Mao - Plumbing

Front 1

Acidity

Back 1

- Neutral has pH of 7
- Above 7 is basic or alkaline
- Rating of 6.0 - 96.9 is slightly acidic
- Rating of 5.0 is highly acidic
- can corrode metal pipes

Front 2

Hardness

Back 2

- water dissolves minerals in the ground (limestone [CaCO3] and calcium or magnesium
- not hasardous for humans, but deposits out in plumbing systems
- problem in heat exchanger, deposits choke off flow or insulate pipe
- use piece of metal in water tank to divert deposition rather than allowign it to form on heat exchanger, called an anode

Front 3

Softening Water

Back 3

- remove minerals or ions or combine with something that won't solidify when water is heated
- done using zeolite or ion exchange process
- contains two tanks, one contains zeolite mineral and the other contains salt crystals

Front 4

Water Treatments

Back 4

- Chlorine - to kill or reduce bacteria - usually 0.5 ppm - at ≥ 1 ppm, you can taste the chlorine
- Fluorine - added to improve tooth decay
- add oxygen to make better for humans, but this increases rate at which ferrous fittings rust or oxidize

Front 5

Water Pressure Lift

Back 5

1 psi = 2.3 feet
10 psi will lift water 23 feet
If pressure exceeds 80psi, use pressure regulator (brings down to 40-60psi

Front 6

Methods to Increase water pressure

Back 6

Downfeed - water pumped up to tank mounted on roof
- water can be pushed up to any height, only sucked up to 33', which is the static head equivalent of atmospheric pressure of 14.7psi
Pneumatic Tank - pressurized tank in basement
Tankless - variable speed pumps, wears pumps quickly but requires non floor or roof space

Front 7

Water Flow Rate Friction

Back 7

Pressure loss due to friction
Water meter can have 1-25psi for flow rates 4-1000gpm

Front 8

Hot water Heaters

Back 8

- rated in terms of volume and recharge
- 3 types, tank, continuous loop, and instantaneous

Front 9

Thermal Expansion

Back 9

- Minimal effect on diameter, but greatly effects length
ΔL = Lk(T2 - T1)
ΔL = change in length
L = length
k = coefficient of expansion
T1 = original temp
T2 = final temp
Therefore pipes should be supported every 4' for plastic, 6' for copper, and 12' for steel

Front 10

Sanitary Waste

Back 10

Soil lines - toilets etc
Waste lines - sinks etc
Both drain to soil or waste stack

Front 11

Waste Venting and Stacks

Back 11

Vent Stack - small pipe that is air intake line for all fixtures, separately open to outside air at top
Stack Vent - the top portion of the soil stack (above highest fixture)
Soil Stacks - large pipe where all soil and waste lines empty into
Waste stack - soil stack with no toilet

Front 12

House Drain

Back 12

Sanitary line within house and 3' around
Houser sewer - > 3' from house

Front 13

ADA Restroom

Back 13

ANSI A117.1
Toilet seat height at 1'-7"
Grab bars at 2'-9" - 3'-0"
Drinking fountain - 36"-39" normal, 32"-36" for handicap

Front 14

Sanitary Waste Line Maintenance

Back 14

Interceptor - catches grease etc
Trap - prevents gases from entering building
Cleanout - every 50' for pipes ≤ 4"Ø and 100' for larger
- also whereever turns more than 45°
Manhole - for 10" and larger, 150' intervals
- or where new line joins existign one

Front 15

Sewage Treatment

Back 15

Public - solids settle out, liquid filtered and chlorinated, solids digested by bacteria
Private - Cesspools, Septic Tanks, Leach (or tile drain) Fields

Front 16

Plumbing Materials

Back 16

Galvanized steel
- replaced lead, and untreated steel. Joined mechanically
Copper
- best material for supply piping, connected by soldering
- 3 types, Type K - thickest walls, undergroudn supply or great strenth
- Type L - most common, thinner, general plumbing
- Type M - thinnest walls, used low pressure, branch supply,
Plastic
- PVC, usually for suppy (white w/ light blue lettering)
- ABS - usually for drainage (black w/ white lettering)
- both joined with cements, not reversible

Front 17

Valves

Back 17

Gate valve - entirely on or off, lots of turbulence when partially open
Globe valve - vary rate of flow
Check valve - (back flow prevention) prevent water from flowing back
Angle valve - similar to globe, used with lavs, showers, dishwater, etc - flow restriction capability

Front 18

Water Hammer

Back 18

- thumping or rattling when water shut off suddenly
- shock arrestors or surge arrestors cushion/dampen the effect
- can also be solved with straight vertical pipe with just air (it compresses absorbingn the shock)

Front 19

Fixture Unit

Back 19

arbitrary unit used to size piping assuming all fixtures used simultaneously