Pltw Final Exam Vocab

Front 1

Bronze Age

Back 1

Bronze Age is the period of ancient human culture characterized by the use of bronze that began between 4000 and 3000 BC and ended with the start of the Iron Age

Front 2

Engineering

Back 2

Engineering is a course of study followed by a professional career that involves complex analysis, design and development of solutions to technical problems.

Front 3

Engineering Technology

Back 3

Engineering Technology is a course of study followed by a professional career that involves testing, troubleshooting, servicing and maintenance of technical products and solutions.

Front 4

Hypothesis

Back 4

Hypothesis is an educated guess on the predicted outcomes of a series of events.

Front 5

Industrial Age

Back 5

Industrial Age means age characterized by the advent of manufacturing of machinery and the movement of populations to cities from farms.

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Information Age

Back 6

Information Age means age characterized by the rise of Internet communications.

Front 7

Iron Age

Back 7

Iron Age means the period of human culture characterized by the smelting of iron and its use in industry. 1000BC in western Asia and Egypt.

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Stone Age

Back 8

Stone Age means the first known period of prehistoric human culture characterized by the use of stone tools.

Front 9

Ethics

Back 9

Ethics means a set of moral principles or guiding values.

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Whistle Blowing

Back 10

Whistle Blowing refers to public disclosure of a moral or ethical problem.

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Dimension

Back 11

Dimension means numerical value used on a drawing to describe location, size, shape, or geometric characteristic.

Front 12

Dimensioning

Back 12

Dimensioning is the process of placing measurements and notes on a drawing to completely communicate its meaning.

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Extension Line

Back 13

Extension Lines are thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.

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Isometric

Back 14

Isometric means a drawing projected so that the plane of projection of a three-dimensional drawing forms equal angles (120 degrees) to each of the three axes of the object.

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Line Weight

Back 15

Line Weight is the width and darkness of a line.

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Object Line

Back 16

Object lIne is slightly lighter that a profile line, used to add all details to a sketch.

Front 17

Orthographic

Back 17

Orthographic is right angle projection. The views of an object are drawn in perpendicular planes to one another.

Front 18

Scale

Back 18

Scale means the ability to changes the proportions or size of one part of the image in relationship to the other.

Front 19

Vanishing Point

Back 19

Vanishing Point is the point on the horizon where parallel objects appear to intersect due to convergence.

Front 20

Brainstorming

Back 20

Brainstorming means a group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group: during this process, ideas are shared but not critiqued.

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Synthesis

Back 21

Synthesis means the process of forming, generating or putting together ideas or parts to form a whole.

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Force?

Back 22

Force is a push or pull exerted by one object on another.

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Friction?

Back 23

Friction is a force that opposes the motion or intended motion of a body in contact with another body.

Front 24

Inclined Plane?

Back 24

Inclined Plane is a flat sloping surface along which an object can be pushed or pulled, a plane surface that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon One of six simple machines.

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Kinetic Energy?

Back 25

Kinetic Energy is the energy of an object due to its mass an motion: calculated using the object's mass, M and velocity, v, where KE=1/2mv*v.

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Lever?

Back 26

Lever isa rigid piece that transmits and modifies force or motion when forces are applied at two points and it turns about a third: specifically, a rigid bar used to exert a pressure or sustain a weight at one point of its length by the application of a force at a second and turning at a third on a fulcrum.

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Mass?

Back 27

Mass is the quantity of matter which a material contains.

Front 28

Mechanical Energy?

Back 28

Mechanical Energy is the energy, which is possessed by an object due to its motion or tis stored energy of position.

Front 29

Potential Energy?

Back 29

Potential Energy is stored energy: (Gravitational potential energy is stored energy due to elevated position of an object. PE=mgh: Elastic potential energy is stored energy in elastic materials such as a spring)

Front 30

Pulley?

Back 30

Pulley is a wheel like simple machine used to reduce input force, change the direction of force applied, or to increase the input distance.

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Screw?

Back 31

A screw is a simple machine that uses threads to apply force: a spiral inclined plane surrounding a center shaft.

Front 32

Simple Machine?

Back 32

a Simple machine is any one of the mechanisms which were once considered to be the basic elements from which all machines were composed. These include the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge and the screw.

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Thread?

Back 33

Thread means a spiral groove cut into the outside of a shaft or the inside of a hole used to hold parts together.

Front 34

Torque?

Back 34

Torque refers to a turning or twisting force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion.

Front 35

Wedge?

Back 35

A Wedge is a simple machine used to change the direction of applied force via its triangular shape: used for splitting wood and rock, raising heavy bodies, or for tightening by being driven into something.

Front 36

R-Value?

Back 36

R-Value means a numerical expression of thermal insulation. R values are the reciprocals of U values.

Front 37

Density?

Back 37

Density means a mathematical expression of Mass per unit volume.

Front 38

Chemical Energy?

Back 38

Chemical Energy means the energy associated with chemical bonds and bonding structure. This includes the energy associated with changes in phase from solid to liquid to gas. Chemical energy does not lend itself to an equation.

Front 39

Calorie?

Back 39

A calorie is a metric unit of thermal energy: the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gam of pure water by one degree Celsius.

Front 40

BTU?

Back 40

A BTU is a British Thermal Unit, the US customary unit of thermal energy, the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Front 41

Thermal Energy?

Back 41

Thermal Energy is basically kinetic energy. It is the sum of the individual atom's kinetic energies. Even in a completely motionless object, the atoms from which the object s made are in constant motion and thus have thermal energy.

Front 42

Heat Capacity?

Back 42

Heat Capacity means thermal capacity, ratio of the change in heat energy of a unit mass of a substance to the change in temperature of the substance.

Front 43

Radiation?

Back 43

Radiation is (thermal definition) the transfer of heat by temporarily transforming the heat (kinetic motion of an object's atoms or molecules) into electromagnetic waves (in the infrared part of the EM spectrum). These waves then travel until absorbed by another object and transferred back into atomic/molecular kinetic energy, which is heat.

Front 44

conduction?

Back 44

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by physical contact. (thermal definition)

Front 45

Convection?

Back 45

Convection is the transfer of heat energy by moving a heated substance from one place to another.

Front 46

Electromagnetic Energy?

Back 46

Electromagnetic Energy is the energy associated with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic waves.

Front 47

Boyle's Law?

Back 47

Boyle's Law is the volume of a gas at at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Front 48

Bernoulli's Law?

Back 48

Bernoulli's Law is a change in the velocity of an fluid caused by a constriction produces an opposite change in pressure.

Front 49

Charles' Law?

Back 49

Charles Law is the volume of a gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to it temperature.

Front 50

Displacement?

Back 50

Displacement is the movement of an object through a distance.

Front 51

Pascal's Law?

Back 51

Pascal's Law is a law that states when a force is exerted on a fluid, the fluid transfers this force equally against the walls of the vessel.

Front 52

Pressure?

Back 52

Pressure is the force generated when energy is applied to a fluid: force per unit area.

Front 53

Statics?

Back 53

Statics means the study of objects in a state of equilibrium.

Front 54

Pneumatics?

Back 54

Pneumatics involves the controlled use of compressed air.

Front 55

Hydraulics?

Back 55

Hydraulics systems utilize a liquid in a confined area to transfer energy which allows moving large loads with seemingly little effort.

Front 56

Analog?

Back 56

Analog means relating to or being a mechanism in which data is represented by continuously variable physical quantities.

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Current?

Back 57

Current is the total amount of electrons flowing through a circuit per unit time: measured in Amperes (one coulomb of electrons passing a single point per second).

Front 58

Digital?

Back 58

Digital means an information system whose signals have only two states, 1 (closed) or 0 (open).

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Ohm's Law?

Back 59

Ohm's Law is the relationship of voltage, current and resistance in a circuit. I=V/R V=IR, R=V/I.

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Parallel?

Back 60

Parallel means multiple pathways in a circuit.

Front 61

Power?

Back 61

Power means force over time. Measured in Ft Lbs Newton Meters or Watts.

Front 62

Resistance?

Back 62

Resistance means the ratio of the potential difference across an electrical component to the current passing through it. It is thus a measure of the components opposition to the flow of electric charge. In general, the resistance of a metallic conductor increases with temperature whereas the resistance of a semiconductor decreases with temperature.

Front 63

Serier?

Back 63

Series means a circuit with only one pathway for electrons.

Front 64

Voltage?

Back 64

Voltage means the electromotive force in a circuit.

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Closed Loop?

Back 65

Closed Loop means the output of a process is constantly monitored and the input adjusted according to feedback provided by sensors.

Front 66

Interface?

Back 66

Interface means the connection between components or systems.

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Open Loop?

Back 67

Open Loop means a control system where there is no feedback circuitry.

Front 68

Photoresistor?

Back 68

Photoresistor is a device that changes resistance according to light intensity.

Front 69

Potentionmeter?

Back 69

Potentionmeter means a variable resistor.

Front 70

Arch Bridge?

Back 70

Arch Bridge means a bridge that uses long span arches for support.

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Beam Bridge?

Back 71

Beam Bridge is a bridge whose main structural element consists or a beam set across two or more vertical supporting members.

Front 72

Cable Stayed Bridge?

Back 72

Cable Stayed Bridge is a bridge in which the deck is supported on either side of a central tower or towers by cables. Unlike a suspension bridge, the cables that hold the deck attach directly to the tower, rather than hanging from a larger cable running between the towers.

Front 73

Compression?

Back 73

Compression means the effect of a force which tends to shorten an object in the direction of the force. Such a force is called a compressive force, and the object it acts on is said to be in compression. For example, the towers of a suspension bridge are in compression.

Front 74

Equilibrium?

Back 74

Equilibrium means a state of balance due to the equal action of opposing forces in a structure.

Front 75

Force?

Back 75

Force means a push or pull exerted by one object on another.

Front 76

Free Body Diagram?

Back 76

A Free Body Diagram is a sketch of an object (body) of interest with all the surrounding objects stripped away and all of the forces acting on the object (body) shown.

Front 77

Moments?

Back 77

Moments are the tendency to rotate about a point determined by the product of a force multiplied by the distance from this force to this point.

Front 78

Newtons first law?

Back 78

Newton's first law is the Law of Inertia> Objects at rest tend to stay at rest and objects in motion tend to stay in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Front 79

Newton's second law?

Back 79

Newton's second law is the net force acting on an object in a given direction is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration of the object in the same direction as the net force.

Front 80

Newton's third law?

Back 80

Newton's third law is the force of one object (object 1) is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of the second object acting upon the first.

Front 81

Suspension Bridge?

Back 81

Suspension Bridge is a bridge having a road or deck hung from a pair of steel cables, each carried by two towers, one at each bank. Golden Gate Bridge.

Front 82

Tension?

Back 82

Tension refers to a situation in which force is applied to an object that stretches, expands or lengthens the object.

Front 83

Buckle?

Back 83

Buckle means failure caused by bending, giving way, or crumbling due to excessive force

Front 84

Deflection?

Back 84

Deflection means a measure of deformation of a structure due to applied loads.

Front 85

Modulus of Elasticity ?

Back 85

Modulus of Elasticity means the slope of the line in the linear elastic region created by the stress on an object divided by the strain.

Front 86

Shear?

Back 86

Shear means the process of separating material by applying pressure from opposing directions, the area of separation is parallel to the force applied.

Front 87

Strain?

Back 87

Strain means the elongation of a material under stress divided by the materials length prior to stress.

Front 88

Stress?

Back 88

Stress means a materials internal resistance to force calculated by dividing the force in the material by the area of the material that is subjected to the force.

Front 89

Alloy?

Back 89

Alloy is a substance composed of two or more metals or of a metal and a nonmetal intimately united usually by being fused together and dissolving in each other when molten.

Front 90

Ceramic?

Back 90

Ceramic is a compound of metallic and nonmetallic elements for which the interatomic bonding is predominantly ionic.

Front 91

Composite?

Back 91

Composite means a multiphase material formed from a combination of materials that differ in composition or form, remain bonded together, an retain their identities and properties.

Front 92

Compound?

Back 92

Compound means a substance of two or more elements in fixed proportions. Compounds can be decomposed into their constituent elements.

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Element?

Back 93

Element means a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means.

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Ferrous?

Back 94

Ferrous means related to iron, iron base alloys.

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Metal?

Back 95

Metal means an opaque lustrous elemental chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and when polished, a good reflector of light. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their atomic bonding and electron availability.

Front 96

Organic?

Back 96

Organic is a designation of any chemical compound containing carbon with the exception of some of the simple compounds of carbon, such as carbon dioxide, which are frequently classified as inorganic.

Front 97

Thermoplastic?

Back 97

Thermoplastic means a material capable of being repeatedly softened by increases in temperature and hardened by decreases in temperature. Thermoplastics are those materials whose change upon heating is substantially physical rather than chemical. Examples: nylons, polycarbonates, acetals, polysulfones, and vinyls.

Front 98

Thermoset?

Back 98

Thermoset means a material, such as an epoxy or polyester resin, which has the property of undergoing a chemical reaction by the action of heat, catalyst, ultraviolet light, etc to become a relatively insoluble and infusible substance. Once hardened, they will decompose rather than melt.

Front 99

Brittle?

Back 99

Brittle means a material, such as an epoxy or polyester resin, which has the property of undergoing a chemical reaction by the action of heat, catalyst, ultraviolet light, etc. to become a relatively insoluble and infusible substance. They develop a well-bonded three-dimensional structure upon curing. Once hardened or cross-linked, they will decompose rather than melt.

Front 100

Density

Back 100

Density is a mathematical expression of Mass per unit volume.

Front 101

Ductility

Back 101

Ductility is the property of materials that will undergo plastic deformation or elongation of more than 5% before fracture.

Front 102

Fatigue

Back 102

Fatigue is the failure or decay of mechanical properties after repeated applications of stress. Fatigue tests give information on the ability of a material to resist the development of cracks (which eventually bring about failure) as a result of a large number of cycles.

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Force?

Back 103

Force is a push or pull exerted by one object on another.

Front 104

Fracture?

Back 104

Fracture is the act or process of breaking or the state of being broken.

Front 105

Hardness?

Back 105

Hardness is the measure of a materials resistance to deformation by surface indentation or by abrasion.

Front 106

Load?

Back 106

Load means a force applied to an object.

Front 107

Optical?

Back 107

Optical means of or relating to the science of optics or vision.

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Porosity?

Back 108

Porosity means the quality or state of being porous; the ratio of the volume or interstices of a material to the volume of its mass.

Front 109

Tensile?

Back 109

Tensile means of or relating to tension; a tensile force is a force that serves to stretch, expand, or lengthen an object.

Front 110

Toughness?

Back 110

Toughness means the energy required to break a material, which is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve. The toughest materials are those with very great elongations to break accompanied by high tensile strengths such materials nearly always have yield points.

Front 111

Abrading?

Back 111

Abrading means the process of removing material by applying friction.

Front 112

Annealing?

Back 112

Annealing means the process of softening metal for improved machinability or cold working by heating it to its critical temperature, holding it there until the temperature is uniform, then cooling it slowly at a controlled rate.

Front 113

Broaching?

Back 113

Broaching means a precision machining process used to change the shape of a hole into another shape (eg a square or keyhole) a broach is used to do this.

Front 114

Casting?

Back 114

Casting means the process of producing an object by pouring a heated liquid material into a mold and allowing it to solidfy by cooling.

Front 115

Counter Bore?

Back 115

Counter Bore is a larger drilled hole concentric with a smaller diameter hole. The larger hole is not as deep as the smaller hole.

Front 116

Counter Sink?

Back 116

Counter Sink is a beveled or conical surface at the top of a drilled hole for the purpose of accepting a bolt head.

Front 117

Drilling?

Back 117

Drilling is a matching process to produce a hole.

Front 118

Extrusion?

Back 118

Extrusion is a forming process which uses force material through a die to give it a specific cross sectional shape.

Front 119

Ferrite?

Back 119

Ferrite means any of several magnetic substances that consist essentially of ferric oxide combined with the oxides of one or more metals (as manganese, nickel, or zinc), have high magnetic permeability and high electrical resistivity, and are used especially in electronic devices

Front 120

Finishing?

Back 120

Finishing is the final processes applied during the production or a part (examples include coating, de-burning, blast finishing, coloring, cleaning).

Front 121

Forging?

Back 121

Forging is the working of a piece of metal into a predetermined shape by applying pressure or impact blows. Forging increases the strength of a part by compressing and aligning the surface to the shape of the die.

Front 122

Hardening?

Back 122

Hardening is the process by which a piece of metal is hardened by heating it to or above the critical temperature than cooling it rapidly, usually by quenching in an oil or water solution.

Front 123

Knurling?

Back 123

Knurling is the process of impressing a diamond or straight line pattern on a material for the purpose of improving the appearance or providing a gripping surface.

Front 124

Lathe?

Back 124

Lathe is a machine tool in which the work material is rotated around a fixed horizontal axis and cut by a tool that is mounted on a movable carriage.

Front 125

Milling?

Back 125

Milling is a process of cutting or material removal, which combines a rotating cutter and a traversing worktable allowing for processes such as slotting, facing and pocketing.

Front 126

Quenching?

Back 126

Quenching is in the heat-treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties, most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.

Front 127

Rolling?

Back 127

Rolling is a process in wihch a heated or cold material is passed between rollers, squeezing it into various shapes and thickness. Some applications include rods, bars, sheet, plates and foils.

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Tapping?

Back 128

Tapping is the process of cutting an internal thread using a tap.

Front 129

Tempering?

Back 129

Tempering is a heat treating process that reduces the brittlleness of a hardened piece of steel by heating it to a point below the critical temperature and cooling it at any rate.

Front 130

Turning?

Back 130

Turning is using a lathe.

Front 131

Accuracy?

Back 131

Accuracy is the degree of conformity of a measure to a standard value.

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Deviation?

Back 132

Deviation is the difference between the actual measurements of a product and the design specifications.

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Mean?

Back 133

Mean is the arithmetic average of a sample of measurements.

Front 134

Median?

Back 134

Median is the middle value in a rank order data sample. Half the values will be greater and half the values will be less than the median.

Front 135

Micrometer?

Back 135

Micrometer is a precision measuring instrument, which uses a precision screw and a graduated scale.

Front 136

Normal Distribution?

Back 136

Normal Distribution is a statistical curve that is bell shaped and shows the frequency distribution for measured data.

Front 137

Quality Assurance?

Back 137

Quality Assurance is the use of quality control techniques associated with a process.

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Quality Control?

Back 138

Quality Control is the prevention of bad parts by the use of statistical techniques.

Front 139

Standard Deviation?

Back 139

Standard Deviation is a mathematical measure of the spread in a data sample symbol.

Front 140

Tolerance?

Back 140

Tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum dimensions allowed within the design of a product.

Front 141

Caliper?

Back 141

Caliper is any of various measuring instruments having two usually adjustable arms, legs or jaws used especially to measure diameter or thickness- "a pair of calipers"

Front 142

Axial Force?

Back 142

Axial Force is force aligned along the central axis of a material.

Front 143

Elastic Modulus?

Back 143

Elastic Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain when deformation is totally elastic, also a measure of the stiffness of a material.

Front 144

Necking?

Back 144

Necking is reduction of the cross-sectional area of a material in a localized area caused by uniaxial tension.

Front 145

Torsion?

Back 145

Torsion is the twisting or wrenching of a body by the exertion of forces tending to turn one end or part about a longitudinal axis while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction.

Front 146

Ultimate Strength?

Back 146

Ultimate Strength is the maximum stress a material withstands prior to necking.

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Assembly

Back 147

Assembly means consisting of individual parts fitted together to create a final product.

Front 148

Case Study

Back 148

Case Study is a broad based analysis of an engineering problem.

Front 149

Failure?

Back 149

Failure is a fracturing or otherwise not performing due to stress or outside events.

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Liability?

Back 150

Liability is having legal responsibility for the failure of a product.

Front 151

MTBF?

Back 151

MTBF is Mean Time Between Failure. The average time of operation before a device is likely to fail. This is a statistical value based on testing of representative samples of the product.

Front 152

probability?

Back 152

Probability is the system of mathematics that assigns odds or the chances of an event occurring.

Front 153

Reliability?

Back 153

Reliability is the probability of satisfactory operation of the product in a given environment over a specified time interval.

Front 154

Modeling Process?

Back 154

Modeling Process is the process of creating a solid, mathematical or other representation for the purpose of conducting a test.

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Acceleration?

Back 155

Acceleration exists when the velocity of an particle changes with time.

Front 156

Displacement?

Back 156

Displacement is the movement of an object through a distance.

Front 157

Gravity?

Back 157

Gravity is a fundamental physical force between any two objects in the universe, as applied to the earth, the force that is responsible for the weight of objects.

Front 158

Law of Gravitation?

Back 158

Law of Gravitation governs the mutual attraction between bodies.

Front 159

Velocity?

Back 159

Velocity is the ratio of the displacement of a particle and the time interval.

Front 160

Free Fall

Back 160

Free Fall is where an object moves freely under the influence of gravity.

Front 161

Maximum Height?

Back 161

Maximum Height means in the parabolic curve, a projectile travels the greatest elevation the particle obtains occurs at the horizontal coordinate of the Range/2.

Front 162

Projectile Motion?

Back 162

Projectile Motion is the motion of objects launched in space with negligible air resistance.

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Range?

Back 163

Range means a) the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile. b) the difference between the largest and smallest piece of numerical data.

Front 164

Scalar Quantity?

Back 164

Scalar quantity is a quantity that can be described by magnitude only, answers the question how much? Example, mass, time.

Front 165

Vector quantity?

Back 165

Vector quantity means a quantity that must be described by both magnitude and direction: answers the questions how much? and which way? Examples: velocity, force.