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906 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Value Proposition
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Collect and analyze information from a variety of sources using valuation tools and techniques to contribute to determining the value proposition of the initiative
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Value Proposition
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Collect and analyze information from a variety of sources using valuation tools and techniques to contribute to determining the value proposition of the initiative
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Value Proposition
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Collect and analyze information from a variety of sources using valuation tools and techniques to contribute to determining the value proposition of the initiative
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Value Proposition
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Collect and analyze information from a variety of sources using valuation tools and techniques to contribute to determining the value proposition of the initiative
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Project Goals
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Collaborate on the development of project goals and objectives by providing clarification of business needs and solution scope in order to align the product with the organization's goals and objectives
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Stakeholder Values
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What stakeholders value regarding the product, using elicitation techniques in order to provide a baseline for prioritizing requirements
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Needs Assessment
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Describe the tasks necessary in order to fully understand a project
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Problem & Opportunity Analysis
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Rarely is the originally identified problem or opportunity the problem or opportunity that should be pursued.
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What should be done to understand the root cause problem or most beneficial opportunity for the organization?
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Analysis
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Business Problem
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Describes a situation that is hindering an organization from achieving maximum value
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A problem statement needs to include what elements?
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Problem, What it affects, impact, what a successful solution would include
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Business Opportunity
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Describes an opportunity that will add value to the business
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Business opportunities should only be pursued if they are consistent with the __ and __ of the organization and directly support them.
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Goals and Objectives
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Project Driver
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External factors that motivate an organization to invest in a new project
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Market demand, legal requirements, and social needs are examples of what?
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Market Drivers
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Competitive Analysis is one form of __
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Benchmarking
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Capability Table
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A grid that can be used to list capabilities and helps identify gaps
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Scenario Analysis
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A technique to explore the current situation from the perspective of the users and interacting system in order to better understand a problem or identify the opportunities that may be leveraged
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__ can set the stage for use cases or user stories
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Scenarios
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User Journey Map
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Describes the journey of a user through the lifecycle of a process in a visual format
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True or false: There is a standard for modeling Journey Maps
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False. There is no standard.
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Value Engineering
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A cyclical process used to identify and analyze opportunities to increase value
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What are some of the benefits of value engineering?
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Project life cycle cost optimization, increased profits, more effective use of resources
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What is the calculation used in value engineering?
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Value = Function/Cost
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What are the steps of the Value Engineering process?
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Gather information, measure, analyze, generate, evaluate, develop and expand, present ideas
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Interrelationship Diagram
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A model providing a graphical representation of major factors that helps identify cause and effect relationships among critical issues
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How do interrelationship diagrams help wade through problems with lot of interrelated variables?
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Forces groups to focus on most important pieces of a problem and identify drivers of problems versus outcomes
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Interrelationship Diagrams help identify key __ and effects
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Drivers
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Solution Scope Statement
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A description of the scope of a product, major deliverables, assumptions, and constraints
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Which document contains assumptions and constraints?
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Solution Scope Statement
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True or False: the solution scope is a subset of the Project Scope
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True. It will also be included in the business case.
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Value
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Importance, worth, or usefulness within the context of the project
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The Value Proposition is typically written from the eyes of who?
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(Potential) Customer
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Value Proposition
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An analysis of the value an organization can expect to achieve as a result of the recommended solution
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Value is often stated in what form?
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Financial
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What are some non-monetary ways to represent value?
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Kano Model, Net Promoter Score
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What describes the organization's differentiator in the marketplace?
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Value Proposition
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Kano Model
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A model used to describe what it takes to positively impact customer satisfaction
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Expected items in a Kano model represent what?
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What must be present, or customers will be pissed (dissatisfiers)
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Normal items represent what on a Kano model?
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Satisfiers
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Exciters on a Kano represent what?
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Delighters
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Net Promoter Score
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A measure based on the fundamental perspective that every company's customers can be divided into three categories: Promoters, Passives, and Detractors
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A NPS score of 9-10 represents what type of customer?
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Promoter
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A NPS score of 0-6 represents what type of customer?
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Detractors
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A NPS score of 7-8 represents what type of customer?
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Passives
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Purpose Alignment Model
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A method for aligning business decisions, processes, and feature designs around purpose
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What are the quadrants you would see on a Purpose Alignment Model?
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Who Cares, Parity, Partner, Differentiating
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Market Differentiation and Mission Critical represent the two axis on which model?
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Purpose Alignment Model
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Value Map Streaming
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A lean management method for analyzing current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer
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Value Proposition is another term for what?
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Business Case
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What is another term for Business Case?
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Value Proposition
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What are the elements of a business case?
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Problem/Opportunity Statement, Business Need, Recommendation, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Evaluation of benefits realized, Assumptions & Constraints, Risks
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Scope Diagram
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A diagram showing what's in and what's out of scope
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Ecosystem Map
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A diagram showing relevant systems, the relationship between them, and any data passed between the systems
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Feature Model
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A model showing the features of a solution in a tree or hierarchical structure. A major features makes up the major brand of the tree with lower level (decomposed) features as sub-branches
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Goal Model and Business Objective Model
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A diagram for organizing and depicting the relationships between business problems or opportunities, business objective, success metrics, and high-level features as a chain
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What are the levels of stakeholder engagement?
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Unaware, resistant, neutral, supportive, leadings
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Stakeholder Classification Model is also known as what?
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Power / Interest Grid
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Power / Interest Grid is also known as what?
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Stakeholder Classification Model
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What are the four quadrants of the Stakeholder Classification Model?
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Monitor, Keep Satisfied, Manage closely, keep informed
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What are the two axis on a Stakeholder Classification Model?
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Power / Interest
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Job Analysis
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Reviewing job information for potential stakeholders in order to understand how the stakeholder roles and responsibilities fit within the organization in order to develop stakeholder management goals
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Skills Assessment
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Looks at the skills and competencies of project stakeholders to allow for stakeholder management plans that leverage strengths and can accommodate weaknesses
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What is the purpose of that task "Determine Stakeholder Values"?
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To provide a baseline for prioritizing requirements
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What are the tasks of the Analysis domain?
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- Elicit Requirements- Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements- Evaluate Product Options and Capabilities- Allocate Requirements- Get Requirements Sign-off- Write Requirements Specification- Validate Requirements- Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria
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What is the purpose of the task Analyze, Decompose, and Elaborate Requirements?
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To uncover and clarify product options and capabilities
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What is the purpose of the Elicit Requirements task?
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To discover and capture requirements with supporting details
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What is the purpose of the task Evaluate Product Options and Capabilities?
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To determine which requirements are accepted, deferred, or rejected
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What is the purpose of the task Allocate Requirements?
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To allocate in order to create a requirements baseline
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What does it mean when a requirement is "Suitable for Development"?
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The requirements are in a state such that the project team can satisfy the requirement through product development, testing, and implementation
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What is the purpose of the task Get Requirements Sign-off?
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To facilitate stakeholder consensus and achieve stakeholder approval
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What is the purpose of the task Write Requirements Specification?
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To communicate requirements that are measurable and actionable
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Requirements that are in a state that is measurable and actionable are called what?
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Suitable for Development
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What is the purpose of the task Validate Requirements?
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To ensure requirements are complete, accurate, and aligned with goals, objectives, and value proposition
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What is the purpose of the task Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria?
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To evaluate whether the solution meets requirements
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What is are the steps of the Iterative Elicitation Process?
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Plan, Prepare, Conduct, Document, Complete (Confirm)
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True or False: you must strictly follow the elicitation plan when conducting elicitation
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False. Start with the plan, but plans are meant to be iterative and adapted
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Besides closed-ended and open-ended questions, what are the other types of questions to ask in elicitation?
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Contextual, Context-free
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What is a "Contextual" type of question?
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One whose response will be related to the topic at hand, namely the solution under development
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What is a "Context-free" type of question?
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One that can be about anything, even outside the context of the solution
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What are the five key active listening techniques?
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Pay Attention, Show you're listening, Provide Feedback, Defer Judgment, Respond Appropriately
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The BA needs to employ __ __ in order to capture all the information that comes with each answer during elicitation
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Active Listening
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What is a Business Rule Catalog?
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A document containing a complete list of business rules
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What is a Decision Table?
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An easy way to document all factors that may impact the processing of a decision
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Decision Tables are typically prepare in what format?
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Tabular
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What are the four areas that comprise a Decision Table?
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Condition stop, Conditions, Action stub, Actions
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What is a Decision Tree?
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A model that graphically represents complex business rules in a hierarchical structure
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What does using a Decision Tree help identify?
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Redundancies
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What is a Display - Action Response Model
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A model used in conjunction with wireframes to identify page elements in the functions, if any, that they are attached to
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What do Display - Action Response Models typically trace to?
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Wireframes, user stories, user interface flows, and data dictionaries
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What is another term for Benchmarking?
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Research
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What is the Nominal Group Technique?
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A voting process used to rank the most useful ideas for further brainstorming or prioritization
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What is Idea/Mind Mapping?
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Brainstorming ideas are consolidated into a single map to reflect commonality and differences in understanding, and generate new ideas
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What is an Affinity Diagram?
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A technique that allows a large number of ideas to be classified into groups for review and analysis
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What is Multi-criteria Decision Analysis?
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A matrix used to provide a systematic and analytical approach to establishing decision criteria, such as risk levels, uncertainty, valuation, and to evaluate and rank many ideas
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What does it mean to Elaborate Requirements?
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To give more details about something or to discuss it more fully.
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Scrutinize, Consider, and Question are synonyms for what?
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Analyze
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Reducing complexity of interfaces is an example of what type of opportunity?
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Continuous Improvement
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What is an example of an opportunity for continuous improvement?
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Increasing Consistency of Behavior
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A State Table is a textual representation of what type of model?
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State Diagram
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What is Interoperability?
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Ability of a computer to run application programs from different vendors, and to interact with other computers across local or WAN regardless of their physical architecture and OS
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What is a "Report Table"
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A model that captures the detailed level requirements for a single report
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What must accompany a "Report Table" model?
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A prototype of the actual report
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What is a "System Interface Table"?
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A model of attributes that captures all of the detailed level requirements for a single system interface
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What are some items that might be included in a System Interface Table?
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Source System, Target System, Security or other rules
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What are some common attributes of a Report Table?
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Name, Objective, Data fields, Calculations
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What is a "User Interface Flow"
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A graphical representation of pages or screens that maps user navigation of the screens based on various triggers
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What is a "Dependency Graph"?
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A graph representing dependencies of several objects toward each other
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True or False: there is a standard method of developing a Dependency Graph
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False. There is no single method or process for this model
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What is "Business Event Analysis"?
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The process of analyzing business events in order to determine organizational responses needed to support the business
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Why do we care about "Events"?
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Because life, people, customers, and even government and businesses are all event-driven
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What is "Scope Creep"?
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The uncontrolled expansion to product or project scope without adjustment to time, cost, and resources
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What are the considerations for the task Evaluate Product Options and Capabilities?
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Product Scope, Requirements (Accepted, Deferred, Rejected), Status
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What is "Consensus Building"?
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A general term for getting people to generally agree
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What are some other terms for "Consensus Building"?
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Collaborative problem solving, collaboration
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What technique would be best when trying to setting complex, multi-party disputes?
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Consensus Building
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True or False: Consensus Building involves everyone getting what they want
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False. It is everyone agreeing to the same direction, and they're willing to support it (and not sabotage it)
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What is the "Delphi" technique?
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A way to gain consensus using expert opinion, conducted anonymously through a facilitator until consensus is reached
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What technique is commonly used when creating estimates or getting a recommendation on a decision to be made?
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Delphi Technique
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What is "Multi-voting"?
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Involves giving participants multiple votes for applying a variety of options on a specific issue
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True or False: the facilitator in Multi-voting can give some votes added weight
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True. This may be done.
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What is "Nominal Group Technique"?
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A process that includes brainstorming to generate ideas.
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What is "Options Analysis"?
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To analyze the various options to understand the benefits, risks, and consequences of each in order to make a selection that will bring the greatest value
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What is "Weighted Criteria"?
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A tool used to score various options against pre-selected criteria
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What technique would be best when making a decision to determine the best option for moving forward, or in prioritization to rank options against a quantifiable score?
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Weighted Criteria
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What is another term for Weighted Criteria?
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Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
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What are some challenges that might be faced with prioritizing?
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- Large number of requirements- Changing stakeholder priorities- Uncertainty around resource allocation
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Poorly written requirements, competing or conflicting priorities, lack of trust are examples of challenges when doing what?
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Prioritization
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Requirements baseline includes what?
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All approved requirements for the project, phase, increment, iteration, release or any other part of hte project
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When does allocation of requirements happen?
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Before sign-off
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When requirements are baselined, it also means that they are __.
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Approved
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Which task determines if the solution is ready for deployment?
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Elaborate and Specify Acceptance Criteria
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What is Planguage?
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A set of closely defined identifiers (tags) to describe and quantify specific elements of the requirements
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What is a name for planning language?
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Planguage
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What is the ultimate goal of the Analysis domain?
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Product requirements that are approved, within scope, and suitable for development
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What are the tasks of the Traceability & Monitoring domain?
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- Trace Requirements- Monitor Requirements Status- Update Requirements Status- Communicate Requirements Status- Manage Changes to Requirements
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What is at the heart of organizing and managing requirements?
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Traceability
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Why is traceability performed?
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To provide evidence that the requirements are delivered as stated
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What are "Interrelationships" in traceability?
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Requirements that that relationships to other requirements and deliverables
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What does tracking interrelationships provide?
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Impact Analysis, Requirements Coverage, Requirements Allocation
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True or False: Traceability can be performed at different levels
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True. There are many factors that may influence the level of traceability
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What are some factors that may influence the level of traceability?
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Regulations, Organizational Preferences
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What does impact analysis provide?
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Valuable input to the requirements change approval process
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True or False: A Requirements Traceability Matrix is also used in adaptive projects
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False. Instead, stakeholder level requirements will be tracked and maintained via the product backlog
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True or False: Risks and problems are the same thing
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False. Risks are problems that haven't happened yet, whereas problems have already happened
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Conflicts with other requirements that need resolution, uncertainty of requirements specifics, or unconfirmed assumptions are examples of what?
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Issues
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What technique helps to prevent project barriers and shutdowns by facilitating timely resolution?
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Issue (Problem) Resolution
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What is another word for an issue?
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Problem
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What are some important characteristics of a RTM?
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Goals and Objectives, Requirements, Design References, Code References, Test References
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What tool is useful in managing scope creep?
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Requirements Traceability Matrix
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Why might a RTM not be used?
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On adaptive projects or because it's time-consuming to maintain
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A RTM may trace to these types of artifacts
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Use Cases, Data Models, Design Documents
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User Stories, Process Maps, Data Dictionaries, and Test Cases are examples of items that might be used for what?
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Items to include on a Traceability Matrix
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What tools might be used to trace requirements?
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Word, paper, Excel, DBs, Requirements Management tools
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Actively __ and updating the RTM is key to effective traceability and quality requirements
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Monitoring
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Who is responsible for ensuring that the RTM contains the information needed to support the requirements and status through the SDLC?
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Business Analyst
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What are the considerations for the task Monitor Requirements?
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- Progressive Elaboration- Business Analysis Work Product- Team Deliverables- Issue and Problem Tracking
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True or False: The RTM is the only way to monitor the status of requirements
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False. There are other way to monitor the status
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What is "Progressive Elaboration"?
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More details are added as requirements emerge
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What are some possible statuses for requirements?
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Canceled, deferred, added, completed
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Active, Approved, Assigned are examples of what?
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Requirements Status
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What is a Requirements Life Cycle State Diagram?
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A model sed when reporting requirements status to stakeholders
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What makes the job of the BA easier?
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Proactive Communication
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What are some considerations of Communicating Requirements Status?
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Format, Venue, Formality, Organizational Standards
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BA approach, components included, permanence/retention are examples of what?
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Considerations for Communicating Requirements Status
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Who is responsible for managing the overall project communications plan?
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Project Manager
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Who is responsible for managing all communications regarding requirements?
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Business Analyst
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What should the Requirements Management Plan contain?
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Detailed information on who, what, and how to communicate requirements status
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What are the three possible methods of communicating requirements status?
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Push, Pull, In-person
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Email, Formal letters, and distributed reports are examples of what type of communication?
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Push
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Public web sites, team collaboration websites, and share drives are examples of what type of communication?
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Pull
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True or False: Virtual communications are considered "in person"
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True. They are considered to be in person
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True or False: All stakeholders requirement full details about the requirements
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False. In fact, providing too much extra detail may be a barrier to some stakeholders reading the requirements and engaging in the information provided
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What is the term for planned work that is not yet completed?
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Backlog
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What are some groups that may represent communication channels?
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Executive, Project Sponsor, Business Stakeholders, QA, PM, Technologists
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Which stakeholder group includes developers, architects, DBs, web designers, and capacity planners?
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Technologists
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What type of stakeholder represents the customer and business?
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Business
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True or False: Project Sponsor level of communication can vary widely
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True. They could want a lot of detail, or very little, depending on their level in the organization
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Which stakeholder group will want to see things at the higher level?
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Executive Management and Sponsors
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Which group needs to be involved to understand the detailed functional and nonfunctional requirement to ensure they can deliver testing?
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Quality Assurance
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Which stakeholder will want to see the requirements, but may not need a unique format for them?
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Project Manager
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What is the proper approach to managing change?
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Assessing impacts, dependencies, and risks in accordance with the change control plan
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The requirements __ is referenced in order to maintain integrity of the requirements and artifacts
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Baseline
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In an adaptive project, what serves as the equivalent of a baseline?
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Once a story is pulled into an iteration
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What is a VSC?
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Version Control System
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What is a CMS?
|
Configuration Management System
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What describes a system used to ensure a solution conforms to approved requirements by documenting, tracking, and defining change control approval levels?
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Configuration Management System
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True or False: a system for managing change must be software
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False. Could be as simple as a notebook to track changes.
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What are some examples of items that might be traced?
|
Use cases, process maps, data models, design documents, and test cases
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What is a CCB?
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Change Control Board
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True or False: on a RACI chart, there can be more than one A
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False. There can only be one person accountable on a RACI chart.
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When are requirements re-baselined?
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After changes have been made and approved
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What are the themes of the Evaluation domain?
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- Evaluate Early and Often- Quality Management- Deployed Solution- Context of Usage and Value- Confirm Expected Values
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What are the tasks of the Evaluation domain?
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- Validate Test Results- Analyze Solution Gaps- Get Solution Sign-off- Evaluate Solution Results
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True or False: The final task of Evaluation is specific to a deployed solution
|
True, the solution must be implemented and in use for enough time for users to be comfortable and the business able to measure results
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What should be leveraged when validating test results?
|
Requirements Traceability Matrix
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True or False: The business analyst is responsible for validating test results
|
True. It is QA's responsibility to perform the testing, and the BA validates the results
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What are some factors to consider when planning for evaluation activities?
|
- Who will cover the costs for the time and effort needed to conduct the evaluation?- Are there already ways to report and publish the results of an evaluation?- What goal, objective, or risk does it track or confirm?
|
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What is the "Cost of Quality"?
|
The costs incurred over the life of the product
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True or False: The cost of quality is costs incurred over the life of the project
|
False. It's the costs incurred over the life of a product (not project)
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What is the term for the cost of doing it right?
|
Cost of Conformance
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What is the term for how much it will cost if you fail to do it right?
|
Cost of Non-Conformance
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What is the Cost of Conformance?
|
The costs to achieve the quality objective
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What are some things that might be invested in to have a quality product?
|
Prevention costs, Appraisal costs
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Training, documenting processes, equipment, time to do it right are all examples of what type of costs of quality?
|
Prevention
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Testing, inspections, and sampling are examples of what type of costs of quality?
|
Appraisal
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What is Non-Conformance?
|
How costly it will be if you fail to achieve your quality objectives
|
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What are some types of costs that will be incurred if you are non-conformant?
|
Internal failure costs, external failure costs
|
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Failures found by the project, re-work, and scrap are examples of what type of cost for non-conformance?
|
Internal Failure
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|
Liabilities, warranty work, lost business, and loss of market share are examples of what type of cost for non-conformance?
|
External Failure
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What does it mean to Plan Quality?
|
Define approach, tools, and measures
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What does it mean to Perform Quality Assessment?
|
Work the plan, and continuous improvement
|
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What does it mean to Control Quality?
|
Get the results, look at the metrics
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What are some validation tools & techniques?
|
Given-when-then, DITL Testing, Exploratory Testing, Integration Testing, UAT
|
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What are some verification tools & techniques?
|
Desk checking, inspection, peer review, test, walkthrough
|
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Validation tools are used to do what?
|
Determine the correctness
|
|
What is Day-in-the-life Testing?
|
Testing conducted by someone knowledgeable in the business that focuses on specific scenarios in order to verify that the expected results are realized
|
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Which validation technique is structured, exploratory testing, using specific scenarios?
|
Day-in-the-Life Testing
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Which validation technique is unscripted and helps find unexpected uses and results?
|
Exploratory Testing
|
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What is another term for Exploratory Testing?
|
Black Box Testing
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True or False: Exploratory testing is a stand-alone validation technique
|
False. It is used to supplement formal testing, but should not be done in place of them
|
|
Which validation technique is used to articulate acceptance criteria?
|
Given-When-Then
|
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What is Integration Testing?
|
Testing conducted to ensure that requirements for the complete business processes have been satisfied.
|
|
Which validation technique focuses on end-to-end business and includes all of the systems and interaction points within the scope of the solution?
|
Integration Testing
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|
Who conducts testing in UAT?
|
Future End Users
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Who directs the testing activities in UAT?
|
Business Analyst and Quality Assurance professionals
|
|
True or False: UAT is typically ad-hoc in nature
|
False. UAT is often scripted and observed to ensure full test coverage
|
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What is the verification technique Desk Checking?
|
When the person who creates the deliverable reviews their own work prior to presenting it for formal quality control review
|
|
What is the verification technique Inspection?
|
Examination or measurement of a deliverable in order to verify that it meets requirements specifications
|
|
Which verification technique implies more rigor, and is methodical and thorough
|
Inspection
|
|
What is a "Test"?
|
Examination of a work product or deliverable in order to determine the level of quality
|
|
What is a "Peer Review"?
|
A review process involving peers of the author or creator of the work being inspected in order to verify and improve upon quality
|
|
True or False: Peer Reviews can be formal or informal
|
True. They could be either.
|
|
What is another name for a formal peer review?
|
Structured Walkthrough
|
|
What is the purpose of a walk-through?
|
To catch errors, oversights, and incorrect assumptions (early in a project)
|
|
True or False: Errors captured later in a project cost more than if they're caught early on
|
True. The cost is much higher if discovered later
|
|
What is another term for a Structured Walk-through?
|
Requirements Review
|
|
To communicate, verify, and validate requirements is the purpose of which verification technique?
|
Structured Walkthrough
|
|
What are some possible disadvantages of doing structured walkthroughs?
|
Potential for ongoing change and revisions (if not carefully managed), and approval process can be lengthened
|
|
What are some outcomes of a requirements review?
|
List of errors and omissions, list of corrections, deliverable status, approvals/sign-off
|
|
What are two different approaches to requirements reviews?
|
Participant-driven, Document-driven
|
|
Which of the two requirements review approaches is typically more thorough?
|
Document-driven
|
|
What are the prerequisites of a requirements review?
|
Complete requirements package, list of appropriate reviewers, meeting vehicle
|
|
What are some other evaluation techniques?
|
Survey and Focus Groups, Results from Testing, Expected vs. Actual results, outcome measurements and financial calculation of benefits
|
|
What is the difference between verification and validation?
|
Validation is about acceptance from stakeholders, and ensuring their needs are met whereas verification is a quality process that addresses the correctness of the requirements
|
|
__ is a quality process that addresses the correctness of the requirements?
|
Verification
|
|
__ is making sure that stakeholder expectations are met and that the requirements solve the problem
|
Validation
|
|
True or False: defects that will not have a significant impact to the business value may be determined acceptance for implementation
|
True, especially if the impact of the defect is insignificant and/or of the likelihood of the defect being experienced is low
|
|
What is "Grade"?
|
Category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use, but do not share the same quality requirements
|
|
What is the "Quality"?
|
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements
|
|
Conformance to specifications and fit for use are other ways to express what?
|
Quality
|
|
What is "Precision"?
|
Measure of exactness
|
|
What is "Accuracy"?
|
Assessment of Correctness
|
|
What is a measure of exactness?
|
Precision
|
|
What is a measure of correctness?
|
Accuracy
|
|
Activity Network Diagram, Affinity Diagram, Cause and Effect, Interrelationship Diagram, Matrix Diagram, and Tree Diagrams are examples of what?
|
Quality Management Tools & Techniques
|
|
What are some examples of quality management tools and techniques?
|
Checksheet, Control Charts, Design of Experiments, Flow Charts, Histograms, Pareto Diagram, PDPC, Scatter Diagram, Statistical Sampling
|
|
What are some standard categories to include on a fishbone diagram?
|
Machines, Materials, Methods, People
|
|
What is a "Checksheet"?
|
Capturing real-time data at the time and place where the observations are made
|
|
What is a "Checklist"?
|
included in the quality plan, it's used to "mistake-proof" a process and to confirm that all steps have occurred
|
|
What describes a collection of data at the point of collection?
|
Checksheet
|
|
Which technique is used to "mistake-proof" processes?
|
Checklist
|
|
What is a Pareto Chart?
|
A chart used to identify the "vital few" causes of most quality problems
|
|
The 80/20 Principle is also called what?
|
Pareto Analysis
|
|
What are the primary components of a Pareto Chart?
|
- Before and After Measures- Breakpoint- Categories of Contributors- Cumulative Percentage- Magnitude of Contribution- Major Cause Breakdown- Trivial Many- Vital Few
|
|
In a Pareto Chart, the vital few represent what?
|
The 20% of issues that cause 80% of the problems
|
|
What is a "Histogram"?
|
A bar chart showing how often something occurs
|
|
What element is not typically included on a histogram?
|
Time, and how variations occur over time
|
|
What is a Quality Control Chart?
|
A chart to determine whether a process is stable or has predictable performance over type
|
|
What are LCL and UCLs on a QC Chart?
|
Lower Control and Upper Control limits
|
|
What are USL and LSL on a QC Chart?
|
Upper and Lower specification limits
|
|
What do upper and lower control limits represent?
|
Voice of the Data
|
|
What do upper and lower specification levels represent?
|
Voice of the Customer
|
|
What do QC charts help to identify?
|
If the process is out of control or in control
|
|
True or False: Quality Control charts can be used only for product life cycles
|
False. They can be used for both project and product life cycles
|
|
What does the middle line in a QC chart represent?
|
The mean or average
|
|
Process Decision Program Charts are used to do what?
|
A method used to understand a goal and the steps required to get to the goal
|
|
What method is used to identify potential issues or problems in implementing the process and developing contingencies
|
Process Decision Program Charts
|
|
Scatter Diagrams are used for what?
|
To show relationship or correlations between independent and dependent variables
|
|
Which diagram is used to show correlation between independent variables?
|
Scatter Diagram
|
|
True or False: Scatter Diagrams show cause and effect
|
False. They do not show cause and effect on their own; additional analysis is required
|
|
What is a Design of Experiments?
|
A method using statistical "what-if" scenarios to determine which combination of variables produce the best or desired quality outcome
|
|
Unlike other techniques, design of experiments provides a tool for modifying __ __ at the same time
|
Multiple Factors
|
|
What is "Statistical Sampling"?
|
A method of taking a sample of product to inspect it for quality, typically used when it's not cost-effective to test every product
|
|
What are the two types of statistical sampling?
|
Attribute, Variable
|
|
What is Attribute Sampling?
|
The result is rated by if the product conforms or not
|
|
What is Variable sampling?
|
The result is rated by the degree of conformity
|
|
When is evaluation performed?
|
After a solution is deployed at the project is closed
|
|
What serve as the basis for evaluation?
|
KPIs and Acceptance Criteria
|
|
What are some items that may be considered when performing a lessons learned?
|
- Things that went well on a project- Stakeholder concerns or issues- Performance and variances from plan
|
|
What are the four types of solution replacement strategies?
|
- Massive one-time cutover- Segmented cutover- Time-boxed coexistence- Permanent coexistence
|
|
What are the tasks of the Planning domain?
|
Determine Project Context, Plan Requirements Traceability, Plan Requirements Management, Plan Requirements Change Control, Plan Document Control, Define Project Expected Outcomes
|
|
Review the business case, project goals and objectives, in order to provide context for business analysis describes what task?
|
Determine Project Context
|
|
Define strategy for requirements traceability in order to establish the level of traceability necessary to monitor and validate the requirements describes what task?
|
Plan Requirements Traceability
|
|
Develop requirements mangaement plan in order to establish a roadmap for delivery the expected solution describes what task?
|
Plan Requirements Management
|
|
Preparing to effectively manage business analyis activities and requirements life cycle management described what?
|
The goal of the Planning Domain
|
|
Select methods for document control to establish a standard for requirements traceability and versioning describes what task?
|
Plan Requirements Change Control
|
|
Define bsuiness metrics and acceptance criteria for use in evaluating when the solution meets the requirements describes what task?
|
Define Project Expected Outcomes
|
|
What is an EEF?
|
Enterprise Environmental Factor
|
|
What describes an Enterprise Environmental Factor?
|
Constraints that you can't put your finger on, but they're part of the environment
|
|
What are the considerations for Planning?
|
Project, Business, Stakeholders, # of impacted, Requirements, Experience with
|
|
What are the areas of context for requirements?
|
Business Need, Project Context, Requirements
|
|
What does context provide?
|
A way to understand the meaning of the information gathered
|
|
Business goals, objectives, problem or opportunity statements are examples of what type of context?
|
Business
|
|
Project scope, objectives and actions, deliverables, and approach are examples of what type of context?
|
Project, Business, Stakeholders, # of impacted, Requirements, Experience with
|
|
Stakeholder and solution requirements are an example of what type of context?
|
Requirements
|
|
What is the purpose of understanding the project background?
|
To paint a picture of what the project is about and to align back to business goals and objectives
|
|
Why is it important to understand project context?
|
It provies business analysts with an understanding of the project boundaries (scope) within which the requirements must align
|
|
What types of documents might be reviewed when performing the task Determine Project Context?
|
Project Charter, Initiation Document
|
|
Who should be consulted with when determining project context?
|
Team Members, Project Manager, Sponsor, SMEs
|
|
What is a framework?
|
Something that provides structure for support or guidance for something
|
|
What is a methdology?
|
A prescriptive "how-to" set of processes, templates, and artifacts
|
|
Method 1, RUP, and Prince 2 are examples of what?
|
Methdology
|
|
A __ __ contains phases (birth-death)
|
Life Cycle
|
|
What is a Project Phase?
|
A collection of logically related project activities that culminate in the completion of one or more deliverables
|
|
What are the standard phases of a traditional project management life cycle?
|
Initiate, Plan, Execute, Monitor/Control, Close
|
|
True or False: the steps of the product management life cycle are always the same
|
TRUE. At the product level, they are true. However, at the project level, they may vary
|
|
Applying project management discipline, from initiating to closing, to each project phase describes what?
|
Project Management Life Cycle
|
|
The __ selected will determine the activities that need to be done and the sequence of those tasks
|
Approach
|
|
True or False: Iterative projects include planned re-work
|
True. This is the nature of this approach.
|
|
What artifact is the arguably the most important one developed by the BA?
|
Requirements Traceability Matrix
|
|
True or False: The RTM may take many forms.
|
True. But regardless of form, the purpose is to trace requirements backward and forward
|
|
True or False: Traceability is not used when taking an adaptive approach
|
False. Traceability is still performed, but the manner of tracing it is different
|
|
When looking back at how a project went when using a Predictive approach, what is the process called?
|
Lessons Learned
|
|
When looking back at how a project went when using a Adaptive approach, what is the process called?
|
Retrospective
|
|
When using a predictive project, when do Lessons Learned typically ocur?
|
At the end of the project
|
|
True or False: Lessons Learned on a predictive project only happen at the end.
|
False. This may or may not be done during and at the end of a project.
|
|
When using a predictive project, when do Lessons Learned typically ocur?
|
At the end of each sprint, throughout the project
|
|
Why is it important to plan for the business analysis activities to be performed?
|
Otherwise, you may not be allowed sufficient time to perform your BA activities.
|
|
True or False: Estimation does not need to be done by the person who will be doing the work.
|
False. It is optimal to have the person who will do the work provide the estimates for it.
|
|
The document that governs risk is called?
|
Risk Management Plan
|
|
True or False: The BA's risk plan will be indepdenent of hte overlal Requirements Management Plan.
|
False. It may be separate, or may be included
|
|
What are the steps to plan risk management?
|
Identify, Control, Quality, Quantify, Plan Response
|
|
What is contingency planning?
|
Planning for an event that could affect the execution of the project
|
|
Impact ($) * Probability (%) = __ __ ($)
|
Contingency Reserve
|
|
What is the Precedence Diagramming Method?
|
An activity network diagramming technique used for constructing a schedule model
|
|
What is another term for a Network Diagram?
|
Precedence Digramming Method
|
|
What is another term for the Requirements Management Plan?
|
Business Analysis Plan
|
|
What is another term for Business Analysis Plan?
|
Requirements Analysis Plan
|
|
A process whereby modifications to documents, deliverables, or baselines associated with the project are identified, documented, approved, or rejected
|
Change Control Process
|
|
What is a requirements baseline?
|
An approved starting point (from which to manage change)
|
|
After which stage of the SDLC are requirements typically baselined?
|
Analyze
|
|
What happens after a change is approved and requriements are updated?
|
They are re-baselined
|
|
At what point in an adaptive project are requirements considered baselined?
|
Once they are included in the current sprint
|
|
The formal tools, processes, an dprocedures that are used to management changes is called what?
|
Configuration Management System
|
|
True or False: a configuration management system is always a software application
|
False. It may be done manually, or may be assisted by software
|
|
What is an example of a configuration management system?
|
Document Management System
|
|
What is the output of the task Plan Document Control?
|
Document Control Plan
|
|
What is the final step of planning?
|
Define Project Expected Outcomes
|
|
Another term for Evaluating Expected Outcomes is what?
|
Solution Evaluation
|
|
Who "owns" the acceptance criteria in a Predictive project?
|
Project Sponsor
|
|
Who "owns" the acceptance criteria in an Adaptive project?
|
Product Owner
|
|
What is the "Needs Assessment" domain?
|
The business analysis work that is conducted in order to analyze a current business problem or opportunity
|
|
What domain assesses the current internal and external environments and current organizational capabilities to determine the viable solution options that would help the org meet the desired future state?
|
Needs Assessment
|
|
What is a project?
|
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
|
|
What is a program?
|
A group of related projects, subprograms, and program activities managed in a coordinated way
|
|
When is needs assessment undertaken?
|
Before program or project work begins
|
|
Needs assessment is considered part of __-__ activities
|
Pre-project
|
|
Gap analysis is a technique that is performed during which domain?
|
Needs Assessment
|
|
The outputs of Needs Assessment are typically used to create what?
|
Business Case
|
|
The business case is the __ for determining project objectives
|
Foundation
|
|
True or False: the Business Case is an input into the Project Charter
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: there are usually no negative consequences of sidestepping needs assessment
|
False. Many negative outcomes could result
|
|
True or False: Needs Assessment can focus on a solution right away
|
False. This should not be done, as it would inhibit evaluation of other possible solutions
|
|
When are stakeholders typically identified?
|
As a part of needs assessment
|
|
Why is stakeholder identification important?
|
To assess which stakeholders are impacted by the area under analysis
|
|
What is a Stakeholder?
|
An individual, group, or organization that may affect, or be affected by an outcome of a decision, program, or product
|
|
Who is responsible for the RACI?
|
Both project managers and business analysts have an interest in this, but their goals may be different. It's an opportunity to collaborate, but efforts should not be duplicated
|
|
What are the tasks of Needs Assessment?
|
Define Business Need, Determine Value Proposition, Develop Project Goals, Identify Stakeholders, Determine Stakeholder Values
|
|
When no internal data exists or it cannot feasibly be collected, which technique might be used?
|
Benchmarking
|
|
What is Benchmarking?
|
A comparison of the metrics or processes from one organization against a similar one in the industry that is reporting or finding similar industry averages
|
|
What are some data points that might be included when performing benchmarking:
|
Cycle types for a business process to complete transaction volumes, Amount of money lost per transaction, web metrics, Potential increase in sales or market share, market size, etc.
|
|
What is the format of a situation statement?
|
Problem (or opportunity), has the effect of, with the impact of
|
|
Who drafts the situation statement?
|
Business Analyst
|
|
The situation statement is an input into what artifact?
|
Project Charter
|
|
Organizational __ and __ are important inputs for the business analyst when they begin documenting business requirements
|
Goals and Objectives
|
|
What are business requirements?
|
Goals, Objectives, and higher-level needs of the organization that provide the rationale for why a project is being undertaken
|
|
When are business requirements defined?
|
Before a solution is determined
|
|
True or False: Goals are usually broad-based
|
True. They may span one or more years
|
|
True or False: Objectives are specific
|
True. They are used to enable goals, and tend to be shorter-term than goals
|
|
What links goals & objectives and programs & projects?
|
The Business Case
|
|
What are SMART goals?
|
Ones that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound
|
|
Why are goals and objective important in needs assessment?
|
They provide the context and provide direction for any change that addresses the business need
|
|
What technique might be used in lieu of organizational strategy, goals & objectives?
|
SWOT analysis
|
|
What are the internal components of SWOT?
|
Strengths, Weaknesses
|
|
What are the external components of SWOT?
|
Opportunities, Threats
|
|
What is root cause analysis?
|
An analytical technique used to determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or risk
|
|
What is opportunity analysis?
|
A study of the major facets of a potential opportunity to determine variability
|
|
True or False: Process Flows may be used to perform root cause analysis
|
True. They can be used in conjunction with root causes analysis
|
|
During needs analysis, the BA will recommend suitable __ based on discoveries made
|
Capabilities
|
|
If no formal root cause analysis is performed, business people tend to do what?
|
Just to solutions to solve their perceived problems
|
|
What is a capability table?
|
A model depicting the problems with root causes, along with new capabilities or features to solve the issues
|
|
What is an affinity diagram?
|
A diagram showing categories and subcategories of ideas that cluster or have an affinity to each other
|
|
How are affinity diagrams used?
|
to help organize and structure major cause categories and organize them by capabilities needed to solve them
|
|
What are some common methods for assessing current capabilities?
|
Process flows, enterprise and business architecture, capability frameworks
|
|
True or False: there is rarely only one potential solution to a business problem
|
True. There may be many potential solutions, but the BA should make a recommendation for the most viable
|
|
What is the primary reason for providing alternative solutions?
|
to show that alternatives were considered and to forestall objections from those who favor them
|
|
True or False: the BA is responsible for choosing the solution
|
False. The BA makes a recommendation, but the decision is made by the business sponsor or problem owner
|
|
What should be included along with the solution options?
|
Assumptions and Constraints
|
|
What are constraints?
|
Limitations on a team's option to execute a program or project, and may be business or technical-related
|
|
What are assumptions?
|
Factors that are considered to be true, but without proof
|
|
What are the different types of feasibility analysis?
|
Operational, Technology/System, Cost effectiveness, Time
|
|
When conducting weighted ranking, with whom should the BA consult to determine who can vote?
|
project Sponsor
|
|
Which types of people should be consulted when doing a cost-benefit analysis?
|
Finance analysts
|
|
What are the different types of financial valuation?
|
Payback period, Return on investment, Internal rate of return, Net present value
|
|
What is "payback period"?
|
The time needed to recover a project investment, usually in months or years
|
|
True or False: The longer the payback period, the higher the risk
|
True; some organization may set a threshold
|
|
What is Return on Investment?
|
The percentage return on an initial project investment
|
|
What is the calculation for ROI?
|
Project average of net benefits / initial project cost
|
|
What is Internal Rate of Return?
|
Project annual yield of a project investment, including both initial and ongoing costs (estimated growth rate % the project is expected to attain)
|
|
What is Net Present Value?
|
The future value of expected project benefits expressed in the value those benefits have at the time of investment
|
|
True or False: a NPV greater than zero is considered a worthwhile investment
|
True; alough a project with an NPV less than zero may be approved (for example, if it's a government initiative)
|
|
True or False: not all problems or opportunities require a formal business case
|
True. Some organization may approve programs or projects in other ways
|
|
What are some common components of a business case?
|
Problem/opportunity, analysis of the situation, recommendation, evaluation
|
|
What might result if a business case is not prepared?
|
Product scope may be unclear or poorly defined, leading to scope creep, rework, cost overruns, and delays
|
|
With whom should the business analyst work to prepare the business case?
|
The project sponsor, and if there is one assigned, the project manager
|
|
Why is stakeholder identification and analysis critical?
|
To ensure the project has the right inputs and information for developing recommendations and getting project scope and requirement approvals
|
|
What is Business Analysis Planning?
|
Consists of the activities that are performed to ensure the optimal business analysis approach is selected
|
|
What are some reasons for BA Planning?
|
- To thoroughly identify and analyze stakeholders- Choose the BA activities and deliverables- Identify processes for validating, verifying, and approving requirements and solutions- Understand the process for proposing changes- Making sure key stakeholders are aware and support the activities and time commitments
|
|
What is the Business Analysis Approach?
|
The method the business analyst uses when managing and performing the BA activities on the project
|
|
In which artifact is the Business Analysis approach described?
|
Business Analysis Plan
|
|
Business Analysis planning is heavily dependent on what?
|
The selected project life cycle
|
|
True or False: there is one approach to business analysis planning that will work for every project
|
False; the context and project characteristics will affect which approach will work best
|
|
What is a critical portion of the overall project activities?
|
Business Analysis Planning
|
|
What is dependent on adequate business analysis?
|
Program and Project success
|
|
True or False: Business Analysis planning and scheduling is performed independently of project management
|
False. The best practice is to have the PM and BA working closely together while the BA approach and plan are formulated
|
|
True or False: the BA Plan must be included in the overall project management plan
|
True. The BA Plan should be integrated with the PM plan managed by the Project Manager
|
|
What is a "Stakeholder"?
|
Any individual, group, or organization that might affect, or be affected by a program or project
|
|
True or False: Stakeholder may be those who perceive themselves to be affected by a decision, project or program
|
True.
|
|
What is "Stakeholder Analysis"?
|
A technique to systematically gather and analyze quantitative and qualitative information to determine whose interested should be taken into account
|
|
When is stakeholder analysis most typically conducted?
|
During the Planning Phase
|
|
Why is it important to analyze stakeholders during planning?
|
So the project team can understand the stakeholder impacts and influences on the BA process as early as possible
|
|
True or False: Stakeholder Analysis is completed in Planning and is not revisited
|
False. Stakeholder analysis is conducted iteratively and is regularly revisited
|
|
How do project managers use stakeholder analysis?
|
To assess how the stakeholder groups will influence and impact the project work
|
|
How do business analysts use stakeholder analysis?
|
They use the results to understand how the stakeholders will impact the business analysis process
|
|
Which role uses stakeholder analysis to understand how stakeholders will influence and impact project work?
|
Project Manager
|
|
Which role uses stakeholder analysis to understand how stakeholders will impact the business analysis process?
|
Business Analyst
|
|
When is the initial stakeholder list is generated?
|
Early Planning
|
|
True or False: PMs and BAs use stakeholder analysis to understand how to communicate, collaborate, manage, and set expectations
|
True, but the BA also considers a number of stakeholder characteristics to determine how to best conduct business analysis activities
|
|
Which techniques are typically used to identify stakeholders?
|
Brainstorming, Decomposition modeling, interviews, survey, Organizational Charts
|
|
Brainstorming is comprised of these two parts
|
Idea Generation, Analysis
|
|
What technique might be used to generate the initial list of stakeholders, discover new stakeholders, or to identify a list of tasks to include in the BA work plan?
|
Brainstorming
|
|
What is the goal of stakeholder analysis?
|
To identify all stakeholders who have needs to be met by the product or service and may have requirements for it
|
|
True or False: Oversight of just one role can result in solution implementation failure
|
True; the solution may fail to meet the needs or hundreds or thousands of customers if a stakeholder is missed
|
|
Stakeholder who are positive about the project may serve as what?
|
Project Champions
|
|
True or False: stakeholder attitudes are solely based upon likes and dislikes
|
False. A stakeholder who exerts dislike or disinterest may simply see not value in the solution, or may not receive direct value from the work
|
|
Why is it important to understand stakeholders with negative attitudes?
|
Understanding their concerns will help to engage them despite their lack of support for the project
|
|
What are some stakeholder attributes that are common to consider?
|
Attitude, complexity, experience, culture, level of influence, location and availability
|
|
Understanding __ __ will help when quantifying and planning the number of requirements session to conduct
|
Complexity levels
|
|
What are top two reasons for project complexity?
|
Multiple stakeholders, ambiguity in project features
|
|
The number of stakeholders, stakeholders with vastly different needs and lack of uniformity in business processes describe what?
|
Complexity factors
|
|
What are some aspects of culture that might be considered?
|
Age, nationality, departmental or organizational culture
|
|
How might cultural difference impact stakeholders?
|
How work is performed, how team members interact, non-verbal communication, questioning or interacting with authority
|
|
How will understanding and recognizing cultural differences help the BA?
|
In gaining awareness and appreciation for delivery they can use their understanding to run a more effective BA process
|
|
What factors should a BA consider when evaluating stakeholder experience?
|
- The number of years of industry experience- Whether they have worked with the organization for an extended period of time- Whether the stakeholder is new to the organization- Breadth of business knowledge (to help identify gaps)
|
|
What does understanding the level of stakeholder influence help a BA with?
|
Identifying where influence can serve as a motivator or distractor
|
|
True or False: Influence is often tied to a person's position in the organization
|
True, but it's also affected by business relationships, reputation, knowledge or level of experience, or success in the organization
|
|
When considering level of influence, the BA should analyze the the __ an individual or stakeholder possesses.
|
Power
|
|
When considering location and availability of stakeholders, what factors should a BA consider?
|
- Whether remote work is supported, and if so, where remote work occurs- The frequency that stakeholders work from each location- Connectivity methods
|
|
Analyzing stakeholder location and availability helps a BA with what?
|
- Choosing the best approach for collaboration- Scheduling business analysis activities- Choosing the techniques for conducting business analysis
|
|
Why might it be useful to group stakeholders?
|
Large stakeholder lists can quickly become long and difficult to manage, and grouping makes it easier to manage
|
|
What are some ways stakeholders might be grouped?
|
Similar interests, common needs, level of important, role, motivations, complexity levels, location, etc.
|
|
What techniques are used to conduct stakeholder analysis and/or grouping?
|
Job analysis, organizational modeling, persons, process modeling, risk analysis, and stakeholder maps
|
|
True or False: stakeholder analysis results are not sensitive
|
False; they could be sensitive in nature so tread carefully when sharing the information
|
|
True or False: the intent of stakeholder analysis is to stereotype
|
False; the goal is obtain a better understanding of them to aid in conducting BA activities
|
|
True or False: the BA plan is formal and must be included in the PM plan
|
False. It may be formal or informal, but if it were formal, it would be included in the Project Management Plan
|
|
Assumptions should be included in which document?
|
Business Analysis Plan
|
|
What is "rolling wave planning"?
|
Planning rom a high-level first, and a more detailed level late in the project when activities are ready to be performed
|
|
What is a Business Analysis Plan?
|
Planning from a high-level first, and a more detailed level late in the project when activities are ready to be performed
|
|
True or False: the Business Analysis Plan and Requirements Management Plan are the same thing
|
False. The Requirements Management plan is a component of the Project Management plan and describes how the overall requirements will be elicited, analyzed, documented and managed.
|
|
The Requirements Management plan covers planning decisions for both the __ and __ requirements.
|
Product and Project
|
|
At a very high-level, the Business Analysis Plan includes what?
|
All information that is documented regarding business analysis planning decisions.
|
|
What is a best practice for documenting the Requirements Management Plan?
|
The BA and PM should work together to ensure content is not duplicated between the requirements management plan and the Business Analysis plan
|
|
What specific items should be included in a Business Analysis Plan?
|
- List of activities to be conducted- List of business deliverables to be produced- List of roles requirements to successfully conduct the business analysis process- Key decisions for things such as: prioritization, documentation, validation, communication, requirements approvals/changes
|
|
If a decision is made and team members don't agree, who is responsible for negotiating and bring the team to consensus?
|
Business Analyst
|
|
True or False: a BA plan can include the rationale for decisions that were made
|
True, this is a good practice
|
|
What elements of a BA plan may be influenced by the project life cycle approach selected?
|
Type of elicitation activities, requirements analysis models, how requirements will be documented, deliverables, roles and responsibilities, how requirements will be prioritized, etc.
|
|
What is the right level of business analysis planning?
|
The BA should avoid being too prescriptive and try to find a balance in the amount of planning performed.
|
|
What are some considerations when deciding on the level of BA planning?
|
- Balancing between flexibility and management- Do not sacrifice good management practices for flexibility
|
|
True or False: the BA Plan should be detailed
|
False. It should provide enough guidance to ensure quality, but should not plan out every step of the process
|
|
What are some good first steps when starting business analysis planning?
|
Review the business case, project goals, and objective to obtain the necessary context
|
|
Type of project, risk level, selected project life cycle, technology trends, market conditions are example of what?
|
Project characteristics that should be considered when project context
|
|
What are some project characteristics to consider when thinking about project context?
|
Risk tolerance, geographic distribution of stakeholders, imposed constraints or regulations, level of detail and formality required
|
|
What defines the structure for managing the project?
|
The Life Cycle
|
|
What is a project lifecycle?
|
The series of phases that a project passes through from initiation to closure
|
|
True or False: The BA should tailer process decisions in accordance with the project life cycle selected
|
TRUE
|
|
What are the three names for predictive types of projects?
|
Traditional, Waterfall, Plan-driven
|
|
The project life cycle impacts decisions about business analysis processes such as what?
|
Timing of activities, approach for prioritization, methods for addressing changes, deliverables, etc.
|
|
Who is responsible for stakeholder engagement?
|
The BA is responsible for stakeholder engagement in the business analysis process whereas the PM is responsible for project stakeholder engagement
|
|
What is a best practice by teams to discuss, analyze, and document feedback about completed project activities?
|
Lessons Learned (in plan-driven projects)
|
|
When do lessons learned typically take place?
|
At the end of a major phase or the completion of a project
|
|
What is the process for retrospectives?
|
Set the stage, gather data, generate insights, decide what to do, close
|
|
What is the purpose of a retrospective?
|
To identify areas where team performance can be improved, and to reflect on success
|
|
What is the difference between a Lessons Learned and a Retro?
|
The biggest difference is the timing and speed by which issues raised are addressed and the formality arounding documenting the learnings
|
|
True or False: Retros can only be used with adaptive projects
|
False. Though this is more typical, retrospectives could be performed in any type of project
|
|
When planning for elicitation, what should the BA think about?
|
How and when to elicit, which techniques to use, and the sequence of the activities
|
|
Why is elicitation planning performed?
|
To ensure sufficient time is allocated for the elicitation work
|
|
What happens when insufficient time is allocated for elicitation activities?
|
Dependent downstream tasks may be delayed
|
|
What are some strategies that could be used when choosing how to sequence elicitation activities?
|
Focus on: areas of greater risk, significant technical challenges, dependences, third-party resources
|
|
What constrains the sequencing of the elicitation activities?
|
Project dates key stakeholders impose on the project
|
|
Planning for analysis is __ and occurs throughout the project
|
Iterative
|
|
When should the BA make the decision about how requirements be prioritized?
|
Before they are prioritized (as a part of planning)
|
|
Which skills will a BA leverage when prioritizing requirements?
|
Negotiation and Conflict Management
|
|
What factors might be considered when choosing a prioritization method?
|
- When prioritization will occur- Likelihood of changes to priority- Who is involved in the process- What criteria will be used- Technique that will be used- Who will approve the decisions
|
|
Which life cycle makes incorporating changes more difficult?
|
Predictive
|
|
What are some major factors to consider in prioritization?
|
Value, Cost, Difficult, Regulatory, Risk
|
|
What are some common techniques for prioritization?
|
MoSCoW, multivoting, timeboxing, weighted ranking
|
|
What is involved with traceability?
|
Documenting requirement relationships and is used in business analysis to maintain product scope
|
|
True or False: Traceability only goes one direction
|
False. Traceability allows you to trace backwards to find the origin, and also forward to see how the requirements was tested and implemented
|
|
What are requirements that are documented, but fail to race to a business need?
|
Out of Scope
|
|
What are requirements that fail to trace to a solution component?
|
Areas where the product is not in compliance with the requirements
|
|
If traceability is performed, what does that help a BA understand?
|
How the change impacts related project components and test cases
|
|
What helps to ensure that the impacts of requirements change are properly assessed and quantified from a risk, cost, and time perspective?
|
Traceability
|
|
What types of projects require more traceability?
|
Higher-risk or more complex projects
|
|
What are some things to consider when planning traceability?
|
- Level of detail to trace to- Relationships that will be established and maintained- Requirements attributes to be tracked- Tools to use to perform traceability
|
|
What must be considered when planning traceability?
|
The value of the process should be compared against the time and costs required to establish and support it
|
|
True or False: too much traceability can work against a project team
|
True. It can also incur costs and schedule impacts unnecessarily
|
|
True or False: the BA may define the traceability approach independently
|
False. the BA should collaborate with the team and PM on traceability
|
|
What is a communication approach?
|
How business analysis information will e structure and when communication to stakeholders will occur
|
|
What should a BA consider when planning communications?
|
- Who requires communications and what info they expect- STakeholder preferences for receiving information- Preferred delivery methods- Level of formality- Tools, including repositories, which stakeholders will need access to
|
|
Time Zone and physical location of stakeholders are additional considerations when planning what?
|
Communications
|
|
With whom should the BA consult when planning communications?
|
The Project Manager, and collaboration should occur to decide where the communication plan should be housed
|
|
What will save tremendous time and confusion when decisions need to be made?
|
Having a thorough understanding of the types of decisions that stakeholders will be requirement to make, along with an assessment of authority levels
|
|
How should the decision-making process be defined?
|
Collaboratively with stakeholder input
|
|
In which document is the decision-making process documented?
|
business Analysis Plan
|
|
What are some considerations to think about when choosing a decision-making method?
|
- Types of decisions that will be made- Roles and authority levels- Process to follow when consensus cannot be reached- Required turnaround time for a decision
|
|
What is requirements "verification"?
|
Verification is the evaluation of whether a product, service, or system complies with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. (i.e. meets quality standards)
|
|
What is requirements "Validation"?
|
The assurance that a product, service, or system meets the needs of hte customer or other identified stakeholders
|
|
What does requirements verification ensure?
|
That requirements are constructed properly and that models are clean enough to be used effectively
|
|
What does requirements validation ensure?
|
That each requirement aligns to one or more business requirements, and that they accurately reflect with the project is expected to deliver
|
|
What techniques are to use to validate requirements?
|
Structured Walkthrough and Traceability
|
|
What do both requirements verification and validation ensure?
|
That the right product will be built
|
|
Which quality process can leverage a checklist?
|
Verification
|
|
When should quality standards be defined?
|
Before requirements development and verification activities
|
|
True or False: Validation comes before verification
|
False. Verification is performed first
|
|
Which project approach anticipated requirements to evolve over time?
|
Adaptive
|
|
Changes to requirements may involve what?
|
- Change in scope- A restated business objective- Addition or deletion of features to the product or service
|
|
When should a BA consider planning a requirements change process?
|
When the project approach uses a formal change control process
|
|
Why is it important to document a change control process (for predictive projects)?
|
So stakeholders know how to request a change and how changes will be assessed for impact
|
|
When documenting a change control process what are some considerations?
|
- How requirements changes will be proposed- How changes will be reviewed- How change management decisions will be documented- How requirements changes will be communicated- How changes to related artifacts will be completed and made available
|
|
In which document should the requirements change control process be documented?
|
It could be included in the BA plan or the Project Management Plan. The BA and PM should collaborate to decided with to include it.
|
|
What does defining the solution evaluation process identify?
|
How a solution is evaluated during the evaluation phase, which activities will be performed, what techniques will be applied, and how info will be analyzed
|
|
Which process determines whether a solution has achieved the desired business result?
|
Evaluation
|
|
When is evaluation performed?
|
Before and after a solution is implemented
|
|
What can evaluation that happens after a solution is implemented lead to?
|
New or changes requirements may be identified, which can lead to refinement of the solution or can generate new projects
|
|
In which document are expected benefits for a product or solution identified?
|
Business Case
|
|
True or False: Evaluation in planning is meant to determine how to measure the benefits defined in the business case
|
TRUE
|
|
What are some evaluation factors that need to be defined during planning?
|
- Evaluation criteria and acceptance- Qualitative and Quantitative evaluation activities to perform- How the solution will be evaluated- When and how often evaluation will be performed- What techniques will be used for evaluation
|
|
Who owns the responsibility for planning the business analysis work?
|
It depends on the organization. In some it could be the BA, in others it could be the PM. This an area of overlap between the roles.
|
|
Who is ultimately responsible and accountable for managing all project activities?
|
Project Manager
|
|
Which planning document covers the work to be performed during the business analysis process?
|
The Business Analysis Work Plan
|
|
What project information might be needed for a BA to prepare their BA work plan?
|
Selected project life cycle, project size, known risks, organizational process assets, etc.
|
|
What is the first step in building the business analysis work plan?
|
identifying the deliverables that the BA is responsible for producing
|
|
True or False: All information collected and documented by the BA are considered deliverables
|
False. Deliverables only include unique and verified products, results, or capabilities to perform a service that is required to produced to complete a process, phase or project
|
|
What are some examples of work products?
|
Agendas, meeting minutes, parking lot lists, etc.
|
|
True or False: Deliverables are more formal than work products
|
True. they are often required and formatted for consistency across projects and often have an approved structure or template
|
|
Focus on: areas of greater risk, significant technical challenges, dependencies, third-party resources
|
Deliverables
|
|
What are some considerations when documenting deliverables for a business analysis work plan?
|
- What deliverables will be produced- How changes to deliverables will be managed- Level of formality- How deliverables will be accesses- Whether requirements will be reused
|
|
From whom must the BA seek input from when determining which deliverables to document in their BA plan?
|
Sponsor, Project Manager, and Key Stakeholders
|
|
Each __ requires the completion of one or more activities
|
Deliverable
|
|
Which techniques could be used to identify tasks needed to complete deliverables?
|
Brainstorming, decomposition modeling, interviews, lessons learned
|
|
What are some items that are typically analyzed using decomposition models?
|
Solution scope, organizational units, work products, processes, functions
|
|
True or False: Decomposition Models are difficult to produce
|
False. They are easy to produce, and are also easily constructed and understood by stakeholders
|
|
True or False: Decomposition Models are ineffective at analyzing highly complex concepts
|
False. They allow the complex concepts to be broken down into management elements.
|
|
True or False: Decomposition models cannot be used to show sequence
|
True. They can't show sequence or steps
|
|
What is another term for "Decomposition Model"?
|
Decomposition Diagram
|
|
In addition to being influenced by the life cycle, sequencing of business analysis activities is also influenced by what?
|
Natural order, because some tasks require the completion of outputs produced by other activities
|
|
What are some factors to consider when sequencing business analysis tasks?
|
- Availability of resources- Downstream needs- Relationship of project work to other organizational work- Contractual and statement of work obligations- Training dependencies- Staffing and new hire needs- Risk and complexity levels of tasks
|
|
True or False: using a RACI would be good to define the responsibilities of BAs versus PMs
|
True. this could help minimize confusion and conflicts, especially in areas where responsibilities overlap
|
|
The BA must ensure that all __ __ impacted by the project are represented by a resource during requirements activities
|
Functional Areas
|
|
What are some considerations when estimating?
|
- Project size and complexity- Selected project lifecycle- Amount of ambiguity around proposed solution- Number of stakeholders- Types of elicitation activities- Location of resources- Schedule and budget constraints- Known assumptions- Quantity of BA deliverables - Project team's experience
|
|
True or False: Estimating is an iterative process
|
True. Estimates should always be revisited as the project progresses and more information becomes known
|
|
True or False: the PM is responsible for updating business analysis estimates when they change
|
False. The PM and BA should collaborate to decide how revisions to the business analysis estimates should occur
|
|
The document containing the business analysis deliverables, tasks and activities, and required resources for completing the work is called what?
|
Business Analysis Work Plan
|
|
The PM and BA coordinate on the level of detail for business analysis work in the project management plan. What are some factors to consider?
|
- Complexity of the BA effort- Project size- Amount of BA work being tracked- Type of project lifecycle
|
|
True or False: When the project is complex, the PM may prefer low-level details regarding BA activities
|
True. In this case, the PM might ask that BA activities be tracked by the BA in a separate business analysis work plan
|
|
What might help to reduce uncertainty about decisions made during planning efforts?
|
Document the basis for the decision, providing assurance that the plan is thought out and purposeful
|
|
What does including the rationale for decisions give the project team?
|
Context, and it helps answer questions regarding why and how the work is being performed
|
|
What does including the rationale for decision give the PM?
|
Context needed to support and fund the work, manage it, and justify the roles and resources required to complete the work
|
|
What is the sponsor's role in regards to business analysis activities?
|
To understand the approach and champion it, lend support, and rally stakeholders around the importance of the business analysis activities
|
|
True or False: Business Analysis Plans can become useful organizational process assets for future use
|
True. Especially when the rationale is included
|
|
What is the objective of reviewing the Business Analysis plan with stakeholders?
|
To reduce the risk of stakeholders failing to support business analysis activities when the work begins
|
|
What must stakeholders be aware of in regards to business analysis activities?
|
- their role in the process- the time commitment for their participation- how decisions are made about requirements priorities- how changes are handled
|
|
What is the benefit of reviewing the business analysis plan with the stakeholders?
|
Helps obtain buy-in early, and minimizes the risk of stakeholder conflict when activities are underway
|
|
True or False: when stakeholders feel a sense of ownership in the process, they're more likely to demonstrate a higher level of interest and remain engaged
|
True. The review process is a way to reduce the possibility of overlooking a stakeholder characteristic, concern, or limitation that could negatively influence the business analysis process
|
|
What can review sometimes uncover?
|
Unknown risks such as a shortage of resources, schedule conflicts, or concern over assigned roles
|
|
Who is typically included in a review of the business analysis plan?
|
Project sponsor, project manager, lead person who represents downstream requirements recipients, such as development managers, QA managers, and training managers
|
|
Gaining approval of the BA plan helps reduce what types of project risks?
|
- Lack of support for BA activities by stakeholders- Underestimating the amount of time BA activities will take- Funding allocated to the requirements phase being inadequate- Key resources being unavailable to participate in BA activities
|
|
True or False: Formal BA plan should be updated in a controlled fashion
|
True. Once the plan is approved, it is baselined, and change should be managed
|
|
True or False: Elicitation is the same thing as collecting or gathering requirements
|
False. It's more than that, because it implies stakeholders already have requirements.
|
|
True or False: Requirements are ready and waiting in the stakeholder's minds.
|
False. Stakeholders may not have actual requirements, but often have needs and wants.
|
|
True or False: It is the BA's responsibility to help stakeholders define the problem or opportunity and determine what should be done to address it
|
True. The elicitation process helps facilitate this work
|
|
What is a core input for business analysis work?
|
Results of elicitation
|
|
Elicitation results become the basis to complete what other business analysis tasks?
|
Support executive decision-making, apply influence, assist in negotiation, resolve conflict, define problems
|
|
True or False: BAs have vested authority
|
False. They do not, therefore, they should use their influence in order to get things done
|
|
__ is more successful when it is backed with information that supports the goal
|
Influence
|
|
The BA should elicit information and motivations of __ sies in conflict negotiation
|
ALL
|
|
True or False: conflict in business is usually the result of misinformation or assumptions based on a lack of information
|
True. This is often the case, and conflict is also resolved using information
|
|
What can failure to elicit enough information result in?
|
Erroneous conclusions and increased number of assumptions
|
|
True or False: eliciting too much information can hinder a team's ability to move forward
|
True. The art of elicitation is to obtain enough information to validate requirements and confirm the team is delivering the right solution
|
|
What are some benefits of a well-thought out elicitation approach?
|
- Fewer unnecessary elicitation activities- More valuate results from elicitation session- More efficient and predictable use of stakeholder time- Better overall focus on the entire elicitation process- Clearer idea of the necessary information to define a problem, affect an improvement, or produce a solution
|
|
What does a BA use to help formulate ideas about how to structure elicitation activities?
|
Elicitation Plan
|
|
True or False: the Elicitation Plan is formal
|
False, it's informal and can be quick to create
|
|
What are the two things a BA needs to think about when forming their elicitation plan?
|
How best to coordinate, and how to conduct elicitation across a project
|
|
What are some considerations when creating an elicitation plan?
|
What information to elicit, where to find the information, how to obtain it, and sequencing elicitation activities
|
|
What are some sources of information?
|
Individuals, Models, other document references
|
|
True or False: it's a good practice to try to identify at least two sources for each topic during elicitation
|
True. This helps avoid proposing a requirement or solution based on the opinion of a single source
|
|
What is a formal elicitation method?
|
One that is planned and structured
|
|
What is an informal elicitation method?
|
One that is typically unplanned and/or unstructured
|
|
True or False: dependencies may constrain the timing of elicitation activities
|
True; some information is necessary before other information can be understood
|
|
What are the steps used to prepare for elicitation?
|
- Determine the objectives- Determine the participants- Determine the Questions for the Session
|
|
The __ is the reason why the elicitation activity is being undertaken
|
Objective
|
|
Each elicitation session should provide some __ to justify the time it takes to obtain the information
|
Value
|
|
The results of __ __ can be used when selecting participants to invite to an elicitation session
|
Stakeholder Analysis
|
|
True or False: it may be appropriate to limit elicitation time with executives
|
True, as compared to other end users. Schedule as appropriate for each stakeholder group
|
|
For which elicitation techniques would the BA probably want to prepare questions for in advance of the activity?
|
Interviews, focus groups, facilitated workshops, or other techniques used to elicit information directly from stakeholders
|
|
True or False: questions that move a session toward achieving the desired result should be avoid
|
ed
|
|
What practice helps groups make process in early elicitation sessions?
|
Starting with easy, non-threatening questions first, and saving challenging questions until the end
|
|
Introduction, Body, Close, and Follow-up describes the steps of what process?
|
Conducting Elicitation Activities
|
|
What is the introduction portion of elicitation activities meant to do?
|
Frame the session, set the tone, and build rapport with the participants
|
|
How is the introduction performed in elicitation activities?
|
By stating the problem and providing an overview of the session objectives
|
|
Framing up an introduction is a __ __ that causes participants to focus on the subject at hand
|
Cognitive technique
|
|
What is a "parking lot"?
|
A tool used to minimize sidetracking, derailing, or hijacking of the meeting by participants
|
|
In which portion of an elicitation session do a BA's soft skills come into play?
|
Body. This is the portion in which the BA elicits the primary information and achieves the objectives of the session
|
|
True or False: All questions for elicitation should be planned
|
False. The BA should have the ability to probe and dig further into details and adjust the direction of questions based on responses
|
|
Questions that allow respondents to answer questions in any way they desire are what?
|
Open-ended
|
|
Questions that call for a response from a limited list of answer choices are what?
|
Closed-ended
|
|
What are the three types of closed-ended questions?
|
Force choice, limited choice, confirmation
|
|
Questions that require an answer regarding the subject at hand are what?
|
Contextual
|
|
Questions that may be asked in any situation are what?
|
Context-free
|
|
True or False: Context-free questions can be used as lead-ins to obtain information to define the solution
|
TRUE
|
|
True or False: There is one right question that will provide the exact information that will generate the correct solution
|
False. In many cases, information that leads to the perfect solution arrives in pieces from many questions and many participants' responses
|
|
__ __ is the act of listening completely with all senses
|
Active Listening
|
|
Active listening involves suspending all __ about what is being heard so that information flows freely
|
Judgment
|
|
What is one of the goals of active listening?
|
To clear up discrepancies without raising the possibility of conflict
|
|
What is the purpose of the closing step of elicitation activities?
|
To wrap up the activity and focus on next steps, and thank participants for their time
|
|
What may result after the closing of an elicitation session?
|
As the BA analyzes the information, new questions may arise, ambiguities and contradictions surface, and previously clarity may return to vagueness
|
|
True or False: Questions that arise during an elicitation session may become materials to help structure the objectives for follow-up sessions
|
TRUE
|
|
What is the follow-up step of elicitation for?
|
To update any notes and obtain confirmation from participants on the information obtained.
|
|
What types of techniques should then BA used to lead elicitation participants through validate information for accuracy and completeness?
|
Collaboration
|
|
What are some benefits of providing an elicitation results summary?
|
- Opportunity to fully analyze the information received- Allows time to verify and clarify notes taken during the session- Uncovers any questions that should have been asked- REinforces to participants that their information is valuable- Gives participants a chance to respond to the summarization- Provides the opportunity get corrections or clarifications
|
|
What are the most common elicitation techniques used?
|
Brainstorming, document analysis, facilitated workshops, focus groups, interviews, observation, prototyping, questionnaires/surveys
|
|
True or False: brainstorming with a group will created greater output than by individually interviewing the same people
|
True, the output is often greater using this technique
|
|
What are some benefits of the document analysis technique in elicitation?
|
- Documented information tends to be more objective and information received from individuals- Documents may contain informatoin that no one person has- Provides more background and explanations than someone explaning the materials- Current documentation can be a good source of infromation regarding structures and capabilities of any product
|
|
What are the downsides of document analysis?
|
- Documents may not exist or be available- They may be out of date and provide erroneous information- There's a risk that previous system constraints or limitations will be documented as current business practices
|
|
What is another name for a Requirements Workshop?
|
Facilitated Workshop
|
|
A focused session that brings key cross-functional stakeholders together to define product requirements describes what technique
|
Requirements or Facilitated Workshop
|
|
Workshops are considered a primary technique for quickly defining __-__ ___ and reconciling stakeholder differences
|
Cross-functional Requirements
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What can a well-facilitated workshop do?
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Build trust, foster relationships, and improve communication among participants, leading to increased stakeholder consensus
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True or False: workshops are expensive to run
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True. They can be, considering the number of individuals involved and the time commitments required
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What are the roles that would be important to have during a facilitated workshop?
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Facilitator, Scribe, Participants, Workshop Owner
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Focus groups bring together prequalified stakeholders and SMEs to learn about their __ and __ about a proposed product, service, or result
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Expectation and Attitudes
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True or False: focus group participants don't need to be prequalified
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False. They do need to be prequalified to ensure they meet the desired or targeted representation
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What technique allows participants to share ideas and build off of the feedback that is being shared among the group
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Focus Groups
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What types of things should a BA watch for from focus group participants?
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Reactions, facial expressions, body language (in addition to the information being provided)
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True or False: Focus groups are a suitable method for eliciting information about a problem domain
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False.
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Interviews works best under what conditions?
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- Individuals are able to provide information on a variety of topics- Confidential or sensitive information needs to be discussed- Information needs to be acquired from an upper-level manager- the BA needs to probe deeply and needs unfettered access to the SME
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An interview that begins with a list of prepared questions is what?
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Structured
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An interview that begins with a list of questions but naturally flows based on responses is what?
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Unstructured
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What is a synchronous interview?
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One that is performed live or in real time
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What is an asynchronous interview?
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One not conducted in real time
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What are some advantages of interviewing in person?
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- Undivided attention of the interviewee- Ability to view body language and facial expressions- more comfortable setting for the interviewee
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What are some disadvantages associated with virtual interviews?
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- Multi-tasking resulting in lost information- Participants calling in from other locations & distractions- Lack of experience of interviewer & interviewee participating in virtual meetings- Equipment failure or poor performance of collaboration tools
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When is observation a good choice for elicitation?
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When the people have difficulty or are reluctant to articulate their requirements
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What is another term for observation?
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Job shadowing
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What is a primary benefit of observation?
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It can result in the transfer of a greater amount of unbiased, objective, real information about the problem domain than other forms of elicitation
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What are the four types of observation?
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Passive, Active, Participatory, Simulation
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What is the main drawback of observation?
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People act differently when they are being observed
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From whom should validation be obtained from the results of observation?
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The person who was being observed
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What elicitation technique is tangible, and stakeholders are able to experiment and model with?
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Prototyping
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What is a drawback of prototyping?
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It may not uncover all of the attributes or aspects of a complex solution
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What is the key element to prototyping?
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The iterative process of creating it, reviewing with stakeholders, making adjustments, and reviewing it again
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What are the two types of prototypes?
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Low-fidelity, high-fidelity
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Wireframes, floor plans, and sketches are examples of what type of prototype?
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Low-fidelity
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What type of prototype is a representation of the final finished product that usable by the stakeholders?
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High-fidelity
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What are the type types of high-fidelity prototypes?
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Evolutionary and Throw-away
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Which type of high-fidelity prototype is discarded once the interface has been confirmed?
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Throwaway
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Which type of high-fidelity prototype is the actual finished product in process?
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Evolutionary
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What is storyboarding?
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A prototyping technique showing sequence or navigation through a series of images
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What is a wireframe?
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A diagram representing a static blueprint or schematic of a user interface used to identify basic functionality
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What elicitation technique would be appropriate to use when needing feedback from a large number of respondents representing a diverse population, and often dispersed over a wide geographical area?
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Questionnaires/Surveys
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What are the drawbacks of surveys?
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- No opportunity for clarifications- Questions are often closed-ended- Response rate may not be significant enough to serve as a representative sample
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What are some approaches to reducing risks with surveys?
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- Determine the number of responses required- Analyze for skewed information upon survey completion- Share information with why it's important- Send out reminders to encourage and promote participation- Ask a manager to champion the effort to emphasize its importance
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What is the primary result set from elicitation activities?
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A set of notes comprise of a wealth of information for performing other business analysis tasks
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Sketches, diagrams, models, flipcharts, sticky notes, or index cards are all outcomes of what?
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Elicitation Activities
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What is a typical business analysis quandary?
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Determining when the elicitation stops and the analysis starts and for how long the work continues
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When is elicitation and analysis complete?
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When no further questions exist and the information is reduced down to a depiction of the solution to the business problem or wen the risk of problems emerging from the lack of complete information is considered to be acceptable
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When does analysis occur in an adaptive project?
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Through the project as part of defining the initial backlog, grooming the backlog, and analyzing details for each iteration
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What are some signs that sufficient information has been elicited?
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- Stakeholder approves the results- A dry run or successful prototype is completed- Objective has been reached- Solution has been identified- It takes longer to get answers out of some stakeholders
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What are some common challenges with elicitation?
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- Conflicting viewpoints and needs among different types of users- Conflicting information and resulting requirements from different business units- Unstated or assumed information- Stakeholders who are resistant to change and won't cooperate- Inability to schedule time because stakeholders can't get away from their work- Inability of stakeholders to express what they do or whey would like to do- Inability of stakeholders to refrain from focusing on a solution
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What can a BA do when they cannot gain access to the right stakeholders?
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Focus on the information, not the individual
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Which project approach would be appropriate when stakeholders do not know what they want?
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Adaptive, since it's preferred when there are changing customer needs or when stakeholders need to visualize the solution to further define requirements
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How can a BA help stakeholders who are focused on the solution during elicitation?
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Ask the stakeholders for help understanding the problem domain and focus their attention on the problem or opportunity
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What is the best way to elicit when stakeholders are not providing sufficient detail?
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Try using visual modeling techniques
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What is the process of examining, breaking down, and synthesizing information to further understand it, complete it, and improve it?
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Analysis
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What is analysis used to do?
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Provide structure to the requirements and related information
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What should a BA think about when planning for analysis?
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What techniques may be used, and when they should be used
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True or False: the BA should be proficient in all of the analysis techniques
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False. It is not likely that the BA will be proficient in every technique
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Plans for analysis should be based on what?
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Known Information
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Which types of models would be best to help establish boundaries?
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Visual
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True or False: Elicitation and analysis are usually iterative
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True. Analysis frequently provokes relevant and important questions, requiring more elicitation
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What is the definition of a model?
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A visual representation of information, both abstract and specific, that operates under a set of guidelines in order to efficiently arrange and convey a lot of information in a concise manner.
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Diagrams, tables, or structure text are examples of what?
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Models
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What are some examples of things that can be modeled in business analysis?
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Business objectives, requirements, business rules, design
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Business models are helpful to identify what?
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Gaps and extraneous information
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Models provide __ to better understand and more clearly convey information
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Context
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True or False: Models help analysis become simple
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True, relative to analyzing the information in pure text form
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What are the categories of models?
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Scope, process, rule, data, interface
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What type of model that shows the structure and organization of features, functions, and boundaries of the business domain?
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Scope models
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What type of model describes business processes and ways in which stakeholders interact with those processes
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Process models
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Whyat type of model includes concepts and behaviors that define or constrain aspects of a business in order to enforce established business policies?
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Rule models
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What type of models document the data used in a process or system and its lifecycle?
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Data models
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What type of model assists in understanding specific systems and their relationships within a solution?
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Interface models
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What are some examples of scope models?
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Context diagrams, ecosystem maps, feature models, org charts, decomposition
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What are some examples of process models?
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Process flow, use case, user story
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What are some examples of rule models?
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Business rules catalog, decision tree, decision table
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What are some examples of data models?
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ERD, data flow diagram, data dictionary, state table, state diagram
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What are some examples of interface models?
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Report table, system interface table, user interface flow, wireframes, display-action-response
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True or False: it is unlikely that all models will be used on one project
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False, but for most projects, more than one type of model will be used
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True or False: choosing a tool for modeling is not difficult because there is only one correct choice
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False. It's actually difficult because often there are multiple valid choices
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What are some considerations when choosing a modeling technique?
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Methodology, project characteristics, timing within the lifecycle, categories or models, level of abstraction
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What project characteristics should be considered when choosing modeling techniques/
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Business process, automation, custom development, COTS, cloud or Saas, data migration, workflow, mobile, hardware, software, number of users, analytics, reporting
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True or False: all categories of models should be considered on every project
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True. Models should be considered from all modeling categories
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Which type of project would likely use data models, including a data dictionary and report tables?
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Analytics Projects
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True or False: if the project is agile, use cases will likely be used
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False. User stories would be prefered over use cases in agile
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Context diagrams, ecosystem maps, and high-level process flows are more likely to be completed when?
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Early on in the project
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State models, decision models, and user interface models would more likely be created when?
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Later on in the project
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Why is it helpful to use more than one model?
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Multiple models complement one another and enable analysis of the project from different perspectives
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What will cross-checking models against each other help find?
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Gaps, unnecessary information, and potentially missing requirements
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Business analysts use models to determine what is __ and __ so that the right requirements are created
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Important and valuable
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What does BPMN stand for?
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Business process modeling notation
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What does RML stand for?
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Requirements modeling language
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What does SysML stand for?
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System modeling language
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What does UML stand for?
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Unified modeling language
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True or False: it's important to use a specific modeling standard
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False. What's important is that consistent syntax is used each time to avoid confusion
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Which types of models visually represent the value that supports feature prioritization and product scope management?
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Goal models and business objective models
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Which model can be used to justify budgets and reveal to executives exactly what they are receiving from a project?
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Business Objectives Model
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True or False: ecosystem maps match the architecture diagram of physical systems
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False. They show the relevant systems, relationships between them,and any data objects passed between them
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What are ecosystem maps used to understand?
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All systems that may be affected by or that will impact the in-scope systems
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Which modeling technique can help uncover possible interface or data requirements?
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Ecosystem map
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How is an ecosystem map different from a context diagram?
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Ecosystem diagrams may include interfaces and systems that the solution under analysis does not directly interact with
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What needs to accompany an ecosystem map?
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System interface tables
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Which data model shows all of the direct system and human interfaces to systems within a solution?
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Context diagram
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True or False: Context diagrams can be considered the highest level of a data flow diagram
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True. They are sometimes referred to as Level 0 of a data flow diagram
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What are some things context diagrams are useful for?
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- To specify the scope of the project, including interfaces- To determine where there could be interface or data requirements
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True or False: Context diagrams are easy to build and understand
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True, and they can also be used to document as-is and to-be states to assist with gap analysis
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True or False: Context diagrams do not specify requirements
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True, but they do summarize the product scope and related information that are analyzed to identify requirements
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Which model visually represents all of the feature of a solution arranged in tree or hierarchical structure?
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Feature Model
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How many levels will a feature model typically have?
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Three or fewer
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How are feature models helpful?
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To show how features are grouped together and which features are subfeatures of other ones
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What is a main benefit of feature models?
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The can display hundreds of features across different levels on a single page, representing an entire solution's feature set
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Which model shows all of the in-scope use cases for a system?
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Use Case Diagram
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What are some other names for process models?
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Swimlane diagrams, process maps, process diagrams, process flow charts
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Which types of models depict the tasks that people perform in their jobs?
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Process Models
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What do process models depict?
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The steps that a person or system takes to go through a process
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True or False: when process modeling, it's best to only show people OR systems (not both)
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True, in order to reduce context shifting for the reader
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What are process flows used to discover during analysis?
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Missing features or requirements
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True or False: Process modeling can be done during either elicitation or analysis
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TRUE
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Which model describes a set of scenarios?
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Use Case
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True or False: Use cases represent both functional and nonfunctional aspects of a system
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False. Use cases only represent the functional aspects, and do not include non-functional requirements
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True or False: Non-functional requirements generally apply to an entire system
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True, therefore, it may make sense for those requirements to be separately documented
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True or False: in a use case, a single stakeholder may be represented by only one role
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False. One stakeholder may be represented by multiple roles, mirroring the roles the stakeholder plays in the business
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True or False: in a use case, many stakeholders may be represented by a single role
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TRUE
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Which model would be a good choice when there are complex back and forth interactions between users and systems?
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Use Cases
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True or False: a Use Case Diagram is required when using use cases
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False, but it is a quick way to visually depict which actors are associated with multiple use cases and what the full scope of a use case is
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True or False: Use cases are standalone requirements
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False, they help identify functional and nonfunctional requirements
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True or False: User stories may only be used on adaptive projects
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False. Though this is more typical, user stories may be used under any methodology
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Which modeling technique provides a small, discrete piece of business value or function?
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User Stories
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What does the INVEST acronym stand for?
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Independent, negotiable, valuable, estimable, small, testable
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What accompanies a user story to confirm that the story is completed and working as expected?
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Acceptance criteria
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What is a story called when it is too large to be completed in a single iteration?
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An epic
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When should user stories be elaborated?
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When they get closer to to the top of the backlog
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What is the name of the process in which user stories are elaborated using relevant modeling techniques to generate enough details for development to occur?
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Backlog grooming
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At which point in an agile project should acceptance criteria be added to a user story?
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During backlog grooming
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True or False: a user story contains many requirements
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True. It is a functional grouping of requirements.
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|
What do rule models do?
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Help identify and document the business rules, business policies, and decision frameworks that need to be supported by the solution
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What are business rules?
|
Constraints about how the organization wants to operate
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How are business rules enforced?
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By data and/or processes
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What is the objective when analyzing business rules?
|
To identify what should or should not be allowed in a business enterprise
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What is a key element of business rules analysis?
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The absence of technology
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A table of business rules and related attributes describes what modeling technique?
|
Business Rules Catalog
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What attributes might be captured for a business rules catalog?
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Unique ID, description, type of rule, and references to other documents
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True or False: business rules are specific to one project
|
False. They are typically maintained at a higher level because they apply to the entire business, not just one project
|
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What do decision trees and tables depict?
|
A series of decisions and the outcomes they lead to
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What types of models are typically used to model business rules?
|
Decision trees and tables
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Decision trees work best with __ choices
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Binary (i.e. yes or no)
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Which type of decision model would more likely be used when there are many choices and analysis is becoming complex?
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Decision tables
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What does each branch in a decision tree represent?
|
A different choice or option
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What do the leaves of a decision tree represent?
|
The outcomes for a decision
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Decision trees may be drawn __ or __
|
Horizontally or vertically
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What are the four areas of a decision table?
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Condition stub, conditions, action stub, actions
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At what point during analysis would a business analyst consider using decision trees or tables?
|
When uncovering a series of "if this, then that" statements
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What are decision tables useful to ensure?
|
That all possible combinations of decision choices are considered
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|
What does a data model depict?
|
The data used in a process or system and its lifecycle
|
|
What are data models typically used for?
|
Identifying relationships between data, to show how data is related to processes, and to further help extract requirements related to business rules
|
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The data model that shows the business data objects or piece of information of interest in a project, and the cardinality relationships between those objects is what type?
|
Entity Relationship Diagram
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|
True or False: in an ERD, business data objects refer to exact data objects in a database
|
False. they are conceptual pieces of data that the business thinks and cares about representing people, places, things and concepts
|
|
What is multiplicity in an ERD?
|
An indication on the relationship line to show the number of times that one entity occurs in relationship to the other entity, and whether the relationship is required or optional
|
|
What type of project is the ERD a cornerstone of?
|
Projects that have data management components
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What data model shows the relationships between systems, actors, and the data that is exchanged and manipulated over the course of one or many processes?
|
Data Flow Diagrams
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Data models are a good tool for what?
|
Helping stakeholders and developers understand how data flows through the systems, which leads to identifying specific data requirements
|
|
What data model is tabular in format and shows data fields and attributes of those fields?
|
Data dictionary
|
|
What are some common attributes of data models?
|
Name, description, size, and validation rules
|
|
True or False: the information captured in a data dictionary explicitly reflects the database design
|
False, it does not, but database designers use data dictionaries as an input to their database architecture
|
|
True or False: Data dictionaries can stand alone and do not need redundant requirement statements
|
TRUE
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|
What models show the valid states of an object and any allowed transitions between those states?
|
State tables and diagrams
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Which model is tabular in format with all of the valid states in the first column and across the first row?
|
State table
|
|
True or False: state diagrams and state tables show exactly the same information
|
True, but it is easier to visualize the valid states and transitions by showing only the allowed transitions
|
|
What are state tables useful to ensure?
|
That state transitions are not missed
|
|
True or False: it is more difficult to ensure a state diagram is complete than a state table
|
True, but it's much easier to quickly visualize the life cycle of an object
|
|
True or False: State tables and diagrams are stand-alone models
|
True. They do not require additional requirement statements to be developed and tested correctly
|
|
State diagrams and tables are often used to model what?
|
Business Rules
|
|
Which type of models depict the relationships within a solution to gain an understanding of interfaces and their details?
|
Interface models
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|
Which model captures the detailed level requirements of a single report?
|
Report Table
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|
Report attributes should be specified alongside what?
|
A prototype or example of the actual report
|
|
What are a few common attributes you might find on a report table?
|
Functional area, report owner, trigger, frequency, security
|
|
Why is it important to include an example report with a report table?
|
It provides context for the data in the report table
|
|
What does the business analyst need to define on a report table if there are multiple data sources?
|
The system of record
|
|
Which model captures the attributes of all detail-level requirements for a single interface?
|
System Interface Table
|
|
Source system, target system, data volume, and security are common attributes of what model?
|
Source system, target system, data volume, and security
|
|
True or False: System interface tables typically include either source or target systems
|
False. It's more typical to find both source and targets on the same model, but they could be separated
|
|
What model shows the flow between pages or screens within a functional design and plots how to navigate between them with various triggers?
|
User Interface Flow
|
|
How can user interface flows be used during elicitation?
|
To determine more details about the functions that takes the users between screens
|
|
Which model is used in conjunction with wireframes?
|
Display-action-response
|
|
What do display-action-response models identify?
|
Page elements and the functions (if any) that they are attached to
|
|
True or False: wireframes and display-action-response models are not the responsibility of the BA
|
False. While this work may sometimes be performed by UX or human factor analysts, business analysts are often asked to perform this function
|
|
What are the general principles of human-machine interface?
|
Compatibility, consistency, memory, structure, feedback, workload, individualization
|
|
When is the display-action response model typically used?
|
When precision is needed for detailing the display and interactions in a user interface
|
|
What is a benefit of wireframes and display-action-response models?
|
The model places the individual requirements statements in the context of the elements on the screen
|
|
What are the considerations for choosing how to document the requirements after analysis?
|
The project needs, the organization, and the project life cycle being used
|
|
When packaged together, what do documented requirements provide?
|
A defined solution scope to the business problem or opportunity
|
|
Why does the BA prepare a requirements package?
|
So that the solution team understands how to develop the solution
|
|
True or False: Requirements documentation is the only technique to ensure consensus among stakeholders
|
False. There are many ways of achieving consensus
|
|
What are some reasons documenting requirements is important?
|
- Provides a baseline for validating stakeholder needs- It is the primary input to the design team, developers, and testers- Provides a foundation for reusability- Includes supporting details for contractual agreements
|
|
Which type of documentation includes the features, functions, and characteristics of the product or service?
|
Solution documentation
|
|
Solution documentation serves as the __ for the product the solution team is asked to build
|
Blueprint
|
|
When is it essential that the solution documentation be precise and detailed?
|
When development work is outsourced
|
|
Who is responsible for reviewing, validating, and approving solution documentation?
|
Business Stakeholders
|
|
When is the format of solution documentation defined?
|
Business Analysis Planning
|
|
What is the difference between product and project requirements?
|
Product requirements describe what is being built or the outcome of the project or solution to the business problem, whereas project requirements describe the constraints and necessities for successful completion of the project
|
|
True or False: the BA is responsible for both product and project requirements
|
False. The BA is responsible for product requirements, whereas PMs are responsible for project requirements
|
|
What does the process of requirements categorization help to do?
|
Expose vague, misstated, ambiguous, or otherwise poorly written requirements
|
|
Why are requirements categories defined?
|
To help group and structure requirements within the documentation
|
|
What are some filters for selecting requirements categories?
|
Scope, functional, prioritization, testability
|
|
Which document attempts to specify all circumstances, conditions, actions, reactions, results and error conditions that could possibly occur in the defined solution?
|
Requirements Specification
|
|
A factor that is considered true, real, or certain, without proof or demonstration is what?
|
An Assumption
|
|
When is the use of assumptions warranted?
|
- Complete information is unavailable- Project success is dependent on a future event- Assumptions are based on factors that currently exist (but may not be true in the future)
|
|
What do assumptions impose on project?
|
Risk
|
|
What must be identified for each assumption on a project?
|
Contingency (so there's a course of action should the assumption turn out to be false)
|
|
Who is responsible for managing assumptions?
|
Both the Business Analyst and Project Manager
|
|
What is a constraint (from a BA perspective)?
|
A limiting factor placed on the product or solution
|
|
What are the two levels of constraints?
|
Product or solution (BA) and project (PM) constraints
|
|
What is the difference between requirements and constraints?
|
Requirements are written in positive voice, whereas constraints are typically written in negative voice
|
|
What are some categories of solution constraints?
|
Geography, regulations, organizational policy, culture
|
|
Restricting access to sales information to a region the customer is location in is an example of what type of constraint?
|
Geography
|
|
What are some typical project constraints?
|
Time, Cost, Scope
|
|
What are the components of well-formatted requirements?
|
Condition, subject, imperative, action verb, object, business rule (optional), and outcome (optional)
|
|
What requirements characteristics can be used to ensure high-quality requirements?
|
Unambiguous, precise, consistent, correct, complete, measurable, feasible, traceable, testable
|
|
What does it mean when a requirement can be interpreted differently between individuals?
|
The requirement is ambiguous
|
|
What might result from ambiguous requirements?
|
The wrong solution being built
|
|
What does it mean for requirements to be precise?
|
They are statements of what the solution is with no more, no less.
|
|
What does it mean for requirements to be consistent?
|
Each should be included only one time to avoid confusing and redundancy, and should not be in conflict with any other requirements
|
|
What tool may be used to ensure requirements are consistent?
|
Traceability
|
|
When is not unusual for requirements to be conflicting?
|
When there are multiple business analysts working on the same set of requirements, but performing elicitation separately
|
|
What does it mean when each requirement accurately describes the functionality to be built
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That it is correct
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True or False: only the product stakeholder can confirm whether a requirement is correct
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TRUE
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How is correctness achieved?
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Through frequent review and confirmation sessions with the sources of the information
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Correctness falls into the purview of who?
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The Business Community
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True or False: Requirements should not be committed until confirmed by a second source
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True. This is a general requirements rule
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What does it mean when the requirements have enough information to complete the requirement?
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That it is complete. However, requirements can be made more complete with more information, therefore completeness is not absolute
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When is a requirements specification considered to be complete?
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- It contains all necessary requirements- Responses are specified for all inputs and outputs- All figures, tables, and diagrams are labeled and referenced
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What term should be used if something is unknown, and therefore incomplete?
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TBD (to be determined)
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In order to be testable, a requirement must be individually __
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Measurable
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What are the four types of feasibility?
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Operational, Technology/System, Cost-Effectiveness, Time
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With whom should the BA work to determine requirements feasibility?
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Solution Development Team
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How is feasibility best analyzed?
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According to a variety of factors
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Requirements are said to __ when then can be mapped back to the source of a requirement, and forward through to a test case
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Traceable
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Requirements that are __ allow for an assessment of pass/fail
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Testable
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True or False: stakeholders find it easy to make prioritization decisions
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False, they may see all requirements as equal
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What are the prioritization techniques?
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MoSCoW, multi-voting, time-boxing, weighted ranking
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What are some items you might find in a technical specification?
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Wireframes or screen mockups, data models and schema, detail process flows
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True or False: use cases can only be used as stand-alone requirements
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False. They can be used in addition or instead of producing separate functional requirements specifications
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When packaged together, user stories represent a __-__ version of solution requirements
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High-level
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Which requirements documentation type breaks down features into manageable parts and provides a simple and effective mechanism to segment a complex set of features into simple, definable elements?
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User Stories
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What is does it mean to validate requirements?
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The process of ensuring all requirements accurately reflect the intent of the stakeholders, thereby ensuring the requirements meet their expectations
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True or False: confirmation is performed once at the end of the requirements process
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False. Confirmation is continual
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__ requirements accurately reflect what the stakeholders are asking the solution developers to build
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Valid
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Asking requirements reviewers to review the requirements in advance of a walkthrough provides what benefits?
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- Time for reviewers to think about it in advance, and prepare feedback- Avoidance of emotional reactions
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A requirements walk-through provides stakeholders with the opportunity to do what?
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Raise questions, seek clarity, voice concerns
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By verifying requirements after validating, it ensures whta?
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That only requirements that are considered "good" are verified
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Why is requirements verification performed?
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To ensure that the requirements meet the quality standards or standards of excellence for the organizations
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What are the two types of verification?
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Peer review, inspection
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What process involves a form or informal review of requirements by a peer of a business analyst?
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Peer Review
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Besides the development team, which other roles might be included in a peer review of requirements?
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Testers, Training developers
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What includes a more rigorous form of peer review?
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Inspection
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True or False: Business stakeholders and management are included in an inspection session
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False. They are specifically excluded
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What are some items that might be included in a requirements inspection checklist?
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- Are all requirements written at a consistent and appropriate level of detail?- Do the requirements provide an adequate basis for design?- Is the priority for each requirement included?- Are all interfaces defined?- Is the expected behavior documented for all anticipated error conditions?
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The existence of a __ is what differentiates an inspection from a peer review
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Checklist
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When signatures are obtained for sign-off, which three are typically included?
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Business owner, solution team recipient, business analyst
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True or False: obtaining sign-off should be a routine process
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True, since the requirements are confirmed to be correct, accurate, understandable, and implementable
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True or False: conflicts may arise at any point in the business analysis process
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True, but the business analyst mediates the situation to reach a resolution
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What should be done if conflicts cannot be resolved?
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The issue needs to be escalated
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BAs require the soft skill of __ to bring opposing sides to consensus
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Negotiation
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Which technique is an information-gathering technique used as a way to reach consensus from anonymous experts on a subject?
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Delphi
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What is a reason the delphi decision-making technique is effective?
|
It reduces bias in the data and prevents any one person from having undue influence on the outcome
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Delphi, multi-voting, and weighted ranking are examples of what?
|
Decision-making techniques used to make decisions regarding requirements conflicts
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