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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems/roots?
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Stems-scattered
Roots-prominent endodermis xylem in ring in center |
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How are vascular bundles arranged in dicot stems/roots?
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Stems-ring
Root-xylem forms "x" in the center |
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What is the importance of a cuticle?
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To prevent the loss of water.
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What does xylem carry and where does it carry it?
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Water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
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What does phloem carry and where does it carry it?
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Sugars in any direction
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What are stomata? Where are they mostly found?
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They are pores on the underside of a leaf that aid in gas exchange.
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Why are leaves green?
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Because they contain chlorophyll a which reflect green light
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What is an example of an endergonic reaction?
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Photosynthesis
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What is an example of an exergonic reaction?
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Cellular Respiration
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How are endergonic and exergonic reactions linked?
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The energy in cells to run endergonic reactions come from exergonic reactions.
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What is an ATP molecule made up of?
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ribose sugar, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
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List where photosynthesis, light reactions, Calvin cycle, glycolysis, aerobic respiration occur.
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Photosynthesis-chlorophyll
Light reactions-thylakoid Calvin Cycle-stroma glycolysis-cytoplasm aerobic respiration-mitochondrion |
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What is chlorophyll and why is it significant for photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll are light absorbing pigments
-- They absorb the light |
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How is chlorophyll like an enzyme?
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acts like a catalyst
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Chlorophyll...find granum, thylakoids and stroma
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refer to pic
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What are photosystems I and II?
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Clusters of pigments
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What are the 5 steps of the electron transport chain of the light phase?
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1) light excites electrons in chlorophyll a molecules of PSII.
2)electrons move to a primary electron acceptor (ATP is produced) 3) electrons are transferred along a series of molecules called the electron transport chain. 4) light excites electrons in chlorophyll a molecules of PSI. 5) electrons are transferred along a second electron transport chain. |
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What happens at the end of the second electron transport chain?
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electrons combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.
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What is NADP+?
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an organic molecule that accepts electrons
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What is the significance of the splitting of water during the light phase?
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1. Produces electrons for the restoring of photosystem II.
2. Oxygen is released as bypoduct. |
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What is chemiosmosis?
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It is an important part of light reactions where ATP is produced
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How is ATP synthase involved in chemiosmosis?
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It is an enzyme that helps make ATP
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What is the significance of NADPH and ATP for the Calvin cycle?
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NADPH and ATP are what provide energy for the Calvin cycle
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What are the products of the light phase of photosynthesis?
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ATP, NADPH, oxygen gas, H+
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What are the three steps of the Calvin cycle?
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1. CO2 enters stroma and combines with RuBP to form 6-C compound that immediately splits into 2 PGA
2.Each PGA gains phosphate from ATP/NADPH donates electrons to create PGAL. 3. 3 ATP are used to rearrange the 5 remaining PGAL into 3 RuBP. |
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How many molecules of CO2 does it take to produce 1 molecule of PGAL?
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3
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How many ATP and NADPH does it take to produce 1 molecule of PGAL?
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9 ATP
6 NADPH |
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What are the three stages, in order, of cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
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Glycolysis
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2ATP & glucose ---> 2 pyruvic acid & 4 ATP
Net gain of 2 ATP |
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What are the main events of the Krebs cycle?
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--CO2 produced
--Electrons are given off when NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atom --2 ATP produced |
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How is ATP created during the electron transport chain?
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electrons release energy as they move from molecule to molecule down the chain
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How much ATP is produced during the chain?
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34
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How many NET ATP are generated during glycolysis?
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2
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How many NET ATP are generated during the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?
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34
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How many NET ATP are generated during the Krebs cycle?
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2
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How many NET ATP are generated during cellular respiration?
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38
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What does alcoholic fermentation result in the production of?
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ethyl alcohol and CO2
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What type of fermentation takes place in human cells?
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Match--
calvin cycle |
photosynthesis
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Match--
pyruvic acid is broken down with out oxygen |
anaerobic respiration
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Match--
pyruvic acid is formed |
anaerobic respiration and anerobic respiration
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photosystems I and II
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photosynthesis
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lactic acid is formed
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anaerobic respiration
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glucose and oxygen are needed
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aerobic respiration
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occurs in yeast cells when no oxygen is available
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anaerobic respiration
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PGAL is produced
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photosynthesis
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light and dark reactions take place
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photosynthesis
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krebs cycle takes place
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aerobic respiration
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water is split
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photosynthesis
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chemiosmosis takes place
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photosynthesis
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Acetyl CoA is formed
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aerobic respiration
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the basis of bread baking
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anaerobic respiration
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What is this equation for?
6CO2+6H20+light energy---->C6 H12 O6+6O2 |
Photosynthesis
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What is this equation for?
C6 H12 O6+6O2----->6H2O+6CO2+38ATP |
Cellular respiration
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The Krebs cycle begins with _______________
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Acetyl CoA
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During the second stage of the Calvin cycle, PGA gets ________ because it ________ electrons to form PGAL.
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reduced--------gains
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OIL RIG
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Oxidation involves loss
Reduction involves gain |
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What is free energy?
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the energy available to do work
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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chemical reactions that release energy
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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chemical reactions that require a NET input of energy
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What is a redox reaction?
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reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms
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what is a oxidation reaction?
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where a reactant loses one or more electrons, thus becoming more positive in charge
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what is a reduction reaction?
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where a reactant gains one or more electrons, thus becoming more negative in charge
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ATP?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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ADP?
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Adenosine diphosphate
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What is ADP made of?
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adenine, ribose sugar, two phosphate groups
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Photosynthesis consists of two independent pathways called the ___________ reaction and the ___________ cycle.
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light-dependent
calvin |
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What is an accessory pigment?
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they trap wavelengths of light that cannot be absorbed by chlorophyll a and then transfer the energy to chlorophyll a molecules for use in photosynthesis
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What is NADPH+?
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it is an electron acceptor
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NADP+ + 2e- + 2H+ -----> ______
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NADPH
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What happens at the end of the second electron transport chain?
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The electrons combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.
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For each turn of the Calvin cycle (1 PGAL molecule), it takes:
__ CO2 __ ATP __ NADPH |
For one turn of the Calvin cycle it takes 3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
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What is cellular respiration?
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A process by which glucose is broken down to release energy
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What is cellular respiration with oxygen called?
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Aerobic
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Cellular respiration without oxygen?
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Anaerobic
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Which type of process is simpler? Aerobic or anaerobic
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Anaerobic
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Which type of process produces the most energy? Aerobic or anaerobic?
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Aerobic
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What is another name for fermentation?
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Where does Anaerobic respiration occur?
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cytoplasm
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What is the first step of Anaerobic respiration?
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Glycolysis
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Cytoplasm
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What is the equation for Anaerobic Respiration?
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2ATP + glucose -----> 2pyruvic acid molecules + 4ATP
-------------------------------------------- Net gain of 2 ATP |
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When cells use oxygen quicker than it can be delivered to cells, pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid. this is called _______ ______ ____________
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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What happens when lactic acid builds up?
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The cell's cytoplasm becomes acidic and the increased acidity may reduce the capacity of muscles to contract, resulting in muscle fatigue, pain and cramps.
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Aerobic Respiration is followed by ________
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glycolysis
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Where does Aerobic respiration take place?
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Mitochondrion
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