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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 parts on the question checklist? |
1. Does the question analyze a relationship? 2. Is the question positive, as opposed to normative? 3. Could you collect data to answer your question? |
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What does it mean for science to be falsifiable? |
Hypothesis can be in principle rejected in the face of contravening empirical evidence. |
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What does it mean for science to be transmissible? |
The methods used in making scientific discoveries must be made explicit for replication |
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What does it mean for science to be cumulative? |
Both substantive findings and research techniques are built upon prior studies |
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What does it mean for science to be generalizable? |
Knowledge should be applicable to many cases not just a select few |
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What does it mean for science to be explanatory? |
It provides a systematic, empirically verified understanding of why a phenomenon occurs |
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What does it mean for science to be predictive? |
Scientific explanation can lead to accurate predictions |
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What does it mean for science to be parsimonious? |
Ockham's razor.....explain as much as possible with as little as possible. Make your explanations simple. |
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What does the proximity theory of electoral choice claim? |
People vote for the candidate that they are "closer" to in party affiliation. |
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Why do we research variables and not constants? |
We want concepts to vary so we can explain why they change. Constants do not change, where variable vary or change often. |
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What are 3 claims if X causes Y? |
1. The 2 co-vary. A change in one produces a change in the other. 2. Temporal Precedence- A change in the IV (X) precedes a change in the DV (Y) 3. Direct relationship- covariation between X and Y is not a coincidence
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What makes a good hypothesis? |
It is an empirical statement, generality, plausible, and falsifiable/ testable. |
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What are the 2 types of relationships between 2 variables? |
1. Direct relationship: More X=More Y 2. Inverse relationship: More X=Less Y |
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What is cross-level analysis?
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Using data collected for one unit of analysis to make inferences about another unit of analysis.
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The words we choose to describe behaviors and attributions are called _______ |
Concepts |
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What does operationalization mean for measurement and data collection? |
Process of deciding how to measure the presence, absence or amount of relevant concepts in the real world. |
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What does the American National Election Study focus on? |
What party identification are you? |
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What can inaccurate measurements lead to? |
Erroneous conclusions. |
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What is reliability in terms of measurement and data? |
Producing the same results on repeated trials. |
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What is validity in terms of measurement and data? |
Getting the "right" answer on repeated trials. |
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What are the four levels of precise measurement? |
1.Nominal 2. Ordinal 3.Interval 4. Ratio
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What is Nominally precise measurement? |
Values assigned to a variable represent only different categories or classification. Example: Religion, Gender, Major
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What is Ordinally precise measurement? |
Observations can be compared in terms of having more or less of a particular attribute. Example: Income or Level of education |
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What is an Interval precise measurement? |
The intervals between categories or values assigned to observations do have meaning. Example: Dates and Temperature The value is important in how much larger/smaller |
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What is a ratio precise measurement? |
Has full mathematical properties of numbers. Example: 0 represents an amount. Is different from interval because 0 represents a degree of temperature but can't represent a date. |
