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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 majors increases in productivity from bacteria
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1. different cell parts (packaging DNA in nuclei, waste products, etc) > increased complexity
2. adaptations that exploit new environments: xylem & phloem allow plants to grow on land 3. seeds. pine trees, ginkos, etc. more efficient than spores 4. flowers. wildly successful. stigma (sticky surface) and vessels (allows water to move quickly) are the 2 unique features |
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bacteria
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microscopic cells that blow around in the air, only like to eat certain things
most bacteria like to eat dead things |
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3 different types of bacteria and their appearance
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1. coccus - tiny dots
2. bacillus - lines 3. spirillum - squiggles |
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Clostridium Botulinum
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block neurotransmitters and prevents breathing
all around us 1 gram can kill 14 million people Cant grow in oxygen, so mainly a problem in canned, non acidic foods boil for 10 min to break down neurotoxin WONT GROW: tomatoes, apricots, plums, cherries, apples WILL GROW: beans, asparagus, corn, canned soups, smoked meats |
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Neurotoxin
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food + bacteria
different foods / sustained heat can block the process (also adding salt or vinegar) |
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Inoculation
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easy to do through bacteria, because they will land on something and immediately start eating it
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Prokaryotic organisms
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Most basic types of plants - bacteria and algae (no nuclei, xylem&phloem, etc)
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Salmonella
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on raw meat
takes 6 hours to make you sick - multiplies in your stomach normally not a problem because e.coli doesnt leave room for them to grow, so its pooped out pple on antibiotics have no e.coli > vulnerable to salmonella |
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staphylococcus
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mayo, cream eggs
staph + food (potato salad) -> toxin build up in food unlike salmonella, multiplies on the food and is toxic immediately |
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human relevance of bacteria
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1. food poisoning
2. composting 3. milk products 4. genetic engineering 5. photosynthetic bacteria |
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composting
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takes 3 months in warm weather, 6 months in cool weather
NOT full of nutrients (2 parts nitrogen, 1 part phosphorus, 2 parts potassium) needs air and humidity |
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milk
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87% water, 13% solids (proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins)
bacterial digestion leads to sour milk introducing "desirable bacteria" leads to new products - "culturing" (controlled bacteria intro to milk) milk + controlled spoilage > yogurt |
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cultured products
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1. cultured buttermilk
2. sour cream 3. liederkranz cheese 4. briberger cheese 5. yogurt need for a consistant product = skip bacteria and replicate artificially |
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genetic engineering (human relevance of bacteria)
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e.coli : poop being exposed to fruits
foreign (inserted DNA) > transformed bacteria e.g. human insulin DNA e.coli is frequently used because it is super easy to grow |
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photosynthetic bacteria
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long filaments (strings of protein)
heterocyst - "nitrogen fixation" n2 > no3 > protein only found in photosynthetic bacteria - would make plants have much more protein orza in the kashmir valley - super fertile, organic, no fertilizer needed because nitrogen-fixing algae provides nitrate GREEN ALGAE (which causes algal bloom) |
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viruses
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protein coats containing DNA/RNA with legs
legs attached to host cells, inject DNA, causes cell to produce more, eventually host cell ruptures HIV - 6b variations on the protein coat, impossible to vaccinate |
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green algae
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Pigments: Chlorophyll A and B
Food storage: Starch Cell wall: Cellulose Life history: 90% live in fresh water chloroplasts have dramatic shapes creates scum, algal bloom |
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ATP
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all cells need ATP - we need sugar + oxygen to make it. cyanide blocks this reaction, hence poison
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algal bloom
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population bloom of algae bc lots of NPK (from fertilizer, urine, manure)
non-point-source pollution (farms, fertilized golf courses) causes algal bloom, which eats up all the o2 and kills everything |
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different types of seaweeds
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1. dinoflagellates
2. diatoms 3. red algae 4. brown algae |
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dinoflagellates
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Pigments: chlorophyll A and C
Food storage: starch Cell wall: cellulose Life history: single celled organisms in the ocean, mostly asexual, reproduces by mitosis flagella - one moves it forward, other spins it some can be bioluminescent when agitated (waves) others secrete toxins - saxitoxins |
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saxitoxins
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paralyzes vertebrates in fish, humans
during population bloom, turns water red and kills fish PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) - paralyzes diaphragm - shellfish have no backbone, so they just store it |
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diatoms
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Pigments: Chlorophyll A and C
Food storage: oils Cell wall: glass-like silicon Life history: asexual by mitosis single-celled, tend to live in ocean, some in fresh water photosynthetic - live in top 10ft of ocean plankton! when it dies, cell walls sink and turn into build up of sediment: diatomaceous earth |
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diatomaceous earth
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oil droplets rise > create wave froth
cell walls sink, can be used to tell ancient lakes vs. oceans (more radially diatoms = ocean) used in filtration, filters suger kills cockroaches by dehydration |
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red algae
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Pigment: Chlorophyll A and D
Food Storage: starch Cell wall: cellulose (agar + carrageenan...both carbohydrates) Life history: very complex life cycle carrageenan extracted and used as a thickner in dairy iindustry, e.g. chocolate milk, canned whipped cream agar used as a vegetarian alternaive to gelatin, growing bacteria |
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brown algae
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Pigments: Chlorophyll A and C
Food storage: mannitol (for humans, tastes sweet but indigestible, BUT will produce tooth decay...seee: sugar free gum) Cell wall: cellulose and algin Life history/reproduction: alteration of generations sargasso sea: no holdfast, so it just floats. low winds create concentrated area algin/alginate: "regulates behavior of water" allows brown algae to remain pliable and humid, even in harsh sunlight - lotion/sunscreen - prevents ice from clumping > soft-serve ice cream |
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alteration of generations
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found in ferns and brown algae
lifecycle of plants: gametophyte with n chromosomes alternates with a sporophyte with 2n chromosomes sporophyte produces spores, reducing num. of chromosomes in half. spores germinate and grow into a gametophyte, which produces gametes that fuse to produce a zygote |
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characteristics of fungi
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Characteristics:
1. All have nuclei 2. No chlorophyll 3. Most have hypha (thread-like feeing stage) 4. Cell wall of chitin (also found in exoskeletons) |
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Types of Molds (and what distinguishes them)
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1. Water Molds - have long hypha which create sporangium (sacs full of spores), release motile cells, eventually new spores
2. Bread Molds - stolons on bread create sporangia, releasing spores. they eat starch |
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hat throwing fungi
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type of bread mold
dung loving fungi (eat grass > germinate in gut > poop) sporangia follow the sun for optimal shooting distance |
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human relevance of water molds
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late blight: hypha enters leaf thru guard cell, caused irish potato famine. (solutions: fewer guard cells (?), bordeaux mixture)
sudden oak death damping off: cool, damp soil, fungus has the upper hand on short roots, chewing away stem |
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human relevance of water molds
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sick building syndrome: people allergic to bread mold spores
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ascomycetes (cup fungi)
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spores that fuse together, develop sacas of 4 spores on top - they form a cup-like structure
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human relevance of ascomycetes
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yeast: fungi reproduce when under stress (lack of sugars), so they send off spores. yeast is the most reduced ascomycete: its just one cell
morels: many cups on the surface to carry spores out, "cup turns inwards" truffles: grow underground and emit a strong odor detected by pigs (same pheromones), "cup becomes a ring" ergot yeast: fungues gets into rye, makes it grow huge and dark. extremely strong hallucinogen, restricts blood vessels. salem witch trials, used as a drug to reduce bleeding plant diseases: "dutch elm", "chestnut blight", "peach leaf curl" yeasts: used to make alcohol. anything strong than 12% is distilled |
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types of wines/regin in france
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burgundy: pinot noir (red), chardonnay (white)
bordeaux: cabernet savignon (red), savignon blanc (white) rhone: syrah champagne: co2 makes bp rise, alcohol moves to brain more quickly |
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basidiomycetes: club fungi
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mushrooms!
1n haploids merge to create 2n diploid, eventually creating fungi with universal veil. universal veil breaks when fungi moves above ground, creating spots on mushrooms gills (underbelly) are meant for spore dispersal |
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ferns
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alternating generations
unlike almost every other group, grow at leaf tip create coal: millions of years ago, ferns dominated the plant world |
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seeds vs. spores
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seeds have an already germinated (2n) embryo, food storage for survival, and a seed coat
seeds are much more likely to succeed" 1. embryo - no germination required 2. food supply - can wait 305 days for good conditions 3. protective coat keeps away bacteria, wont freeze seeds: only have to invest a few hundred, can use extra energy (vs millions of spores) for plant growth |
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conifers (and the types)
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"naked seed" : seeds aren't in fruit, but rather in cones
1. Pine 2. Larch 3. Spruce 4. Hemlock 5. Fir 6. Ginko biloba |
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Pine trees
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a conifer: needles grow in clusters called "fasicicles" from axillary bud
leaf is thin, transparent, and papery (not flattened) |
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Larch
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a conifer that loses leaves each year (unique)
leaves occur individually, not in bundles |
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Spruce
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single needles around the stem (not flattened)
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Hemlock
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flattened leaves/needles, around .5in long
"pendant cones" - facing downwards |
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Fir Trees
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conifer
flattened leaves "upright cones" - facing upwards |
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Ginko biloba
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only plant in the world with fan shaped leaves
health benefits? |
