Pls 544 - Government And Politics Of The Middle East - Midterm Study Guide

Front 1

Bedouins

Back 1

Arab nomads, means "desert dweller" in Arabic, often known for their military prowess and fierce independence

Front 2

suq

Back 2

An Arab marketplace or bazaar

Front 3

Shia

Back 3

"party of Ali", minority, found mostly in Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and India

Largest branch is Twelver Shia

Front 4

Sunni

Back 4

supporters of Abu Baker, the father in law of Muhammad, majority, "orthodox" Islam

Front 5

wajh

Back 5

group honor, "face"

Front 6

mosque

Back 6

Muslim place of worship, center of religious but also political life due to Islam's ties between religion and civic life

Front 7

shahada

Back 7

profession of faith in Islam, Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his profit, 1st Pillar of Islam

Front 8

Kaaba

Back 8

black cube building at the center of the mosque at Mecca, formerly housed idols of various tribes in pre-Islamic times

Front 9

imam

Back 9

Islamic leadership position, most commonly the leader of worship at a mosque for Sunnis; in Shia Imam is a leader anointed by God and free of sin

Front 10

5 Pillars of Islam

Back 10

1) shahada: profession of faith

2) salat: prayer 5 times a day

3) zakat: alms-giving

4) swam: fasting during Ramadan

5) hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

Front 11

zakat

Back 11

almsgiving, 3rd Pillar of Islam

Front 12

sadaqa

Back 12

voluntary zakat

Front 13

Ramadan

Back 13

holy month of fasting, introspection and prayer

Based on a lunar calendar so the month moves

Front 14

hajj (hajji)

Back 14

pilgrimage to Mecca, 5th Pillar of Islam

Front 15

Koran

Back 15

sacred text of Islam, the literal word of God as revealed to his final prophet Muhammad

Front 16

suras

Back 16

chapters in the Koran

Front 17

hadith

Back 17

collection of sayings and practices attributed to the prophet; each has a lineage of how the information was passed on from Muhammad, so shorter and more direct lineages are considered to be more reliable hadith

Front 18

Sharia

Back 18

law of Islam guiding moral conduct and most every situation faced in life, based on the Koran and hadith

Front 19

ulema

Back 19

Islamic scholars taught to interpret Sharia law; often they are imams.

They are not priests (intermediaries between God and the people) but legal scholars, taught in madrasahs

Front 20

umma

Back 20

Arabic word meaning "nation" or "community", the Islamic nation or the community of all Islamic people; the word both means "nation" in Arabic and more specifically all Muslims in the context of Islam

Front 21

Quraish

Back 21

Muhammad's tribe, controllers of Mecca and the Kaaba

Front 22

hijra

Back 22

the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later renamed by him to Medina) in 622

Front 23

jihad

Back 23

Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion. In Arabic, the word jihād is a noun meaning "to strive, to apply oneself, to struggle, to persevere."

Has been interpreted as a holy war demanding direct violent action, and in Suffi (mystical) Islam as the inner quest for enlightenment

Front 24

djimmi

Back 24

literally "protected person" in Arabic, non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state, protected so long as they pay the "jizya" tax

Front 25

caliphs

Back 25

a person considered a political and religious successor of Muhammad and leader of the entire Muslim community

Front 26

Raddah Wars

Back 26

Wars of Apostasy, led by 1st Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes after death of Muhammad

Front 27

Rashidun Empire

Back 27

the collective term comprising the first four caliphs—the "Rightly Guided" or Rashidun caliphs

Front 28

Umayyad Empire

Back 28

the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad

Centered around Umayyad family dynasty which first came to power under 3rd Caliph Uthman, but was founded after the 1st Muslim Civil War by Muawiya

Front 29

Abbasid Empire

Back 29

the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name

Front 30

Ottoman Empire

Back 30

4th major caliphate, Turkey, founded in 129 by Osman 1, overthrew the Byzantines and took Constantinople

Front 31

ghazis

Back 31

Muslim warrior or champion, honorific title; specifically one who fights for the religion

Front 32

Janissaries

Back 32

a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.

Front 33

millets

Back 33

djimmi courts under the Ottoman empire;

a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own system

Front 34

Mameluks

Back 34

slave warriors

Front 35

Sufism

Back 35

the inner mystical dimension of Islam, divided into tariqhs

Front 36

madrasah

Back 36

Islamic schools to teach ulema scholars

Front 37

fiqh

Back 37

different schools of thought on Sharia

Front 38

waqf

Back 38

an Islamic endowment, often supporting madrasahs

Front 39

Mahdi

Back 39

The prophesied redeemer in Islam

For Sunnis, the Mahdi is Muhammad's successor who is yet to come. For most Shia Muslims, the Mahdi was born but disappeared and will remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world, a doctrine known as the Occultation. For Twelver Shia, this "hidden Imam" isMuhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam.

Front 40

Ismailis

Back 40

a

Front 41

Muharram

Back 41

a

Front 42

tariqh

Back 42

a

Front 43

pirs

Back 43

a

Front 44

Qarmatians

Back 44

a

Front 45

Muwahhidum (Wahhabi)

Back 45

a

Front 46

Tanzimat

Back 46

a

Front 47

Muhammad Ali

Back 47

a

Front 48

fellahin

Back 48

a

Front 49

Maronites

Back 49

a

Front 50

Druze

Back 50

a

Front 51

Sanussi

Back 51

a

Front 52

Najd

Back 52

a

Front 53

mujtahids

Back 53

a

Front 54

al-Afghani

Back 54

a

Front 55

Ibn Kaldouhn

Back 55

a

Front 56

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs

Back 56

a

Front 57

Abu Bakr

Back 57

a

Front 58

Umar

Back 58

a

Front 59

Uthman

Back 59

a

Front 60

Ali

Back 60

a

Front 61

salah

Back 61

a

Front 62

sawm

Back 62

a

Front 63

hudna

Back 63

a

Front 64

Jahliya

Back 64

a

Front 65

jizya

Back 65

a

Front 66

Fatamids

Back 66

a

Front 67

Ayubid

Back 67

a

Front 68

Andalusia (Moors)

Back 68

a

Front 69

Safavid

Back 69

a

Front 70

Afsharid

Back 70

a

Front 71

Zand

Back 71

a

Front 72

Qajar

Back 72

a

Front 73

Pahlavi

Back 73

a

Front 74

Max Vaber's pyramid

Back 74

a

Front 75

3 approaches to understanding colonialism

Back 75

modernization, Marxist, dependency

Front 76

McMahon-Hussein Correspondence

Back 76

a

Front 77

Balfour Declaration

Back 77

a

Front 78

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Back 78

a

Front 79

Irgun

Back 79

a

Front 80

LEHI

Back 80

a

Front 81

Hamas

Back 81

a

Front 82

Zionism

Back 82

a

Front 83

ashkenazi

Back 83

a

Front 84

sephardic

Back 84

a

Front 85

Aliya

Back 85

a

Front 86

Peel Commission

Back 86

a

Front 87

British mandatory Palestine

Back 87

a

Front 88

UN Partition Plan

Back 88

a

Front 89

Arab-Israeli War

Back 89

a

Front 90

Suez War

Back 90

a

Front 91

Six Day War

Back 91

a

Front 92

War of Attrition

Back 92

a

Front 93

Fatah

Back 93

a

Front 94

Yasser Arafat

Back 94

a

Front 95

Palestinian Liberation Organization

Back 95

a

Front 96

Black September

Back 96

a

Front 97

YomKippur War / Ramadan War / October War

Back 97

a

Front 98

1st Intifada

Back 98

a

Front 99

Oslo Accords

Back 99

a

Front 100

Yitzhak Rabin

Back 100

a

Front 101

2nd Intifada

Back 101

a

Front 102

Tabaa negotiations

Back 102

a

Front 103

Ariel Sharon

Back 103

a

Front 104

order of major Muslim empires

Back 104

a