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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an alkaloid?
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it's a combination of C, H, O, and N = poisonous
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Why is there wax in plants?
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to protect from UV rays
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How does it happen that Sorghum plants kill yuou when you eat a young plant?
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epidermis vacuole contains DHURRIN
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How is sugar cane planted?
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propagation? perennial
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what is a gycoside?
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a compund of sugar with another, physiologically active, organic molecule.
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What is a triglyceride?
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a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids
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What's a drupe? give example
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-1 seeded
-thin exocarp -fleshy meso -stony endocarp ex. - plums, cherries, peaches, coconut |
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How is Tempeh made
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1. Cook soybeans
2. inoculate with rhizopus (black bread mold) |
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What's Lecithin?
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a phosphoglyceride; mixed phospholipids and soybean oil (wetting and emulsifying agent, PAM, gum)
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What three oils are simply labeled vegetable oil because they are indistinguishable?
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cottonseed, soybean, palm
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What is important about the discovery of Zea diploperennis?
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it has 20 chromosomes and resistant to insect pests and disease
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What three categories do plants, relating to man's health, fall into?
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-to alter state of mind
-health and nutrition -to injure |
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What is cocoa butter?
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white chocolate is cocoa butter which solidifies to a brittle pale yellow
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How did sweet clover cause the death of cattle?
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it contained dicoumarin (grew in the mold in moldy hay)
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How is fructose obtained from corn?
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by adding an enzyme to the glucose
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How is tofu made?
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1. crush soy beans
2. heat them to near boiling 3. remove resulting liquid (soy milk) 4. coagulate milk with NaCl 5. press curds |
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What is unusual about the flowers from the cocoa tree?
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They are cauliforus?
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Why is soybean an ideal food for vegetarians?
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it's high in protein and it contains essential amino acids.
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Describe a corn plant. WHat does it look like?
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-male inflorence - tassle contains male spiklets dangling from upper floret
-silks, adherent pollen grains extend from pistal to female spiklet in the ear -contains nodes below the ear, have arudementary ears w/ reduced grain set |
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What does digitalis (Foxglove)do as a medicine?
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-heart stimulant, causes stronger contraction, more blood flow (to treat dropsy)
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Where does the cocoa tree grow?
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It only grows 20 degrees above and below the equator.
(Ivory Coast produces 50% of the worlds cocoa) |
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Who was Dioscordies?
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an army surrgeon under Nero, wrote "De Materia Medica" an herbal listing.
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dent corn
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-principal commercial feed
-white or yellow (white is hominy) -hard, horny endospern -found in cornmeal |
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What unusual about the leaves of the cocoa tree?
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double articulation: they can catch light from the canopy
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What is the Doctrine of Signatures?
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developed in the middle ages by Peracelsus; plant remedy
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how is chocolate made?
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-harvested
-seeds are removed from the pulp -fermented in banana leaves or special bins for a week (seeds turn brown, embryo dies=oxidizing tannin to abrown color) -dried to 60% moisture (shipped to market) -roasted @257-284 degrees F in iron drum -nibs are the cotyledons left after roasting -nibs are ground for bitter chocolate |
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besides the ovary, what other tissue make up a fruit?
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-sepal bundle
-petal bundle -floral tube -dorsal and out layer of carpel -endocarp -seeds |
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Name one bark used in medicine
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Fever-Bark Tree
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Why are two sperm present in each grain of pollen?
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double fertilization
-one combines with egg -one combines polar nuclei (making endosperm) |
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Why is raw sugar better for you than white?
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contains iron and protein (white doesn't)
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What determines fruit quality in grapes
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-
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Why is it good advice to eat potatoe skins?
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protein is located next to the skin
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Describe a corn kernal in terms of the tissues found. Where is the oil found?
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-seed coat
-layer of protein under aleurone layer -horny endosperm -starchy endosperm -embryo (oil found here) |
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How is sugar extracted from sugar cane?
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- crushed between rollers 3 or 4 times, and rinsed b/t each press
- lime added to press water to precipitate impurities - filter and evaporate = crystals of raw sugar - raw sugar redissolved in hot water - filtered through charcoal (absorbes impurities) - white sugar |
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what's a berry? give example
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-compound ovary
-all pericarp is flesh except exocarp (skin-like) ex - grapes, bananas, tomatoes |
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What is the difference between macaroni pasta wheat and bread wheat?
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-macaroni wheat - (tetraploid)durum, sticky, starchy
-bread wheat - (hexaploid) contains glutenin and gliadin which trap gas and allow the dough to rise |
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what's a follicle? give example
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-simple pistil
-1 side splits ex - milkweed, magnolias, x-mas rose |
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What is meant by unsaturated fatty acid?
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lots of double bonds b/t the C atoms
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What is unique about the hard covering on a kernel of corn?
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-called caryopsis
-ovary wall and seed coat are fused together |
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How is cassava prepared for eating?
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to rid of linamarin
-peel tuber -pound or shred -soaking/leaching -squeezing |
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How is champagne made
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-
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Why is there a renewed interest in finding wild trees containing this bark?
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malaria parasites are developing resisitence to our synthesized medicine, but not to quanine
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How do you create a blush wine like White Zinfandel?
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leave in the skins
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How is sugar extracted from beets?
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- wash
- slice or shred - diffusion (steep in hot circulating water) - press tissue - precipitate w/ lime - bubbling CO2 to precipitate CaCarbonate (carries down impurities) (- pulp pressed into cake for cattle) |
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What changes take place in fruit as it ripens?
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-starch to sugar
-chlorophyll break down |
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What is Semolina?
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Durum wheat that is more coarsely ground than normal wheat flours, a result that is often obtained by sifting out the finer flour. Most good PASTA is made from semolina.
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What are the three layers of the pericarp?
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exocarp
mesocarp endocarp |
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What's the difference between a fat and an oil?
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fats - solid at room temp
oils - liquid at room temp |
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What is unique about the hard covering on a kernel of corn?
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-called caryopsis
-ovary wall and seed coat are fused together |
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What's the difference between upland and lowland rice?
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- Upland - non-irrigated, or irrigated but not pond flooded
- Lowland - continuously pond flooded |
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List the steps in wine making.
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-(remove skins if white)
-crush grapes, remove seeds used yeast (controlled)for fermentation -clarification in settling vats (takes impurities to the bottom -racking (removes CO2) -aging (in a breathable container like oak) |
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Name the ingredients for "witches ointment"
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mandrake
belladone henbane datura fat of a stillborn |
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Explain the pericarp of a coconut.
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-thin hairy exocarp
-fleshy mesocarp -stony endocarp |
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What are the two by-products of sugar cane?
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molasses and raw sugar
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What is unique about wheat gluten?
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insoluable in water...makes bread dry
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What is a secondary plant product?
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It something that the plant produces that is not essential for its survival, but attracts other organisms, so it will be used
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pod corn
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-kernals enclosed in floral bracts or glumes
-ears covered w/ husks |
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What's unusual about the sugar beet seed?
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as the ovary matures, perianths fuse = several ovaries on a single seed -- "seed ball"
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What problems occued when our N. American grape vine, Vitis labrusca, was introduced to Europe?
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a symbiotic aphid on the root wiped out the native european wine population
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What is the poisonous plant in "witches ointment?"
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mandrake
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What's an achene?
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-small one seeded
-attached to pericarp @only 1 point -PERICARP SEPERATES READILY ex - sunflower seed |
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What is "raw sugar?"
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unrefined sugar
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How is a hybrid corn plant produced?
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-self-fertilized for five generations
-single crossed -double crossed |
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indica vs. japonica rice
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- indica - long, fluffed when cooked
- japonica - short, sticky |
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popcorn
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-excessive horny endosperm
-kernals smaller than dent corn -center of endosperm consists of cells w/ lots of water surrounded by harder drier tissue |
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How are rice seeds treated to be sown in an airplane?
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-soaked
-coated with sticky agent to hold layer of talc -micronutrients -fungicide -herbicide |
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What is an aggregate fruit?
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-many separate pistils
-one flower -many fruitlets ex - raspberry |
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Why is the sweet potatoe a popular crop in Japan?
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typhoon insurance
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Why is high lysine corn an important genetic introduction?
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lysine is an essential amino acid
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How are liquid oils changed to solid for use in margarines?
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hydrogen bonds are added
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flour corn
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-soft endosperm
-very little if any horny endosperm -called soft or squaw corn |
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What's the reason that oil is found in seeds rather than starch?
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Oil contains twice as much energy than starch
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What is a multiple fruit? give example.
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-formed from individual ovaries of several flowers
ex - figs, pineapples |
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What's the biggest problem with growing grapes in Iowa
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herbicide drift
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sweet corn
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-wrinkled translucent seed with much sugar
-more sugar than field corn -eat quickly - sugar starts to turn to starch once picked |