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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Modeling
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Observing the action of others
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Self-Regulation Skills
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The ability to think and solve problems without the help of others
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Differentiated Instruction
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An approach to teaching that adapts the content, level, pace, and products of instruction to accommodate different needs of diverse students in regular classes
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Scaffolding
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Support for learning and problem solving; might include clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow independent as a learner
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Coaching
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You can demonstrate positive social skills, explain why the skills are important, provide opportunities for practice, and give follow-up feedback
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Content Knowledge
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The "what" of teaching
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Pedagogy
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The study of teaching and learning with applications to the instructional process
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Intentional teachers
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Teachers do things for a reason or purpose
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Teacher efficacy
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Teachers believe that what he does makes a difference
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Three types of research methods used to collect data to form foundation for educational psychology
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1. Descriptive research
2. Correlational research 3. Experimental research |
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Descriptive research
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Attends to describe something: it does not look for relationships between variables
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Types of descriptive research
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1. Observation
2. Interviews or questionnaires 3. Standardized tests 4. Case studies 5. Enthographic studies |
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Types of observation
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1. Laboratory
2. Naturalistic 3. Participant observation |
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Naturalist observation
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Behavior observed in the real world, for example: a researcher observed at a science museum and determined that parents engaged boys more than girls regarding science exhibits
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Participant observation
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Researcher becomes an active part of the research environment. For example the classroom teacher observes and monitors students' behavior to consider how to improve it
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Ethnographic studies
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In-depth description and interpretation of behavior in specific ethnic or cultural group
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Correlational research
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Attempts to determine whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more variables
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Types of correlational research
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1. Positive correlation
2. Negative correlation 3. Uncorrelated variables |
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Positive correlation
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Hi, high or low, low
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Negative correlation
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Hi, low or low, high
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Uncorrelated variables
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No pattern
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Action research
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Purpose is to solve practical problems through application of scientific method- concerned with local problem and is conducted in local setting
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Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner
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Believed behavior is the result of what is learned from experience
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Bandura and Social Learning Theory
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Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observing others
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Jerome Bruner
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The aim of education should be to create autonomous learning: learning to learn
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Bruner's three modes of representation
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1. Enactive representation
2. Iconic representation 3. Symbolic representation |
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Enactive representation
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This appears first from 0 to 1 years of age. It involves encoding action based information and storing it in our memory. For example in the form of movement as a muscle memory of baby might remember the action of shaking a rattle
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Iconic representation
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This up years from age 1 to 6 years. This is where information is stored visually in the form of images such as a mental picture in the mind's eye. For some this is conscious; others say they don't experience. This may explain why, when we are learning a new subject, it is often helpful that diagrams are illustrations to accompany verbal information
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Symbolic representation
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This develops last from age seven and on words. This is where information is stored in the form of a code or symbol, such as language. This is the most adaptable bowl form of representation, for actions and images have a fix to relation to what they represent. Dog is a symbolic representation of a single class
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Spiral curriculum (Bruner)
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Curriculum in which a subject matter is presented over a number of grades with increasingly complexity and abstraction
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John Dewey
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Favored the child center curriculum in which learning came through experience, not rote memorization. The problem solving method and was the preferred approach and motivation was the center of the learning process. The goal of education was to promote individual growth and to prepare the child for full participation in a democratic society.
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John Dewey
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The child should be viewed as a total organism and that education is most effective when it considers not only the intellectual but also the social, emotional, and physical needs of the child.
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Erik Erikson
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Coined the psychological stages of development
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Erickson's eight stages of psychological development
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1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Doubt 3. Initiative v. Guilt 4. Industry v. Inferiority 5. Identity v. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy v. Isolation 7. Generativity v. Self Absorption 8. Integrity v. Despair |
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Stage 1 Trust v. Mistrust
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Birth to 18 months, goal of infancy is to develop a basic trust in the world
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Stage 2. Autonomy v. Doubt
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18 months to three years, children want to do things for themselves but still need parental support
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Stage 3. Initiative v. Guilt
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The 3 to 6 years, maturing motor and language skills increase opportunity's for children to explore new social and physical environments
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Stage 4. Industry v. Inferiority
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6 to 12 years, child has a desire to create and feel good about his abilities
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Stage 5. Identity v. Role Confusion
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12 to 18 years, to answer the question " Who am I?"
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Stage 6. Intimacy v. Isolation
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Young adulthood, beginning to want to share their life with another person
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Stage 7. Generativity v. Self Absorption
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Middle adulthood, interest in establishing in guiding the next generation
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Stage 8. Integrity v. Despair
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Late adulthood, to feel good about one's own life
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John Piaget
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Review children as active organisms, view child development from perspective of mind he was that cognitive psychologists
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Piaget's theory of development represents:
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Constructivism
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Piaget's four stages
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1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational stage 3. Concrete operational stage 4. The formal operational stage |
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Sensorimotor
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Birth to two years, children are exploring the world with fences and motor skills
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Object permanence
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Reality that objects exist, even if baking at the scene
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Preoperational stage
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2 to 4 years, children are learning to represent things in their mind
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Conservation
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Two alike containers A and B contain the same amount of milk: when milk is poured in from container a to a different shape its container C is the amount of milk still the same?
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centration
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Children only focus on one aspect, ignoring other relevant factors
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Concrete operational stage
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7 to 11 years, in familiar situations, children are able to form concepts, see relationships, and classify objects, and solve problems
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Formal operational stage
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11 to adulthood, child is able to think abstractly, consider hypothetical situations, and reason and logically
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According to Piaget
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Development precedes a learning
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Lev Vygotsky
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Work based on value and importance of social interaction and cultural contexts, believing continuous development
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Vygotsky: ___ is key to child development
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Social interaction
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Vygotsky: Values of the role of _____
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cultural context
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Sign Systems
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Unique attributes that help people think, communicate, and solve problems
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Three types of signs systems
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1. Language
2. Writing system 3. Counting system |
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Vygotsky: _____ precedes ____
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Learning proceeds development
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Vygotsky: scaffolding should occur when a child is in _____
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Zone of proximal development
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Zone of proximal development
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A teachable moment
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Two types of diversity
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1. Cultural
2. Intellectual |
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Four types of cultural diversity
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1. Race
2. Nationality 3. Culture 4. Ethnicity |
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Race
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Refers to a broad group of individuals who are characterized by sharing same visible genetic characteristics
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Nationality
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Political identity, refers to a location where one has a official citizenship
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Culture
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Refers to shared and norms, traditions, behaviors, language, perceptions of a group.
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Ethnicity
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Identify by shared sense of identity such as a common place of origin, religion, or race
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ethnocentrism
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Idea that one sculpture is better than another culture
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Cultural pluralism
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Promotes diversity, respects individual culture
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Socioeconomic status (SES)
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Defines a social class of a person. It is most often used when describing income and education
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Howard Gardner
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Came up with a theory of multiple intelligence that implies that concepts should be taught in a variety of ways that calls on many types of intelligence
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Gardner's eight multiple intelligences
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1. Linguistic/ verbal
2. Logical/mathematical 3. Musical/rhythmic 4. Spatial/visual 5. Bodily/kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Interpersonal 8. Interpersonal 9. Existential ** |
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Linguistic/ verbal
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Ability to understand and use spoken and written communication
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Logical/mathematical
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The ability to understand and use logic and numerical symbols and operations
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Musical/rhythmic
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Ability to understand and use such concepts as rhythm, pitch, melody, and harmony
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Spatial/visual
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Ability to orient and manipulate three dimensional space
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Bodily/ kinesthetic
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Ability to coordinate physical movement
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Naturalistic
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Ability to distinguish and categorize objects or phenomena in nature
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Interpersonal
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Ability to understand and interact well with other people
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Intrapersonal
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Ability to understand and use one's thoughts, feelings, preferences, and interests
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Existential
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Ability to contemplate phenomena or questions beyond a sensory data, such as the infinite and infinitesimal
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Behavioral view of learning
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Change and individual caused by experience
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Development
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Change that result from a combination of maturation and learning
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Behavioral learning
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Focuses on ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant consequences of behavior changes the individuals behavior over time
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Stimuli
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Environmental conditions that voluntarily or involuntarily activate senses
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Two behavioral learning theorists
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1. Ivan Pavlov
2. B. F. Skinner |
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Skinner
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Best known for operate conditioning
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Operate conditioning
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The use a pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control a occurrence of behavior. If focuses on relationship between behavior and consequences
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Proactive
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We are responsible for own actions
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Reactive
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Decisions our product of our environment
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Pavlov
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Best known for classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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Idea of controlling behavior by substituting one substance for another. An individual learns to produce involuntary emotional or psychological response similar to an instinctive response
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______ is critical to learning
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Background information
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Plasticity
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Determines how well the brain changes its own structure
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Problem based learning
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Provide problems for students to solve
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Teaching conceptually
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To teach the big picture
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Perception
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A person's interpretation of stimuli
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Working memory can hold up to ____ to ___ pieces of information
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5 to 9
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Sensory register
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Receives large amounts of information from each of the senses
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Three divisions of long-term memory
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1. Episodic memory
2. Semantic memory 3. Procedural memory |
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Episodic memory
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Flashbulb memory: stores images of our personal experiences
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Semantic memory
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Memory organized in networks of connected ideas or relationship
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Procedural memory
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A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills
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Learning Probe
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Method that helps teachers find out whether students understand a lesson
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formative evaluations
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evaluations designed to determine whether an additional instruction is needed
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Summative evaluations
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The final evaluations of student achievement of an objective
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Norm-referenced interpretations
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Assessment that compare the performance of one student against the performance of others
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Criterion-referenced interpretation
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Assessments their rate how thoroughly students have mastered specific skills or areas of knowledge
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Portfolio assessment
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Assessment of a collection of the students work to show growth, self-reflection, and achievement
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Performance assessment
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Assessment of student ability to perform tasks in a real life context rather than just showing knowledge also called an authentic assessment
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Aptitude test
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The test designed to measure general abilities and to predict future performance
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Achievement test
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A standardized test measuring how much students have learned in a given contact
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Intelligence
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General aptitude for learning, often measured by ability to deal with abstractions and to solve problems
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Scope
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How much you're going to teach of a subject over the course of a semester or your
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Sequence
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The order you're going to teach the lessons and
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The constructivist approach
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An approach focusing on a student's performance and understanding instead of the measurement of skills and knowledge
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cognitive dissonance
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Refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance
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Cognitive learning theory
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An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
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Scheme
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Group of similar actions of thoughts
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adaptation
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Through continued exploration, the child attends to adapt new information to existing schemes
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Processes of adaptation
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Assimilation v. Accomodation
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Assimilation
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The new information fit into the existing scheme
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Accommodation
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A curse when a child is not able to fit new object with existing scheme. The a new scheme will be developed.
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Disequilibrium
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When new situation does not fit in existing scheme
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Equilibrium
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Practice of restoring balance between present understanding and a new experience
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Socratic method
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A teaching method in the form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas
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Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
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In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning hypothetical situations that require a person to consider values of right and wrong
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Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
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Physical consequences of action to terminate the goodness or badness
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Stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation
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What is right is what ever satisfies one's own it needs and occasionally the needs of others. And elements of fairness and reciprocity are present, but they are mostly interpreted in a " you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" fashion
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Stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation
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Good behavior is what ever pleases or helps others and is approved of by them. One earns approval by being nice.
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Stage 4: law and order orientation
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Wright is doing one to duty, showing respect for authority, and maintaining been given social order for its own sake
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Stage 5: social contract orientation
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What is right is defined in terms of general individual right and in term of standards that have been are green upon by the whole society. Rules are not frozen, they can be changed for the good of society
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Stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation
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What is right is defined by decision of conscience according to sell chosen ethical principles. These principles are abstract and ethical
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Blooms taxonomy
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A classification of learning objectives within education. It is a multi tiered a model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity
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Knowledge: Recalling information.
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the lowest level of objectives and blooms hierarchy, knowledge of first two objects and it's such as memorizing math facts are formulas, scientific principles, or verb conjugation.
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Comprehension: translating, interpreting, or extrapolating information
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comprehension objectives require the students show an understanding of information as well as the ability to use it. Examples include interpreting the meaning of a diagram, graphs, or parable; in fern the principle underlying a science experiment; are predicting what might happen next in the story
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Application: using principles or obstructions to solve novel or real life problems
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Application objectives require students to use knowledge or principles to solve practical problems. Examples include using geometric principles to figure out how many gallons of water to put into a swimming pool of give and dimensions or using knowledge of the relationship between temperature and pressure to explain why a balloon is larger on a hot day than a cold day
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Analysis: breaking down complex information or ideas into simpler parts to understand how the parts relate or are organized
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Analysis objectives require students to see the underlying structure of complex information or ideas. Examples of analysis objectives include contrasting school in the United States with education in Japan, understanding how the functions of the carburetor and distributor are placed in an automobile engine, or identifying the main idea of a short story.
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Synthesis: the creation of something that did not exist before
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When synthesis of objectives involve using skills to create completely new products. Examples include writing a composition, deriving a mathematical will, designing a science experiment to solve a problem, or making up a new sentence in a foreign language.
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Evaluation: judging something against a given standard
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Evaluation objectives require making value judgments against some criteria under standard. For example, students might be asked to compare the shrink the weaknesses of two home computers in terms of flexibility, power, and available software.
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self efficacy
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Albert Bandura suggested that self efficacy is a measure of one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. It plays a role in how we think, feel, and behave.
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The transfer of learning
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The application of knowledge acquired in one situation to new situations
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Schemata
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And mental networks of related concepts that influence understanding of new information; the singular a schema
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The schema theory
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The theory stating the information is stored and long term memory in schemata, which provide a structure for making sense of new information
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Metacognition
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Knowledge about one's own learning or about how they learn. It is thinking about thinking.
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Metacognitive skills
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Magnets for learning, studying, or solving problems.
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Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
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Zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, appropriate education, least restrictive environment, procedural due process, and parental and student participation
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Americans with disabilities act (ADA)
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The ADA is similar to Section 504, it prohibits discrimination solely on the basis of disability in education, employment, and other sectors of American life.
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Section 504, rehabilitation act
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Section 504 is an amendment to the Rehabilitation Act. Section 504 provides that no otherwise qualified individual with a disability shall, solely by reason of the disability, be discriminated against in certain realms of American life. Section 504 applies to any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
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