS)
FS of x = EX (of x+1) - EF (of x) -1 ES (of x+1) = Early Start of the earlies succeeding activity to x EF = Early Finish
Free Slack (FS)
σ=(P-O)/6 P = Pessimistic O = Optimistic
Standard Deviation (σ) of a single activity
σ^2 = ((P-O)/6)^2 P = Pessimistic O = Optimistic
Standard Deviation Variance for a Single Activity (σ)^2
√∑σ^2 = √sum((P-O)/6)^2 O=optimistic P=pessimistic
Standard Deviation for series of activities
VAC = BAC - EAC BAC = Budget at completion EAC = Estimate at completion
Variance At Completion (VAC)
COQ = EFTW + COPQ = POC +PONC EFTW = Essential 1st Time Work COPQ = Cost of Poor Quality POC = Price of Conformance PONC = Price of Non-conformance
Cost of Quality (COQ)
PV = FA / (1+ i^n) FA = Future Amount i = interest rate n = number of years
Present Value (PV)
= Asset Cost / Useful Life
Straight-line Depreciation
= 2 x ((Asset Cost - Accumulated Depreciation)/useful life)
Double Declining Balance
An estimating technique that uses the values of parameters, such as scope, cost, budget, and duration from a previous, similar activity for estimating for future activity.
Analogous Estimating [Technique] (Activity Duration Estimation)
Effort applied to project work that is not readily divisible into discrete efforts for that work, but which is related in direct proportion to measurable discrete work efforts.
Apportioned Effort (AE)
A schedule network diagramming technique in which schedule activities are represented by arrows and nodes represent sequence in which the schedule activities are expected to be performed.
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM) [Technique] (Activity Sequencing)
A technique that explores the accuracy of assumptions and identifies risks to the project from inaccuracy of the assumption.
Assumptions Analysis [Technique] (Risk Identification)
The calculation of the late finish and start dates for uncompleted work by working backwards through the schedule logic from the end date.
Backward Pass
Method of estimating a component of work from the lowest, more detailed pieces of work and then aggregating the resource/cost needs upwards into a total quantity for that component.
Bottom-Up Estimating [Technique] (Activity Resource Estimating) (Cost Estimating)
A general data gathering and creativity technique that can be used to identify risks, ideas, or solutions to issues by using a group of team members or experts and recording their ideas.
Brainstorming [Techinique] (Risk Identification)
The sum of all the budgets established for the work to be performed on a project. The total PLANNED VALUE for a project.
Budget at Completion
Any numbering system used to monitor project costs by category (e.g. labor, supplies). Based upon the corporate chart of accounts of the perfoming organization.
Chart of Accounts [Tool]
Any numbering system used to uniquely identify each component of the WBS.
Code of Accounts [Tool]
A source of variation on a control chart that would be considered normal and within limits and is predictable.
Common Cause Definition
A graphic display of process data over time and against established control limits. Has a centerline that assists in detecting trends of plotted values towards the limits.
Control Chart [Tool] (Perform Quality Control)
The area composed of 3 standard deviations on either side of the centerline or mean of a control chart that reflects the expected variation in the data.
Control Limits (on a control chart in the Perform Quality Control process)
Determining the costs incurred to ensure quality, whether it is Cost of Conformance (Prevention, appraisal costs) or Cost of Non-Conformance (Failure, rework, waste, reputation)
Cost of Quality (COQ) [Technique] (Quality Planning)
A type of reimbursable contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the allowable costs for the contract work and the seller also receives a fee calculated as an agreed upon percentage of Actual Cost.
Cost-Plus-Fee (CPF) Cost-Plus-Percent-Cost (CPPC)
A type of reimbursable contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the allowable costs for the contract work and the seller also receives a fixed amount of profit (Fee).
Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF)
A type of reimbursable contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the allowable costs for the contract work and the seller earns its profit if it meets defined performance criteria.
Cost-Plus-Incentive-Fee (CPIF)
A type of contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the allowable costs for the contract work and the seller also receives a fee representing the seller's profit.
Cost-Reimbursable Contract
A measure of cost performance on a project represented by the Earned Value (EV) - Actual Cost (AC)
Cost Variance CV = EV - AC CV = BCWP - ACWP
A specific type of project schedule compression technique performed by taking action to compress the total schedule duration for the least incremental cost by analyzing cost and schedule tradeoffs.
Crashing [Technique] (Schedule Development)
A schedule network analysis technique that modifies the project schedule to account for limited resources. (mixes deterministic and probablilistic approaches)
Critical Chain Method [Technique] (Schedule Development)
A schedule network analysis method used to determine the amount of scheduling flexibility(amount of float) on various logical network paths to determine the minimum project duration. Forward pass to get early start and finish dates/Backward pass to get late start and finish dates.
Critical Path Method (CPM) (Schedule Development)
A diagram that describes a decision under consideration and the implications of choosing one or another alternative. Used when future outcomes are uncertain. (Expected monetary value analysis)
Decision Tree Analysis [Technique] (Quantitative Risk Analysis)
An information gathering technique used as a way to reach a consensus of experts on a subject while reducing bias. (Anonymous participation)
Delphi Technique [Technique] (Risk Identification)
A management technique used for evaluationg a proposed design to ensure that the design meets customer requirements.
Design Review [Technique] (Quality)
A statistical technique that calculates the average outcome when the future is uncertain commonly used in decision tree analysis.
Expected Monetary Value (EMV) [Technique] (Quantitative Risk Analysis)
Type of Fixed price contract where the buyer pays the seller a set amount regardless of the seller's costs.
Firm-Fixed-Price (FFP)
A type of contract where the buyer pays the seller a set amount and the seller can earn an additional amount if the seller meets defined criteria.
Fixed-Price-Incentive-Fee (FPIF)
Type of contract involving a fixed total price for a well defined product.
Fixed-Price or Lump-Sum Contract
The depiction in a diagram format of the inputs, process actions and outputs of one or more processes within a system
Flowcharting [Technique] (Perform Quality Control)
Estimates or predictions of conditions and events in the projects future based on projects past and expected performance. Updated and reissued based on Work performance info as the project is executed. Yields EAC and ETC
Forecasting [Technique] (Cost Control)
Amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any immediately following schedule activities.
Free Float (FF)
A category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use, but do not share the same requirements for quality.
Grade
Examining or measuring to verify whether an activity, component, product, result or service conforms to specified requirements.
Inspection (reviews, audits, walkthroughs) [Technique] (Scope Verification) (Perform Quality Control) (Contract Admin)
A mod of a logical relationship that allows an acceleration of the succesor activity.
Lead (Schedule Development)
68.26
1 Sigma equals
95.46
2 Sigma equals
99.73
3 Sigma equals
99.9997
6 Sigma equals
PERT Pessimistic + (4 x Realistic) + Optimistic / 6
The Three Point Estimate formula
Pessimistic – Optimistic / 6
The Standard Deviation Formula
Enterprise Environmental Factors, Organizational Process assets, Project Scope statement, Project Management Plan
What are the inputs for Communications planning?
Communications requirements analysis, Communications technology
What are the tools and techniques for Communications Planning?
Communications Management plan
What are the outputs for Communications Planning?
Communications management plan
What are the inputs for Information Distribution?
Communications skills, Information gathering and retrieval systems, Information Distribution methods, Lessons learned process
What are the tools and techniques for Information Distribution?
Organizational process assets (updates), Requested changes
What are the outputs for Information distribution?
1. Work Performance Information 2. Performance Measurements 3. Forecasted Completion 4. Quality control measurements 5. Project Management Plan 6. Approved Change requests 7. Deliverables
What are the inputs for Perormance Reporting?
1. Information presentation tools 2. Performance information gathering and compilation 3. Status review meetings 4. Time reporting systems 5. Cost reporting systems
What are the tools and techniques for Performance Reporting?
1. Performance Reports 2. Forecasts 3. Requested Changes 4. Recommended corrective actions 5. Organizational process assets
What are the outputs for Performance Reporting?
1. Communications Management Plan 2. Organizational process assets
What are the inputs for Manage Stakeholders?
1. Communication methods 2. Issue logs
What are the tools and techniques for Manage Stakeholders?
1. Resolved issues 2. Approved change requests 3. Approved Corrective actions 4. Organizational Process Assets 5. Project Management Plan
What are the outputs for Manage Stakeholders?
Memos and emails
Examples of non-formal communication
The company goals and how to adhere to them.
Quality Policy defines
A process of Plan-Do-Check-Act to improve quality. According to Deming, each process should go through these steps to improve the quality.
Deming suggested
Apply continuous small improvements to reduce costs and ensure consistency.
Kaizen Theory
You compare the cost of incremental improvements against the increase in revenue made from quality improvements. Optimal quality is reached when cost of improvements equals the costs to achieve quality.
Marginal Analysis
In control charts, if there are seven points on one side of mean, then an assignable cause must be found.
Rule of seven
category or rank given to entities having same functional use but different technical characteristics. As an example, for different grades of hotels, the customers expectations are different. Poor grade may be acceptable, but poor quality is not.
Grade refers to
Gold-plating

PMI does not recommend gold-plating.
Giving extras i.e. doing more than the project scope is called:
Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benchmarking
Additional quality planning tools
Design of experiments
Cost of quality
The following are tools and techniques for Quality Planning process
Cause and effect diagram
Control charts
Flowcharting
Histogram
Pareto chart
Run chart
Scatter diagram
Statistical Sampling
Inspection
Defect repair review
Perform Quality Control focuses on correctness of work. It includes inspections.
The tools and techniques used for Quality Control are -
Formally authorizes the project.
Gives the objectives and business case
Identifies the Project Manager.
Generic enough not to change often.
Written by a Manager higher in authority than Project Manager.
Includes name, description, deliverables
A project does not start unless it has a Project charter.
A project charter
involves the process of taking a project from concept to detailed design.
Describe Progressive Elaboration
Formed to review change requests. It is used to approve or reject change requests. After the project scope has been baselined, each requested change must go through a change control review process.
Desribe the Change Control Board
Evaluate (assess) the impact of change to the project
Create alternatives including cutting other tasks, crashing, fast-tracking etc.
Meet with management, sponsors etc.
Meet with the customer if necessary
When a change request is received, the following steps must be taken (in this order)
A system that keeps track of status of all the project tasks. It is used to track the status of the project. The exam does not focus on any specific system (for example Microsoft Project ).
Describe Project Management Information System (PMIS)
the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work, and only all the work required to complete the project successfully. It is primarily concerned with controlling what is and what is not in the scope.
The knowledge area of Scope Management includes:
is the process of project selection. It involves making a decision about which project an organization should execute.
Describe Project Portfolio Management
These are
Benefits Measurement
Constrained Optimization
There are two types of project selection methods.
Establish unambiguous and realistic objectives
Periodically Evaluate if objectives are being met
Take corrective actions
Management by Objective (MBO) is a management philosophy with three objectives -
No task should be less than 8 hours or more than 80 hours.
8/80 rule for WBS
find more affordable, less costly methods for accomplishing the same task.
Value Analysis approach is used to:
Straight line depreciation The same amount is deprecated (reduced) from the cost each year.
Double-declining balance - In the first year there is a higher deduction in the value - twice the amount of straight line. Each year after that the deduction is 40% less than the previous year.
Sum of year depreciation - Lets say the life of an object is five years. The total of one to five is fifteen. In first year we deduce 5/15 from the cost, in second year we deduce 4/15, and so on.
Depreciation is technique used to compute the estimated value of any object after few years. There are three type of depreciation techniques. These are:
Estimates are based on past projects (historical information)
It is less accurate when compared to bottom-up estimation
It is a top-down approach
It takes less time when compared to bottom-up estimation
It is a form of an expert judgment
Analogous Estimating is an estimating technique with the following characteristics -
Regression Analysis is a mathematical model based upon historical information.
Learning Curve model is based upon the principal that the cost per unit decreases as more work gets completed.
In Parametric Modeling Estimation, you use a mathematical model to make an estimate. It is of two types.
Reducing the probability of risk
Developing contingency plans
Passively accepting consequences.
Transferring risk
Responses to threat include --
Some characteristics of the Delphi technique are -
The experts identities are anonymous. They are not in the same room.
The PM tries to build a consensus among the experts.
Delphi technique is most commonly used to obtain expert opinions on technical issues. It can be used to get inputs on Scope, Estimates or Risks.
who does what.
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) defines
Referent - project team knows the PM
Formal Power - Power due to Project Managers position
Technical Power - Project Manager has strong technical skills in the projects domain.
Coercive Power - The project team is afraid of the power the Project Manager holds.
A Project Manager may yield authority over the project team in one of the following ways:
those in the team.
Conflicts are best resolved by:
Problem Solving or Confrontation (look at the facts, analyze them and find a solution). This is an example of win-win situation.
Compromising (Find the middle route). This is an example of loose-loose situation.
Withdrawal or Avoidance
Smoothing (Emphasize the agreements)
Forcing (Do it my way). This is an example of win-loose situation.
There are standard conflict resolution techniques available to resolve conflicts. These are (from best to worst) -
Define the cause of the problem
Analyze the problem
Identify solution
Implement a decision
Review the decision, and confirm that the problem is solved.
The process of problem solving has these steps -
People accept to be rewarded for their efforts. This is a motivation factor. People put in more efforts because they accept to be rewarded for their efforts.
Define Expectancy Theory
There are two type of employees. Employees of type X need to be always watched. They cannot be trusted and need to be micro managed. Employees of type Y, on the other hand, are self-motivated. They can work independently.
Describe McGregory Theory of X and Y
Hygiene factors (salary, cleanliness etc.) if not present can destroy motivation. However good hygiene alone does not improve motivation. What motivates people is the work itself. The motivation factors for employees include responsibility, self-actualization, growth, recognition etc.
Describe the Herzberg Theory
Self-fulfillment
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiology
Identify Maslow's Hierarchy of needs from the highest to lowest are -
in which only one qualified seller exists in the market.
Sole Source refers to a market condition:
in which the company prefers to contract with only one seller.
Single Source refers to a market condition:
where very few sellers exist, and the action of one seller will have impact on other seller prizes.
Oligopoly refers to a market condition:
is a powerful and unexpected event, such as hurricane or other disaster.
Define Force majeure
is a typical belief that one's culture is superior to the foreigner's culture.
Define Ethnocentrism
The Project Sponsor
Who Creates the Project Charter?
The Initiation Process Group
Which process group is the Project Charter created in?
The Customer/Project Sponsor. It describes their needs, product scope and how the project fits into their strategic plan.
The Project Statement of Work is created by?
Enterprise Environmental Factors - They are inputs to Develop Project Charter and many other processes
Company culture and existing systems are known as:
Organizational Process Assets
Existing processes procedures and historical information is known as:
Constrained Optimization Methods
What type of project selection method is Linear Programming?
Benefit Measurement Methods
What type of project selection method is Economic Models?
Planning
The Configuration Management System is designed in which process group?
Assumptions are beliefs held to be true, but not proven to be true. Assumptions should be documented in the project plan
Define for integration - Assumptions
Constraints are restrictions the project must operate within.
Define for integration -Constraints
Historical information is a key area of the exam. Historical information is proof from other project managers of successes and failures. Historical information allows the project manager to rely on what has been proven, what has been accomplished, and what has been archived for reference.
Define for integration - Historical Information
Integrated Change Control requires evaluation of change requests to determine their worthiness for approval-or lack thereof for denial. Change requests can be written or verbal, internal or external. Change requests can stem from stakeholders or external sources such as government agencies, laws, or industry mandates.
Define for integration - Integrated Change Control
A change control system consists of a formal, documented procedure for handling change, nothing more. On the exam you remember that a change control board is responsible for authorizing or denying the requested change.
What is a change control system?
procedure details all the activities, interactions, and related roles and responsibilities of the project team members and other stakeholders involved in executing the administrative closure procedure for the project.
What is Administrative Closure?
the subdivision of project deliverables into smaller (and more manageable) pieces until you have adequately identified in the work breakdown structure all the work on the project.
Scope definition is:
Decomposition is the process of subdividing the project work packages into smaller, more manageable components called schedule activities.
What is Decomposition?
Fast tracking involves analyzing the critical path to see which activities could be done in parallel (as opposed to sequential execution). It also involves more aggressive use of such PDM activity relationships as start to start so that subsequent activities can begin before the prior activity has been completed. This “overlapping” also reduces the project schedule.
Define Fast-tracking
What's scope management?
Process of defining what work is required and then making sure that all that work and only that work is done.
Does scope management allows extra work or gold plating?
No
What is the difference between product and project scope?
Product is in terms of requirements the product must meet, Project is in terms of the work needed to deliver the product.
5 scope management processes
Scope planning, Scope Definition, Create WBS, Scope Verification and Scope Control
Process where detailed project scope statement is prepared.
Scope Definition
Smaller pieces of WBS or its lowest level.
Work Packages
Define WBS
"Deliverable oriented
Hierarchical decomposition of work.
Includes only work needed to create deliverables."
Process to create WBS
Decomposition
When Scope Verification is performed?
At the end of each phase in the project life cycle and during Monitoring and controlling process group
Process Group where Scope Planning takes place?
Planning
Process Group where Scope Definition takes place?
Planning
Process Group where Create WBS takes place?
Planning
Process Group where Scope Verification takes place?
Monitoring and Controlling
Process Group where Scope Control takes place?
Monitoring and Controlling
Who Creates the Project Charter?
The Project Sponsor
Which process group is the Project Charter created in?
The Initiation Process Group
The Project Statement of Work is created by?
"The Customer/Project Sponsor.

It describes their needs, product scope and how the project fit s into their strategic plan"
Company culture and existing systems are known as:
"Enterprise Environmental Factors

They are inputs to Develop Project Charter and many other processes"
Existing processes procedures and historical information is known as:
Organizational Process Assets
What type of project selection method is Linear Programming?
Constrained Optimization Methods
What type of project selection method is Economic Models?
Benefit Measurement Methods
The Configuration Management System is designed in which process group?
Planning
Define the Risk Register.
Identifies the project risks and associated risk response plans that are needed to support the Schedule Development Process.
Crashing
A schedule compression technique in which cost and schedule tradeoffs are analyzed to determine how to obtain the greatest amount of compression for the least incremental cost.
Fast Tracking
A schedule compression technique in which phases or activities that normally would be done in sequence are done in parallel.
Monte Carlo Analysis
Technique in which a distribution of possible activity durations is defined for each schedule activity and used to calculate a distribution of possible outcomes for the total project.
Resource Leveling
A schedule network analysis technique used to address activities that need to meet special delivery dates, address a situation where shared or critical resources are only available for certain times, or to keep resource usage constant.
Critical Chain Method
A schedule network analysis technique that modifies the project schedule to account for limited resources.
What is a resource-limited schedule?
Also known as a resource-constrained schedule, it results from applying resource leveling to an existing schedule network.
How do project calendars and resource calendars differ?
Both identify when work is allowed. Project calendars affect all activites. Resource calendars a specific resource, or category of resources.
Describe the three types of dependencies.
"- Mandatory Dependency: those that are inherent in the work being done.
- Discretionary Dependency: also known as preferred logic or soft logic. Usually based on best practices.
- External Dependency: those that involve a relationship between project ac"
A method of constructing a project schedule network diagram that uses boxes to represent activities and arrows to show dependencies.
Precedence Diagramming Method
A method of constructing a project schedule network diagram that uses arrows to represent activities and connects them at nodes to show dependenceies.
Arrow Diagramming Method
Identify the inputs to the Activity Definition process.
"- Enterprise Enviornmental Factors
- Organizational Process Assets
- Project Scope Statement
- Project Management Plan
- Work Breakdown Structure
- WBS: Dictionary"
Identify the tools and techniques used in the Activity Definition process.
"- Decomposition
- Templates
- Rolling Wave Planning
- Expert Judgement
- Planning Component"
Identify the outputs of the Activity Definition process.
"- Activity List
- Activity Atrtibutes
- Milestone List
- Requested Changes"