Pm2: Cmb1: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism -I

Front 1

Net result for first 3 steps in glycolysis is to convert:

Back 1

unphosphorylated molecule (glucose) to double phosphorylated molecule (fructose 1,6 bisphosphate).

Front 2

Phophorylation takes place on Carbon 6 (in Gly 1) because:

Back 2

hydroxyl group can be readily linked to phosphate group to form the phosphoester glucose 6-phosphate.

Front 3

ATP hydrolysis provides a phosphate group and also makes it to be

Back 3

irreversible (exergonic)

Front 4

Bond formed when glucose is phosphorylated is:

Back 4

Phosphoester bond.
Low energy bond.

Front 5

Phosphoanhydride bond links

Back 5

the terminal ATP together.

Front 6

Enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction is:

Back 6

Hexokinase.

Front 7

Enzyme important in regulation of glycolysis is:

Back 7

PFK-1
PhosphoFructose Kinase 1

Front 8

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate is split reversibilty by:

Back 8

Aldolase

Front 9

Aldolase yeilds how many carbon sugars?

Back 9

two trioses
(3 carbon sugars)

Front 10

The two triposes are called:

Back 10

1. Dihudroxyacetone phosphate
DHAP
2. Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate
GA3P

Front 11

Step 1 of glycolysis involves which reactions?

Back 11

Gly 1 to Gly 5

Front 12

Step 2 of Glycolysis involves which reactions?

Back 12

Gly 6 to Gly 7

Front 13

Step 3 of Glycolysis involves which reactions?

Back 13

Gly 8 to Gly 10

Front 14

How many ATP have been consumed per molecule in Phase 1?

Back 14

2 molecules of ATP per molecule have been consumed.

Front 15

In Phase 2, ATP production is linked directly to an:

Back 15

oxidative event.

Front 16

In Phase 3, energy rich phosphorylated form of pyruvate molecule serves as a driving force for:

Back 16

ATP generation.

Front 17

Phase 3, how many ATP are generated?

Back 17

2 more ATP molecules are generated in final phase.

Front 18

In the final phase of Glycolysis, the Phosphoester Bond is converted to:

Back 18

Phosphoenol Bond.
(highly exergonic)

Front 19

Enolase removes

Back 19

water from 2-phosphglycerate

Front 20

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a ____ energy compound.

Back 20

PEP is "High" energy compound.

Front 21

This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?

Glucose + 2 ATP --> 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + 2 ADP

Back 21

The first phase of glycolysis.

Front 22

This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + ADP + Pi ---> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H + ATP

Back 22

Second Phase of Glycolysis

Front 23

This reaction summarizes which phase of Glycolysis?

3-phosphoglycerate + ADP ---> pyruvate + ATP

Back 23

The third phase of glycolysis

Front 24

How many ATP were first invested in Gly 1 and Gly 3?

Back 24

Two ATP in Gly 1 and Gly 3

Front 25

How many ATP were returned in Gly 7?

Back 25

2 ATP returned in Gly 7

Front 26

Overall Expression for Glycolysis:

glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -----> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 ATP

Back 26

Glycolysis is a highly exergonic reaction.
All cells possess ability to extract energy (by oxidizing it to pyruvate).

Front 27

Fate of pyruvate depends on:

Back 27

whether oxygen is available.

Front 28

In the presence of Oxygen, Pyruvate is oxidized to

Back 28

Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA).

Front 29

Acetyl CoA can be completely oxidized to

Back 29

CO2

Front 30

Acetyl CoA can generate up to how many ATP?

Back 30

Acetyl CoA can generate up to 30 ATP per glucose.

Front 31

In the absence of Oxygen, how many ATP can be generated?

Back 31

None. No ATP is generated in anaerobic conditions.

Front 32

How does the cell get energy if there is no ATP generated in anaerobic conditions?

Back 32

Anerobic conditions rely on the ATP yield of the 2 ATP per glucose in the pathway.

Front 33

Glucose is consumed more rapidly in order to:

Back 33

maintain steady state cellular ATP levels.

Front 34

In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is reduced by...

Back 34

accepting electrons and protons, must be removed from NADH.

Front 35

Products of pyruvate reduction are (anerobic and aerobic)

Back 35

Aerobic: CO2
Anerobic: Ethanol, Lactate

Front 36

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation and regenerates:

Back 36

NAD+

Front 37

Lactate is generated from the direct transfer of electrons from:

Back 37

NADH to the carbobyl group of pyruvate.

Front 38

What enzyme catalyses lactate?

Back 38

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Front 39

In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate loses a carbon atom (CO2) to form:

Back 39

the 2 Carbon compound acetaldeyde.

Front 40

Acetaldehyde reduction by NADH makes

Back 40

Ethanol

Front 41

What are teh 2 enzumes that catalyze alcohol fermentation?

Back 41

1. pyruvate decarboxylase
2. alcohol dehydrogenase

Front 42

In fermentation, what happens with electron acceptors and oxidation?

Back 42

In fermentation, there is no external electron acceptor.
There is no net oxidation that occurs.

Front 43

How many molecules of ATP per glucose in lactate or alcoholic fermentation?

Back 43

2 molecules of ATP per glucose in lactate or alcoholic fermentation.
Has 686 kcal of free energy.

Front 44

Is the energy yeild of lactate fermentation high or low?

Back 44

The energy yield is low in lactate fermentation.

Front 45

Most sugars are what kind of saccharide?

Back 45

Mono-saccharide or Di-saccharide.

Front 46

Is table sugar a disaccharide?

Back 46

Yes, table sugar is a di-saccharide.

Front 47

Name 4 common dietry hexoses:

Back 47

glucose
fructose
galactose
mannose

Front 48

Do glucose and fructose enter directly onto Carbon 6 after phosphorylation?

Back 48

Yes. Glucose and fructose enter directly onto carbon 6 after phosphorylation.

Front 49

Mannose is converted to ____ and then to _____.

Back 49

Mannose is converted to Mannose 6 phosphate (M6P) and then to fructose 6 phosphate (F6P).

Front 50

Phosphorylated pentoses have to be converted to ____ before being put into the glycolytic pathway.

Back 50

Pentoses have to be converted to hexose phosphates.

Front 51

Polysccharides are cleaved to form:

Back 51

sugar phosphates that enter the glycolytic pathway.

Front 52

glucose is the immediate substrate for (2 things):

Back 52

glucose is the immediate substrate for
1. fermentation
2. respiration

Front 53

Storage polysaccharides are found commonly in which plants and animals?

Back 53

- starch in plants
- glycogen in animals

Front 54

Define: Phosphorolysis

Back 54

Phosphorolysis: Resembles hydrolysis but uses inorganic phosphate rather than water to break a chemical bond.