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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four protozoa that cause malaria?
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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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Which of the malaria causing agents is the most serious?
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P. falciparum
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What is the definitive host of the plasmodium and how are they transferred to humans?
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The definitive host is the mosquito, which transfers the infection to humans upon biting
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Which species of plasmodium cause malaria which is capable of relapse?
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vivax and ovale
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Where do the plasmodium live inside the human host?
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They can live in both the RBC and the liver hepatocyte
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Describe the clinical manifestations of malaria
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Splenomegaly, periodic shaking chills followed with spiking fevers, sweats, anorexia and joint pain
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Describe the infection cycle of plasmodium
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Mosquitoes inject sporozoites into the blood which travel to the liver and infect hepatocytes, where they develop into merozoites; merozoites are released into the bloodstream, infecting RBCs; RBCs eventually lyse and release gametocytes, which are picked up by mosquitoes
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What are some of the severe infectious sequelae of falciparum malaria?
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Pulmonary and renal dysfunction, neurological symptoms, severe anemia, ARDS
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How is falciparum able to be diagnosed on blood smear?
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It will show double ringed structures inside of the RBCs
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Individuals lacking what blood group antigen are resistant to P. vivax?
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Duffy antigen
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What ages of RBCs do each Plasmodium species infect?
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Falciparum = all ages; vivax = young, large RBCs; ovale = young RBCs; malariae = old, small RBCs
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What are the clinical symptoms of babesiosis?
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Similar to malaria; flu-like with fever, night sweats, headache, and hemolytic anemia in severe disease
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How do you differentiate between babesiosis and malaria?
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The ring forms of babesia lack pigment and occasionally form Maltese crosses
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How is babesia generally transmitted and where is it commonly found?
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It is transmitted by ticks and is endemic to Massachusetts
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What is the most common cause of filariasis?
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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How is wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?
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Mosquitoes
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What are the major clinical symptoms of filariasis?
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lymphatic obstruction and dysfunction that leads to elephantiasis
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What is the infective stage of wucheria bancrofti?
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The microfilaria
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How is a wucheria bancrofti infection diagnosed?
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Observation of the microfilaria in the blood
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How can you distinguish between the microfilaria and the larval forms of wucheria bancrofti?
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The microfilaria have an outer sheath and the larvae do not
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What are the different forms of leishmania?
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Amastigote, kinetoplast, and promastigote
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What is the insect vector for leishmania?
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The sandfly
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Describe the lifecycle of leishmania
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The sandfly injects the promastigote into the human which is phagocytosed by the macrophages and develops into the amastigotes
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What is the most common disease manifestations of leishmaniasis
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Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral
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What is the best treatment for leishmaniasis?
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Amphoteracin B
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What is kala azar?
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Visceral Leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani
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What are donovan bodies?
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The amastigote of leishmania
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